15 results on '"Alnus maximowiczii"'
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2. Revegetation process on a subalpine mudflow.
- Author
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Kimura, Wakio
- Abstract
The process of revegetation on a subalpine mudflow was analyzed on the basis of the vegetation-soil relationship of the revegetated stands, and of the age structure and height growth process of the trees. Based on evidence derived from five independent sources, it was concluded that this mudflow was caused by a typhoon in 1959. The revegetated stands were classified into three vegetation types. An Alnus maximowiczii stand was established where the surface soil was unstable; a Betula ermanii stand was established where the degree of disturbance by the mudflow was small; an Alnus-Betula stand was the intermediate type and occupied most of the area on the mudflow. Alnus had colonized concentrically 4-6 yr after the mudflow, and Betula and conifers had followed 1-2 yr later. As revegetation proceeded, the trees became differentiated into two populations, a canopy population and a suppressed one. The former was dominated mainly by Alnus and the latter by Betula and conifers. This differentiation was caused by the faster growth of Alnus during the initial years of colonization. Some Betula trees have recently grown faster than Alnus, suggesting future replacement in dominance. Conifers have grown slowly even during recent years; the highly oligotrophic condition of the soil appears to have been responsible for this delayed growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
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3. Frankia communities at revegetating sites in Mt. Ontake, Japan
- Author
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Kazuhito Morisada, Akihiro Imaya, Ken-ichi Kucho, Mari Ikebe, Hiroyuki Tobita, Daisuke Kabeya, Kenji Ono, Tomoyuki Saitoh, Toru Okamoto, and Mitsue Shibata
- Subjects
Frankia ,Biology ,Alnus ,Microbiology ,Plant Roots ,03 medical and health sciences ,Bacterial Proteins ,Japan ,Revegetation ,Molecular Biology ,Phylogeny ,Soil Microbiology ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Rhizosphere ,030306 microbiology ,Ecology ,Community structure ,Alnus maximowiczii ,Landslide ,General Medicine ,Vegetation ,biology.organism_classification ,Actinorhizal plant - Abstract
In 1984 at Mt. Ontake in Japan, an earthquake caused a devastating landslide, and as a result, the vegetation on the south slope of the mountain was completely eliminated. In higher elevation (2000 m) areas, revegetation has not yet been completed even 30 years after the landslide. Revegetation progress throughout the area was heterogeneous. In the partially revegetated areas, actinorhizal plant species such as Alnus maximowiczii and Alnus matsumurae have been found. In the present study, we investigated the Frankia communities in the higher-elevation area using sequence analysis of the amplified nifH (dinitrogenase reductase) gene from nodule and soil samples collected in the disturbed region, undisturbed forest, and in the boundary between the disturbed region and the undisturbed forest. Phylogenetic analysis of partial nifH sequences revealed the presence of six clusters, each of which consisted of highly similar (> 99%) sequences. Four clusters showed significant sequence similarity to Frankia (three Alnus- and a Casuarina-infecting strains). Diversity in the Frankia community was relatively low—only one or two clusters were detected in a site. At most of the sampling sites, a dominant cluster in a nodule coincided with that in rhizosphere soil, indicating that community structure in the rhizosphere is a primary factor that determines occupancy in a nodule. No significant difference in community structure was observed between plant species. Diversity in the Frankia community varied depending on revegetation progress. Cluster A, which was the most dominant in the disturbed region, was likely to have invaded from undisturbed forest. more...
- Published
- 2018
4. The advancing timberline on Mt. Fuji: natural recovery or climate change?
- Author
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Hitoshi Sakio and Takehiro Masuzawa
- Subjects
Canopy ,biology ,Ecology ,Altitude ,Climate Change ,Climate change ,Alnus maximowiczii ,Larix ,Salix ,Abies veitchii ,Biodiversity ,Volcanic Eruptions ,Plant Science ,Vegetation ,Alnus ,Cold Climate ,biology.organism_classification ,Trees ,Salix reinii ,Japan ,Seedlings ,Larix kaempferi ,Abies ,Ecosystem - Abstract
The alpine timberline on Mt. Fuji (central Japan) is at 2,400-2,500 m above sea level. Over a 21-year period (1978-1999), we tracked changes in this vegetation boundary on a transect at a site impacted by the 1707 volcanic eruption. The timberline advanced rapidly upwards during this time period. Dominant tree species at the timberline (Alnus maximowiczii, Salix reinii, and Larix kaempferi) colonized sites that were initially largely free of vegetation at higher altitudes. Seedlings of L. kaempferi were particularly abundant at the border of advancing vegetation. According to tree age, we found that this was the first canopy species in the colonized areas. L. kaempferi is drought resistant, and this probably contributes to its establishment capability in the high-altitude climate. Most seedlings of Abies veitchii invaded patches of herbs and shrubs. These vegetation patches in the upper kampfzone provide important shelter for seedlings of invading tree species. We predict that the upward advance of the alpine timberline is a recovery process following the volcanic eruption, and that climate change may accelerate this advance. more...
