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Abstract Leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is explored for its biofumigant properties, derived from its secondary metabolites, particularly allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), produced during the enzymatic breakdown of glucosinolates like sinigrin. The research examines eight leaf mustard cultivars developed in Yeosu city, South Korea, focusing on their genetic characteristics, AITC concentration and nitriles formation rates from glucosinolates. Results indicate that the allelopathic effects, largely dependent on AITC concentration and enzymatic activity, vary across cultivar. Sinigrin and AITC constitute 79% and 36%, respectively, of glucosinolate and its hydrolysis products. The cultivar 'Nuttongii' demonstrates significant potential for inhibiting weeds, exhibiting the highest AITC concentration at 27.47 ± 6.46 µmole g−1 These outcomes highlight the importance of selecting mustard cultivars for biofumigation based on their glucosinolate profiles and hydrolysis product yields. The study also identifies a significant genetic influence on AITC and nitrile formation, suggesting that epithiospecifier protein modulation could enhance both allelopathic and other beneficial effects. Collectively, the research underscores the promise of mustard as a sustainable, environmentally friendly alternative to traditional herbicides.

Growing evidence indicates that the intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) increases the risk of numerous diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. Recently, our group found that certain natural sulfur compounds (allyl isothiocyanate [AITC] and diallyl disulfide [DADS]) promote cis to trans isomerization of fatty acid esters during heat treatment. However, little information is available on the fatty acid isomerization with them. In this study, we investigated the effects of oxygen and α-tocopherol (antioxidant) on isomerization of oleic acid (18:1) methyl ester (OA-ME) in the presence of AITC and DADS. Furthermore, the effect of the simultaneous use of AITC and DADS was evaluated. Our results indicate that oxygen enhances the AITC-induced trans isomerization, and DADS was found to promote trans isomerization but inhibit AITC-induced trans isomerization during heating. Both AITC- and DADS-induced trans isomerization were inhibited by α-tocopherol. These results indicate that the trans isomerization of fatty acids induced by sulfur compounds can be controlled by devising a cooking process and the food ingredients used together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Ground mustard seeds can be incorporated into a packaging film material to have a controlled release of allyl isothiocyanates (AITC). However, the properties of film material loaded with ground mustard seeds need to be evaluated, since they might influence the release of AITC from the film materials. This study aimed to assess properties, including surface morphology, spectral analysis, crystallinity, the moisture‐related, thermal and mechanical properties, of the film materials incorporated with the ground seeds and the release of antimicrobial compounds. Furthermore, the effects of relative humidity on AITC release in the headspace were investigated. The results showed that incorporating a larger quantity of ground mustard seeds resulted in the quicker release of AITC due to direct exposure to moisture, as indicated by higher concentrations observed in the headspace. Meanwhile, a smaller quantity of ground seeds added to the film maintained the thermal properties of the materials until 100 °C, resulting in significantly better moisture‐related properties and higher mechanical strength in terms of tensile strength, elastic modulus, and strain at break. However, the smallest ratio (1:5) showed no release of AITC into the packaging headspace at 75% and 100% RH. Furthermore, the relative humidity led to the release of more AITC in the headspace, which is potentially applied for high‐moisture food products. Based on the influence of relative humidity on AITC concentrations, the mechanism of AITC release from the film materials is proposed, describing the AITC diffusion from ground mustard seeds, film, and headspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is the pungent ingredient of brassica species, used as a food additive and flavoring agent, including condiments such as wasabi, horseradish, and mustard. Currently, there is much evidence that AITC modulates glucose and lipids metabolism. Interestingly, AITC has been shown to improve glycaemia, and insulin action along with the induction of a deepened decline in blood insulin levels in T2DM rats. Therefore, in the present study, we characterized the role of AITC at a wide concentration range (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 µM) in controlling viability, proliferation, apoptosis, mitochondrial condition, mRNA expression of encoding pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1), and Ins1, Ins2 genes, and insulin content in INS-1E cells. The INS-1E cell line is a suitable, and wellcharacterized model to study beta cell functions. We demonstrate that AITC reduced the viability (p£0.001) (also in the presence of transient receptor potential cation subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) selective antagonist; HC-030031; p£0.05), and proliferation of INS-1E cells (p£0.001). AITC evoked a significant reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (p£0.01) and decreased the intracellular level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (p£0.001) without influence on reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Additionally, AITC inhibited the insulin mRNA expression (p£0.001) in INS-1E cells along with insulin content (p£0.05). Mitochondrial dysfunction is proposed to be a significant disruption mechanism of AITC in INS-1E cells, and it was independent of ROS, and the influx of external calcium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory condition, and its clinical management primarily targets bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory therapy. However, these treatments often fail to directly address the progression of COPD, particularly its associated glucocorticoid (GC) resistance. This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying GC resistance in COPD and explores the therapeutic potential of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) in modulating MRP1 transport. We assessed the levels of the oxidative stress product 4-HNE, HDAC2 protein, inflammatory markers, and pulmonary function indices using animal and cell models of GC-resistant COPD. The cascade effects of these factors were investigated through interventions involving AITC, protein inhibitors, and dexamethasone (DEX). Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress in COPD leads to the accumulation of the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE, which impairs HDAC2 protein activity and diminishes GC-mediated anti-inflammatory sensitivity due to disrupted histone deacetylation. AITC regulates MRP1, facilitating the effective efflux of 4-HNE from cells, thereby reducing HDAC2 protein degradation and restoring dexamethasone sensitivity in COPD. These findings elucidate the mechanism of smoking-induced GC resistance in COPD and highlight MRP1 as a potential therapeutic target, as well as the enormous potential of AITC for combined GC therapy in COPD, promoting their clinical applications.

An additive-free horseradish sauce was produced by replacing citric acid and sulfites, commonly used as acidifying, and antimicrobial/anti-browning agents, respectively. Unripe grape juice was used as acidifier, while steam blanching was applied to inactivate horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to avoid browning. Unexpectedly, the heat treatment inactivated myrosinase, responsible for the release of the irritating allyl isothiocyanate from sinigrin's hydrolysis, causing undesired loss of pungency. To restore it, mustard seed powder was added as an ingredient naturally rich in myrosinase. The inactivation of HRP and restoration of myrosinase were evaluated through spectrophotometric measurements of HRP and chromatographic analysis of glucose, a reaction product of myrosinase. The experimental sauce, obtained by adding basic ingredients to horseradish, was stabilized through pasteurization and subjected to sensory analysis and colorimetric evaluation. An additive-free and sustainable horseradish sauce was obtained, using mustard seeds and exploiting thinned bunches as by-products instead of wasting them.

Cancer growth is a molecular mechanism initiated by genetic and epigenetic modifications that are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence pathways. Chemoprevention is an important strategy for cancer treatment that leads to blocking, reversing, or impeding the multistep process of tumorigenesis, including the blockage of its vital morphogenetic milestones viz. normal, preneoplasia, neoplasia, and metastasis. Naturally occurring phytochemicals are becoming ever more popular compared to synthetic drugs for many reasons, including safety, bioavailability, efficacy, and easy availability. