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In this investigation, a formulation was developed as a solution and thin films by combining poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and fullerene Indene-C60 multi-adducts (ICxA) with varying solvent ratios. The formulations were prepared under ambient conditions. Morphological parameters were assessed utilizing a transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope and complemented by optical microscope pictures. UV-visible absorbance and photoluminescence (PL) measurements were implemented to investigate the optical properties of active layers. The values of the energy gaps of the prepared thin films and solutions increased as the solvent ratios of chlorobenzene to stander solvent increased due to the isolation of P3HT chains from their neighbours. The Raman spectra are associated with high aggregation of composition and increased conformation when the intensity ratio (IC= C/IC-C) is small and the full width at high maximum (FWHM) is low. In ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) are produced with varying solvent ratios. The device with a 30% ratio exhibited the highest performance, with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of approximately 1%, an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.571 V, a short circuit current density (JSC) of 7.47 mA.cm-2, and a fill factor (FF) of 38.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and fullerene Indene-C60 multi-adducts (ICxA) were blended to create a formulation as a solution and thin films, which were prepared under ambient conditions. The optical properties of various compositional ratios were studied using UV-Visible absorbance and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The energy gaps of the prepared thin films and solutions were determined, and their values increased with increasing fullerene ratio because of the isolation of P3HT chains from their neighbors. Intensity ratio (IC= C/IC-C) with a small value in addition to a low value of full width at high maximum (FWHM) of Raman spectra are associated with increased conformation and high aggregation of composition. Furthermore, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) results the 1:0.8 and 1:0.6 ratios have the largest crystallite sizes in comparison to the other ratios. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels for blends by electrochemical measurements were determined, which are sandwiched between those of the pure materials. In ambient conditions, binary organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) at different ratios of the photoactive layer were evaluated. The device with a ratio of 1:0.6 had the best performance, with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.21%, open circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.53 V, short circuit current density (JSC) of 5.71 mA.cm-2, and fill factor (FF) of 39.5% at a small Vloss of 1.39 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of a new dialkyl-functionalized quinoxaline acceptor, 5,8-dibromo-2,3-dihexylquinoxaline, is reported, along with its cross-coupling with 2,3-dihexylthieno[3,4-b]pyrazine via direct arylation polymerization. The resulting ambipolar-acceptor polymer poly(2,3-dihexylthieno[3,4-b]pyrazine-alt-2,3-dihexylquinoxaline) exhibits a low bandgap of 1.07 eV and high solubility. The results of initial organic photovoltaic devices are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]