- Published
- 2011
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5. Interactive effects of elevated CO2, phosphorus deficiency, and soil drought on nodulation and nitrogenase activity in Alnus hirsuta and Alnus maximowiczii
- Author
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Mitsutoshi Kitao, Hiroyuki Tobita, Hajime Utsugi, Akira Uemura, and Satoshi Kitaoka
- Subjects
Nodule (geology) ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Nitrogenase ,Alnus maximowiczii ,Biomass ,Biology ,engineering.material ,complex mixtures ,Agronomy ,Interactive effects ,Phytotron ,engineering ,Alnus hirsuta ,Phosphorus deficiency ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
We examined the interactive effects of elevated CO2, soil phosphorus (P) availability, and soil drought on nodulation, nitrogenase activity, and biomass allocation in Alnus hirsuta and Alnus maximowiczii. Potted seedlings were grown in either ambient or elevated CO2 (36 Pa and 72 Pa CO2), with different levels of P (7.7 and 0.77 mgP pot−1 week−1 for high-P and low-P, respectively) and water supply in a natural daylight phytotron. Measurements of nitrogenase activity by an acetylene reduction assay failed to reveal significant effects of the treatments in any species. In high-P, nodule biomass increased under elevated CO2 and decreased under drought. In low-P, nodule biomass decreased substantially compared to high-P, but the effect of elevated CO2 on nodule biomass was unclear. Soil drought increased the partitioning of biomass into nodules, especially in A. hirsuta. These results suggest that with high P availability, elevated CO2 could promote N2 fixation by increasing nodule biomass even under drought. On the other hand, if soil P is limiting, elevated CO2 may not enhance N2 fixation because of the suppression of growth. more...
- Published
- 2009
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6. Dendrochronological analysis of debris flow disturbance on Rishiri Island
- Author
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Masato Noda, Shun-ich Kikuchi, Futoshi Nakamura, and Keiji Yoshida
- Subjects
Hydrology ,geography ,Abies sachalinensis ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biology ,Alluvial fan ,Alnus maximowiczii ,biology.organism_classification ,Debris ,Debris flow ,Head (geology) ,Dendrochronology ,Geology ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Riparian zone - Abstract
Abies sachalinensis dominates the alluvial fan head of the Ochiushinai Gully on Rishiri Island, Japan. This species is able to adapt to frequent disturbances by debris flows. Even-aged stands composed of A. sachalinensis or Alnus maximowiczii were found along the channel, and standing dead trees buried by debris flows were discovered at the alluvial fan head. We used dendrochronological data in order to analyse the geomorphic history of the fan head. We determined the master ring-width chronology by synchronizing ring-width variations in living trees. This master chronology was used to cross-date the establishment and death of the buried trees. Results indicated that most of the buried trees were established in the 1870s and died in the early 1950s. Further, debris flow was estimated to have occurred in the 1890s and the late 1960s based upon the distribution of even-aged stands seen in aerial photos. The ring-width variations of the trees adjacent to the channel indicate a low correlation for synchronization, while those located on the hillslope have a high correlation. A low correlation in the riparian trees can be attributed to the instability of geomorphic surfaces caused by debris flow disturbances. more...
- Published
- 1997
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7. Field measurements of nitrogen-fixing activity of intact saplings of Alnus maximowiczii in the subalpine zone of Mt Fuji
- Author
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Yoshio Ino, Takayuki Nakatsubo, and Hiroshi Tsutsumi
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Betulaceae ,Pioneer species ,biology ,Diurnal temperature variation ,Alnus maximowiczii ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Nitrogen ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Botany ,Nitrogen fixation ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Woody plant - Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing (acetylene-reducing) activity of intact saplings ofAlnus maximowiczii was measured under natural conditions in the subalpine zone of Mt Fuji. The nitrogen-fixing activity was detected from the middle of June when expansion of leaves had just begun to the end of October when the shedding of leaves was almost completed. Diurnal changes in the activity were almost parallel with those of ground temperature. The measured nitrogen-fixing activity was related to ground temperature and total leaf area. Using this relation, annual nitrogen fixation was estimated from the data of ground temperature and leaf area measured in the field. The amount of annual nitrogen fixation was almost the same as that of nitrogen used for annual growth. It was concluded that nitrogen fixation by nodules made a considerable contribution to the nitrogen economy in the saplings ofA. maximowiczii. more...