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a natural compound present in all plants of the Cruciferae family, such as Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, mustard, cabbage, kale, horseradish, and wasabi. In vitro and in vivo studies carried out over the decades have revealed that AITC inhibits tumorigenesis without any toxicity and undesirable side effects. The bioavailability of AITC is exceedingly high, as it was reported that nearly 90% of orally administered AITC is absorbed. AITC exhibits multiple pharmacological properties among which its anticancer activity is the most significant for cancer treatment. Its anticancer activity is exerted via selective modulation of multiple cell signaling pathways related to oxidative stress, inflammation, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This review highlights the current knowledge on molecular targets that are involved in the anticancer effect of AITC associated with (i) inhibition of carcinogenic activation and induction of antioxidants, (ii) suppression of pro-inflammatory and cell proliferative signals, (iii) induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and (iv) inhibition of angiogenic and invasive signals related to metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is abundant in cruciferous vegetables and it present pharmacological activity including anticancer activity in many types of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Currently, no available information to show AITC affecting DNA damage and repair‐associated protein expression in human gastric cancer cells. Therefore, in the present studies, we investigated AITC‐induced cytotoxic effects on human gastric cancer in AGS and SNU‐1 cells whether or not via the induction of DNA damage and affected DNA damage and repair associated poteins expressions in vitro. Cell viability and morphological changes were assayed by flow cytometer and phase contrast microscopy, respectively, the results indicated AITC induced cell morphological changes and decreased total viable cells in AGS and SNU‐1 cells in a dose‐dependently. AITC induced DNA condensation and damage in a dose‐dependently which based on the cell nuclei was stained by 4′, 6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole present in AGS and SNU‐1 cells. DNA damage and repair associated proteins expression in AGS and SNU‐1 cells were measured by Western blotting. The results indicated AITC decreased nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2), heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), glutathione, and catalase, but increased superoxide dismutase (SOD (Cu/Zn)), and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in AGS cells, however, in SNU‐1 cells are increased HO‐1. AITC increased DNA‐dependent protein kinase (DNA‐PK), phosphorylation of gamma H2A histone family member X on Ser139 (γH2AXpSer139), and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in AGS cells. AITC increased DNA‐PK, mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 (MDC1), γH2AXpSer139, topoisomerase II alpha (TOPIIα), topoisomerase II beta (TOPIIβ), HSP90, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in SNU‐1 cells. AITC increased p53, p53pSer15, and p21 but decreased murine double minute 2 (MDM2)pSer166 and O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in AGS cells; however, it has a similar effect of AITC except increased ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3‐related protein (ATR)pSer428, checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) in SNU‐1 cells. Apparently, both cell responses to AITC are different, nonetheless, all of these observations suggest that AITC inhibits the growth of gastric cancer cells may through induction off DNA damage in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Neuralgia-pharmacopuncture (NP) was recently developed as a water-soluble type of pharmacopuncture inspired by CS (care special pain)-pharmacopuncture. I aimed to evaluate the toxic response and approximate lethal dose of when NP when administered intramuscularly to Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: The experimental group was divided into the NP test substance group and the saline control group and administered at a dose of 1.0 mL/animal to the posterior thigh muscles on both sides using a 1 mL syringe; each group consisted of five males and five females. Each rat was monitored for clinical signs and changes in body weight for 14 days after a single intramuscular injection. After completing observation, necropsy findings and localized tolerance at the injection site were assessed via gross necropsy and histopathological examination. Results: No deaths occurred in the NP or control group, regardless of sex. During the observation period, no changes (such as general symptoms, weight change, or visual observation results at the time of autopsy) were judged to be due to the test substance. Histopathological examination showed no changes at the administration site judged to be caused by the test substance in either the male or female test substance administration groups. In addition, mononuclear cell infiltration of the outer membrane of the femoris muscle at the administration site was observed at the same frequency and extent in the control and NP groups, and was judged to be caused by physical stimulation by the injection needle; therefore, it had no toxicological significance. Conclusion: Based on the above results, the approximate lethal dose for a single intramuscular administration of the test substance NP in Sprague-Dawley rats was judged to be > 1.0 mL/animal, and there were no findings that were judged to be due to the test substance at the administration site.

The study aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity and mechanism of action of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). Firstly, the inhibitory effect of AITC on C. perfringens was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and plotting the growth curve. Secondly, the effect of AITC on C. perfringens cell membranes was assessed by scanning electron microscopy to observe cell morphology and by measuring cell membrane integrity with a propidium iodide staining assay. In addition, the impact of AITC on the metabolism of C. perfringens was investigated using SDS-PAGE profile and an ATPase activity assay. Finally, the inhibitory effect of AITC on C. perfringens in cooked ground pork was examined. The experimental results showed that AITC could effectively inhibit the growth of C. perfringens, and the MIC of AITC was determined to be 0.1 μL/mL. AITC was able to induce cell membrane deformations, such as rupture and depression, resulting in the loss of C. perfringens cell membrane integrity, and the degree of membrane damage increased with AITC concentration. Meanwhile, AITC could reduce the protein content and ATPase activity of C. perfringens, which had an impact on normal cellular metabolism. Furthermore, the addition of 0.1%~0.4% AITC significantly inhibited the growth of C. perfringens in cooked ground pork (P

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common type of ischemic heart disease that affects millions of people worldwide. In recent times, nanotechnology has become a very promising field with immense applications. The current exploration was conducted to synthesize the chitosan‐sodium alginate‐polyethylene glycol‐Ally isothiocyanate nanocomposites (CSP‐AIso‐NCs) and evaluate their beneficial roles against the isoproterenol (ISO)‐induced MI in rats. The CSP‐AIso‐NCs were prepared and characterized by several characterization techniques. The MI was initiated in the rats by the administration of 85 mg/kg of ISO for 2 days and treated with 10 and 20 mg/kg of CSP‐AIso‐NCs for 1 month. The changes in heart weight and bodyweight were measured. The cardiac function markers were assessed with echocardiography. The lipid profiles, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions, cardiac biomarkers, antioxidant parameters, and inflammatory cytokines were assessed using corresponding assay kits. The histopathological study was done on the heart tissues. The UV spectral analysis revealed the maximum peak at 208 nm, which confirms the formation of CSP‐AIso‐NCs. The FT‐IR analysis revealed the occurrence of different functional groups, and the crystallinity of the CSP‐AIso‐NCs was proved by the XRD analysis. DLS analysis indicated the size of the CSP‐AIso‐NCs at 146.50 nm. The CSP‐AIso‐NCs treatment increased the bodyweight and decreased the HW/BW ratio in the MI rats. The status of lipids was reduced, and HDL was elevated in the CSP‐AIso‐NCs administered to MI rats. CSP‐AIso‐NCs decreased the LVEDs, LVEDd, and NT‐proBNP and increased the LVEF level. The oxidative stress markers were decreased, and the antioxidants were increased by the CSP‐AIso‐NCs treatment in the MI rats. The Na+ and Ca+ ions were reduced, and the K+ ions were increased by the CSP‐AIso‐NCs. The interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α were also depleted, and Nrf‐2 was improved in the CSP‐AIso‐NCs administered to MI rats. The histological study revealed the ameliorative effects of CSP‐AIso‐NCs. Overall, our outcomes revealed that the CSP‐AIso‐NCs are effective against the ISO‐induced MI rats. Hence, it could be a hopeful therapeutic nanomedicine for MI treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to establish an in vitro model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) to investigate the neuroprotective activities of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and sulforaphane (SFN). Materials and Methods: Human neuroblastoma cell lines (SKNAS) were used for the in vitro model of AD after amyloid-β25−35 (Aβ25–35) treatment. Cytotoxicity analysis was performed using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Indirect immunocytochemical methods were used to assess the tau protein, alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein), and β-amyloid distribution in the in vitro model of AD and SKNAS cells. Results: An in vitro AD model was induced by treatment of SKNAS cells with 1 µM of Aβ25–35 for 48 h. AITC and SFN were applied for 48 h, and the optimal concentrations were determined as 50 µM AITC and 15 µM SFN. Reduced tau immunoreactivity was shown after AITC and SFN administration in SKNAS cells and in vitro models, demonstrating that AITC and SFN prevented amyloid plaque production in the in vitro AD model control group by reducing the β-amyloid level, α-synuclein levels were similar in control and in vitro AD model cells. Reduced α-synuclein levels were observed after SFN treatment in the AD model cells and AITC treatment in the control cells. Conclusion: It could be concluded that AITC and SFN are potential components as neuroprotective agents against AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allyl isothiocyanates (AITC) have gained recognition in recent years as effective chemotherapeutic and epigenetic modulators. The chemopreventive properties and