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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8. Ecological studies on the timberline of Mt. Fuji
- Author
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Takehiro Masuzawa and Hitoshi Sakio
- Subjects
Betulaceae ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant physiology ,Alnus maximowiczii ,Plant Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Nitrogen ,Plant ecology ,Horticulture ,Deciduous ,Nutrient ,chemistry ,Woody plant - Abstract
To compare the nutrient economy of woody plants at timberline of Mt. Fuji, seasonal changes in nitrogen content in leaves were examined. There was remarkable difference in seasonal changes in leaf nitrogen content betweenAlnus maximowiczii and other deciduous trees at same habitat.A. maximowiczii scarcely withdrew the leaf nitrogen to woody part during the shedding period, while the other species withdrew about half of the leaf nitrogen to woody part. more...
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Revegetation process on a subalpine mudflow
- Author
-
Wakio Kimura
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Canopy ,Betulaceae ,education.field_of_study ,Betula ermanii ,biology ,Ecology ,Population ,Alnus maximowiczii ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Agronomy ,Mudflow ,Dominance (ecology) ,Revegetation ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The process of revegetation on a subalpine mudflow was analyzed on the basis of the vegetation-soil relationship of the revegetated stands, and of the age structure and height growth process of the trees. Based on evidence derived from five independent sources, it was concluded that this mudflow was caused by a typhoon in 1959. The revegetated stands were classified into three vegetation types. AnAlnus maximowiczii stand was established where the surface soil was unstable; aBetula ermanii stand was established where the degree of disturbance by the mudflow was small; anAlnus-Betula stand was the intermediate type and occupied most of the area on the mudflow.Alnus had colonized concentrically 4–6 yr after the mudflow, andBetula and conifers had followed 1–2 yr later. As revegetation proceeded, the trees became differentiated into two populations, a canopy population and a suppressed one. The former was dominated mainly byAlnus and the latter byBetula and conifers. This differentiation was caused by the faster growth ofAlnus during the initial years of colonization. SomeBetula trees have recently grown faster thanAlnus, suggesting future replacement in dominance. Conifers have grown slowly even during recent years; the highly oligotrophic condition of the soil appears to have been responsible for this delayed growth. more...
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Feeding and attraction of Agelastica coerulea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Betulaceae plants
- Author
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Sang-Chul Shin, Sang-Gil Lee, Chul-Su Kim, Il-Kwon Park, and Young-Joon Ahn
- Subjects
Betulaceae ,Larva ,Ecology ,biology ,Host (biology) ,Alnus maximowiczii ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Attraction ,Japonica ,Pheromones ,Coleoptera ,Plant Leaves ,Eating ,Olfactometer ,Species Specificity ,Food ,Insect Science ,Corylus heterophylla ,Botany ,Odorants ,Animals ,Female - Abstract
The feeding and attraction of Agelastica coerulea (Baly) to nine species of Betulaceae in four genera (Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, and Corylus) were examined in the laboratory by using choice and no-choice as well as olfactometer bioassays. In no-choice feeding bioassays with A. coerulea larvae, Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Ruprecht, Alnus japonica Steudel, Corylus sieboldiana variety mandshurica (Max.) c. k. Schneider, and Corylus heterophylla variety thunbergii Blume were the most preferred, whereas Betula davurica Pallas, Betula schmidtii Regel, and Carpinus cordata Blume were the least preferred. The larvae showed moderate preference for Alnus maximowiczii Callier and Carpinus tschonoskii variety brevicalycina Nakai. In choice feeding bioassays, no differences in preference between A. hirsuta and A. japonica were observed. However, there were significant differences in preference between A. hirsuta and each of the other seven plant species. In olfactometer bioassays with adult female A. coerulea, fresh leaf odor from A. hirsuta attracted significantly more adults than that from A. japonica and C. sieboldiana variety mandshurica. These results indicate that A. coerulea differed in its ability to discriminate among the Betulaceae plants at the feeding preference and attraction of host selection. more...