toxicological perspectives of AITCs from the last few decades were taken into account by a number of investigations. Their active therapeutic relevance was hindered by a number of factors, including instability under typical physiological conditions and low bioavailability due to low aqueous solubility. In this review, we highlighted the chemopreventive attributes of AITC in relation to its molecular mechanisms and metabolic fate for cancer. Moreover, we emphasized on investigational anticancer activities and various strategies for delivery of AITC in different types of cancer. Considering cellular interactions, we shed light on the toxicological properties of AITCs to address further issues regarding their assessment in therapeutic development. This review identifies knowledge gaps with various contemporary approaches involving most recent studies and may pave the way for a better understanding for the development of novel AITC therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a natural product with high volatility that is used as a biofumigant to alleviate soil-borne plant diseases, and problems such as root knot nematodes (RKNs) that necessitate continuous cropping. However, little research has assessed the effects of AITC fumigation on medicinal plants. Results AITC significantly reduced the population of RKNs in soil (p

Background and Purpose: In recent years, the inclusion of Candida albicans on the list of infections that pose a threat due to drug resistance has urged researchers to look into cutting-edge and effective antifungal medications. In this regard, the current study investigated the probable mode of action of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against Candida albicans.Materials and Methods: In this study, planktonic assay, germ tube inhibition assay, adhesion, and biofilm formation assay were performed to check the growth and virulence factors. Furthermore, ergosterol assay, reactive oxygen production analysis, cell cycle analysis, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis were performed with the aim of finding the mode of action. A biomedical model organism, like a silkworm, was used in an in vivo study to demonstrate AITC anti-infective ability against C. albicansinfection.Results: Allyl isothiocyanate completely inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis in C. albicans at 0.125 mg/ml. Allyl isothiocyanate produces reactive oxygen species in both planktonic and biofilm cells of C. albicans. At 0.125 mg/ml concentration, AITC arrested cells at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, which may induce apoptosis in C. albicans. In quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, it was found that AITC inhibited virulence factors, like germ tube formation, at 0.125 mg/ml concentration by downregulation of PDE2, CEK1, TEC1 by 2.54-, 1.91-, and 1.04-fold change, respectively, and upregulation of MIG1, NRG1, and TUP1 by 9.22-, 3.35-, and 7.80-fold change, respectively. The in vivo study showed that AITC treatment successfully protected silkworms against C. albicans infections and increased their survival rate by preventing internal colonization by C. albicans.Conclusion: In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that AITC can be an alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of C. albicans infection.

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a colorless aliphatic oil that naturally occurs in many plants of the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). It has antimicrobial activity and is used as pesticide for a variety of applications. However, AITC as a soil disinfectant has exhibited inconsistent weed and pathogen control, mainly because of its higher viscosity and low vapor pressure (5 mmHg at 25 °C). Steam, however, effectively controls soil-borne pathogens if soil temperatures of 65 °C or more are reached for a minimum duration of 30 minutes. We hypothesized that steam applications targeting lower temperatures, when combined with soil-injected AITC, will provide sufficient weed and pathogen control. We further hypothesized that the combination of AITC and steam will lead to higher strawberry yields compared with either of the components on their own. Two strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa cv. Camarosa) trials were conducted during two consecutive seasons (2020-21 and 2021-22). The trials were conducted at the Central Crops Research Station in Clayton, NC, USA, and the Horticulture Research Station in Castle Hayne, NC, USA. Eight treatments and a nontreated control were established in a randomized complete block design (four replicates each). The treatments were Pic-Clor 60, AITC, AITC followed by 60 minutes of steam injection, AITC followed by 30 minutes of steam injection, AITC followed by 10 minutes of steam injection, 60 minutes of steam injection, 30 minutes of steam injection, and 10 minutes of steam injection. Soilborne pathogen control efficacy was assessed using wet Pythium sp. plating assays. Weed control was assessed through weed seed/tuber germination assays. Our results showed that combining ATIC with steam did not reduce weed or pathogen levels or improve yield when compared with AITC alone or Pic-Clor 60. Moreover, treatment comprising steam alone did not provide sufficient control. However, AITC alone controlled weeds and pathogens as effectively as Pic-Clor 60 during both years and both locations of the study. These results showed that AITC alone could be a potential alternative soil disinfectant for Eastern North Carolina strawberry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dysregulated expression of cyclin genes can lead to the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells. Histone demethylase Jumonji-C domain-containing protein 5 (KDM8, JMJD5) and cyclin A1 (CCNA1) are pivotal in cell cycle progression. A promising candidate for augmenting cancer treatment is Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a natural dietary chemotherapeutic and epigenetic modulator. This study aimed to investigate AITC's impact on the KDM8/CCNA1 axis to elucidate its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumorigenesis. The expression of KDM8 and CCNA1 was assessed using a tissue microarray (TMA) immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. In vitro experiments with OSCC cell lines and in vivo experiments with patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) and SAS subcutaneous xenograft tumor models were conducted to explore AITC's effects on their expression and cell proliferation. The results showed elevated KDM8 and CCNA1 levels in the OSCC patient samples. AITC exhibited inhibitory effects on OSCC tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, AITC downregulated KDM8 and CCNA1 expression while inducing histone H3K36me2 expression in oral cancer cells. These findings underscore AITC's remarkable anticancer properties against oral cancer, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic option for oral cancer treatment by disrupting the cell cycle by targeting the KDM8/CCNA1 axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a natural product with high volatility that is used as a biofumigant to alleviate soil-borne plant diseases, and problems such as root knot nematodes (RKNs) that necessitate continuous cropping. However, little research has assessed the effects of AITC fumigation on medicinal plants. Results: AITC significantly reduced the population of RKNs in soil (p < 0.0001) and showed an excellent RKN disease control effect within 6 months after sowing Panax notoginseng (p < 0.0001). The seedling survival rate of 2-year-old P. notoginseng was approximately 1.7-fold higher after soil treatment with AITC (p = 0.1008). 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that the AITC treatment affected bacterial richness rather than diversity in consecutively cultivated (CC) soil. Furthermore, biomarkers with statistical differences between AITC-treated and untreated CC soil showed that Pirellulales (order), Pirellulaceae (family), Pseudomonadaceae (family), and Pseudomonas (genus) played important roles in the AITC-treated group. In addition, the microbiome functional phenotypes predicted using the BugBase tool suggested that AITC treatment is more conducive to improving CC soil through changes in the bacterial community structure. Crucially, our research also suggested that AITC soil treatment significantly increases soil organic matter (p = 0.0055), total nitrogen (p = 0.0054), and available potassium (p = 0.0373), which promotes the survival of a succeeding medicinal plant (Polygonatum kingianum). Conclusion: AITC is an ecologically friendly soil treatment that affects the top 10 bacterial richness but not diversity. It could also provide a basis for a useful agricultural soil management measure to alleviate soil sickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mustard is a plant that is eagerly cultivated by farmers, due to its mobility across agroclimatic conditions and its high yield. Mustard seeds have thus become a valuable source of many bioactive ingredients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants (carotenoids, phenolic compounds, tocopherols). The increasingly popularity of natural ingredients in food creation and other industries has made mustard a material for creating new products. The mustard-infused foods developed here have improved properties over the controls. The most common improvements relate to microbiological safety, longer shelf life, slower lipid oxidation, higher protein content and overall better product acceptability. The high content of erucic acid in its seeds, as well as of glucosinolates, mean that mustard has not been widely used in the human food industry or as animal feed. Mustard varieties with reduced levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates are now available on the market. This literature review characterizes the bioactive ingredients present in mustard seeds and presents the already developed possibilities of using mustard seeds in food and as a health-promoting product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was aimed to develop encapsulated wasabi flavor beads for resistance high temperature condition. The beads prepared from waxy maize starches (HI-CAP 100), modified tapioca starches (Flavotec), alginate and chitosan at various concentrations to determine their properties. The beads size was found not significant differences in all treatments. Microcapsules of 10 % wasabi flavor derived from the mixture of HI-CAP 100 and Flavotec at mass ratio of 1:0 (w/w) and alginate