- Published
- 2005
11. Diarylheptanoids, flavonoids, stilbenoids, sesquiterpenoids and a phenanthrene from Alnus maximowiczii
- Author
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Kazushi Hirose, Akemi Hashimoto, Motoo Tori, and Yoshinori Asakawa
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Stereochemistry ,Flavonoid ,Diarylheptanoid ,Alnus maximowiczii ,Plant Science ,General Medicine ,Horticulture ,Stilbenoid ,Phenanthrene ,Sesquiterpene ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Chemical constituents ,Organic chemistry ,Molecular Biology ,Diarylheptanoids - Abstract
The chemical constituents of Alnus maximowiczii have been investigated to yield a new diarylheptanoid and a trimethoxyphenanthrene as well as previously known diarylheptanoids, flavonoids and sesquiterpenoid acetates. The new compounds are 1,7-diphenylhept-3-en-5-one and 2,3,4-trimethoxyphenanthrene. more...
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
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12. Ecological studies on the timberline of Mt. Fuji: II. Primary productivity ofAlnus maximowiczii dwarf forest
- Author
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Sakio, Hitoshi and Masuzawa, Takehiro
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. A Local Population of the Japanese Ptarmigan on Mt. Yakeyama
- Author
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Manabu T. Abe, Naoki Maruyama, Toshitaka Handa, and Shingo Miura
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Habitat ,Nest ,Ecology ,Population ,Alnus maximowiczii ,Local population ,Vegetation ,Snow ,education ,Mountain range - Abstract
Recentry, two populations of the Japanese Ptarmigan are found on Mt. Hiuchi (8, 075 ft.) and Mt. Yakeyama (7, 872 ft), Kubiki Mountain Range, northern part of central Japan (Fig. 1). Oen sub-adult group of the bird was observed on Mt. Yakeyama in 1969, which suggested a possibility of its breeding on the mountain.The ptarmigan is one of the national monuments in Japan. Few ecological observations on the ptarmigan are carried out on Mt. Fuji (12, 385 ft.), Mt. Hiuchi and Mt. Iizuna (6, 288 ft).Extinction of the ptarmigan caused by human works on Mt. Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan) was reported by Chiba in 1971.Detailed observations of the ptarmigan on Mt. Yakeyama were made during June 24-28, 1971 to get some ecological informations. Vegetations of the mountain, size and structure of the population, their nest and eggs and evaluations of their habitat are reported on this paper.Mt. Yakeyama is a cone-shaped mountain that has a large crater on the top. The top has a very poor vegetation causing by active volcano. Some patches of Pinus pumila are found on southern slope near the top, and Alnus maximowiczii surrounds the mountain (Fig. 6).Two pairs of ptarmigan showed up on the southern slope above 7, 544 ft. high. One nest containing six eggs nearly hatched was found in deep Pinus pumila bush (Fig. 3).Summer and winter droppings (Figs. 2-a, 2-b) and sandbaths are marked on the map (Fig. 5).This seems to show their habitat on this mountain.They come down to get foods (buds appearing on snow) as low as 5, 904 ft. in winter, on the other, in summer they stay mostly around the top to avoid terrestrial predators.A few ptarmigans were observed in early spring and late fall on Mt. Myoko (8, 023 ft.) where no nest had been reported. These records suggest the possibility of temporary shortdistance migration in snow season.Breeding site of the bird supposed to be restricted to pine bush on this mountain. Two or three breeding pairs supposed to lay their eggs in this bush (the second pair would lay their eggs after the first nestlings were fledged): they seem to use the same nesting site alternatively. In many cases, chickens of the Japanese Ptarmigan were found in June in other mountains whereas some immediately after hatched were observed on Mt. Yakeyama in August. more...
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
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14. The homologies of the Fennoscandian mountain and coastal birch forests in Eurasia and North America
- Author
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Teuvo Ahti and Leena Hämet-Ahti
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Ecology ,Hemiboreal ,biology ,Betula ermanii ,Biodiversity ,Alnus maximowiczii ,Boreal ecosystem ,Plant Science ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Alder ,010601 ecology ,Geography ,Deciduous ,Boreal - Abstract
The Fennoscandian mountain birchwoods and the ecologically and physiognomically closely related oceanic coastal birchwoods are found in all the boreal zones (northern boreal, middle boreal, southern boreal and hemiboreal) in Europe. In general, they are characteristic and commonly dominant (not necessarily in pure stands) in the oceanic to suboceanic, cool and windy western sections of the boreal zones. The same pattern is clearly repeated on the east coast of Eurasia, despite of its less pronounced oceanity. There the most oceanic boreal sections are dominated by forests of Betula ermanii s. lat. (ranging from the northern boreal to the hemiboreal zone) and Alnus maximowiczii (essentially middle and northern boreal). The western North American Alnus sinuata woods may be interpreted as homologous to the Fennoscandian birchwoods. They are found mainly in the middle and northern (upper) boreal zones in southern Alaska (also in the mountains of British Columbia and SW Yukon). In southern Alaska there are also some fragments of oceanic birchwoods. In eastern North America such homologous deciduous forests are poorly developed. Among the true inland mountain birchwoods only those of the northern Ural Mts., some Transbaikalian mountains, the Himalaya and (with reservation) the Caucasus are referred to the distinct homologies of the Fennoscandian birchwoods. The widespread timber-line alder scrubs consisting of Alnus crispa and related taxa in North America and Eurasia are not included in such homologies. The occurrence of treeless boreal maritime heaths and grasslands is closely related to the distribution of birch and alder forests. The lowlands of Iceland, the Aleutian Islands and the Kuril Islands, for instance, are referred to the boreal heath sections rather than to the arctic. more...
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Breeding Biology of the White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in Hokkaido, Japan
- Author
-
Shinya Mori
- Subjects
Eagle ,Abies sachalinensis ,biology ,Nest ,Haliaeetus albicilla ,Ecology ,biology.animal ,Fledge ,Seasonal breeder ,Alnus maximowiczii ,biology.organism_classification ,Picea jezoensis - Abstract
The White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla is the only sea eagle that breeds in Hokkaido. Its breeding area is restricted to the northern and eastern coasts of Hokkaido. This species also breeds in the Kurile islands and is a rare or uncommon winter visitor in Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu and their adjacent islands. Although there are several reports on the nesting of this eagle in Hokkaido, the breeding biology of the Japanese population has been virtually unknown. The present study has been conducted for sixteen years since 1963, and sixteen nests with eighteen nestlings were examined by the author. The results are summarized as follows:(1) Almost all nests were found on the branches of big trees near the sea, but some of them were located in trees near lakes or river-sides surrounded by abandoned grasslands. Although in northern Europe the eagles normally nest on rocks, the author did not have observed any nest built on rocks despite of rocky coast lines in the northeast part of Hokkaido. A nest was found on a tree only 350 m from human habitation. Another was observed near the side of a lake 25 km away from sea.(2) As a rule, nesting trees were situated on the upper part of hill-sides, from which a wide area can be viewed.(3) The elevations of the nesting sites are from 5 to 380 m above sea-level.(4) The kinds of trees in which the nests were found are as follows: Picea jezoensis, Betula ermani, Alnus maximowiczii, and Abies sachalinensis. The diameter of the nesting tree trunks is 20 to 128 cm (average 65 cm).(5) The nest is normally somewhat egg-shaped. The external diameter was 91 to 183 cm, and the inside diameter 65 to 120 cm. The thickness of the nests was 40 to 202 cm (average 86 cm).(6) The height of the nests from the ground was 16.5 to 25.0 m.(7) Nest building by both sexes was observed throughout the year but most active in March. In Hokkaido most eggs are laid in March.(8) The reinforcement of their nests was made continuously during the breeding season. the parents bringing nesting materials even during incubation.(9) Nest materials were composed of tree sticks or twigs from Pica jezoensis, Betula ermani, Alnus maximowiczii, etc. The biggest piece of stick was 50 cm long and 3 cm in diameter. The nest materials varied depending on the nesting place and its surrounding environmental conditions.(10) The leaves and barks of the following plants were used for lining: Alopecurus pratensis, Sasa veitchii, Phragmites communis, Hydrangea petiolaris, Betula ermani, Abies sachalinensis, Zostera marina etc.(11) The exact date of egg-laying is unknown, but eggs are apparently laid in mid-March. This is estimated from the incubation period and the hatching date. The incubation period was known as 37 to 40 days whereas the young hatched in early May in the study area.(12) The new born young were covered with pale grey down and looked very vulnerable. The young immediately after hatching had weights about 110 to 115g. Their call seems to be cheep or churi, churi.(13) Branches with green leaves were frequently found in the nests. They were used by the young probably for hiding, shading or a windbreaker, etc.(14) The fledging time varied with individual conditions. The minimum fledging time was about 70 days and the maximum about 90 days. The earliest nestling left their nest on 21 June and the latest one left on 7 August. Fledglings often returned to the nest after fledging and received food from their parents.(15) When two nestlings were in a nest, the smaller one perished when food was scarce. In most cases, the older chick ate the younger one.(16) Foods brought to the nestlings by parents were observed by using a telescope and binoculars. Samples were also collected from the nests. more...
- Published
- 1980
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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