and chitosan at mass ratio of 14:1 (w/w) exhibited excellent encapsulation efficiency (96.42 %) and this formulation is also demonstrated the highest retention of AITC in wasabi flavor beads after thermal process. Therefore, the encapsulated wasabi flavor has broad application prospects in food industry and development value prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper study the effects of different dilution of synthetically Sigma - Aldrich and naturally obtaining allyl isothiocyanate on caryopses germination ability and seedling growth of Triticum aestivum L. var. Marco Polo and Trublion. Allyl isothiocyanate is the main bioactive compound in aqueous extracts of metamorphosed horseradish roots. The germination ability of wheat caryopses was not significant modified to experimental variants in relation to the controls. The concentrations 0.02 % and 0.01 % Sigma-Aldrich allyl isothiocyanate significantly inhibited seedling growth of Marco Polo wheat variety. Instead, the 0.002 % and 0.001 % concentrations ensured their optimal growth. The Trublion wheat variety was less sensitive to the action of the allelopathic substance allyl isothiocyanate. Only the 0.02 % concentration caused significant inhibitions of seedling growth. The other concentrations taken in the study (0.01; 0.005; 0.002 and 0.001 %) significantly stimulated the growth in the length of the vegetative organs. In the Marco Polo wheat variety the concentration 20 % from the aqueous extract of horseradish determined significant inhibition in the seedling growth. The other dilutions 10 %, 5 % and 2 % significantly inhibited the growth of rootlets and coleoptiles showed statistically insignificant stimulations. Only the 1 % concentration caused insignificant inhibitions in root length growth and significant stimulations in coleoptile growth. The Trublion wheat variety was also shown to be more resistant to the action of aqueous horseradish extracts. The concentration 20 % determined significant inhibition in the growth in the length of embryonic and adventitious roots but not the significantly inhibitions of coleoptiles. The dilutions 10 % and 5 % determined significant inhibitions in the roots growth but coleoptiles were significantly stimulated. The 2 % concentration caused insignificant inhibitions in roots length growth and significant stimulations in coleoptiles growth. The last dilution of horseradish root aqueous extract 1 % were found to be beneficial because significant stimulated the growth of the plantlets.

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) activates transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, which is involved in the control of intestinal mucosal blood flow. However, the mechanism underlying the increased gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) in response to AITC remains unknown. We examined the effect of AITC on GMBF in the ex vivo stomachs of normal and sensory deafferented rats using a laser Doppler flowmeter. Mucosal application of AITC increased GMBF in a concentration-dependent manner. Repeated AITC exposure resulted in a marked desensitization. The increased GMBF response induced by AITC was entirely blocked by co-application of TRPA1 channel blockers HC-030031 or AP-18. Increased GMBF in response to AITC was significantly attenuated by chemical deafferentation following systemic capsaicin injections (total dose: 100 mg/kg). In contrast, increased GMBF responses to capsaicin, a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activator, were completely abolished by chemical deafferentation. The increased GMBF response to AITC was markedly inhibited by BIBN 4096, a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRP) antagonist, or AGP-8412, an adrenomedullin receptor antagonist. These results suggest that AITC-stimulated TRPA1 activation results in the increased GMBF through the release of CGRP and adrenomedullin.

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a colorless aliphatic oil that naturally occurs in many plants of the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). It has antimicrobial activity and is used as pesticide for a variety of applications. However, AITC as a soil disinfectant has exhibited inconsistent weed and pathogen control, mainly because of its higher viscosity and low vapor pressure (5 mmHg at 25 °C). Steam, however, effectively controls soil-borne pathogens if soil temperatures of 65 °C or more are reached for a minimum duration of 30 minutes. We hypothesized that steam applications targeting lower temperatures, when combined with soil-injected AITC, will provide sufficient weed and pathogen control. We further hypothesized that the combination of AITC and steam will lead to higher strawberry yields compared with either of the components on their own. Two strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa cv. Camarosa) trials were conducted during two consecutive seasons (2020–21 and 2021–22). The trials were conducted at the Central Crops Research Station in Clayton, NC, USA, and the Horticulture Research Station in Castle Hayne, NC, USA. Eight treatments and a nontreated control were established in a randomized complete block design (four replicates each). The treatments were Pic-Clor 60, AITC, AITC followed by 60 minutes of steam injection, AITC followed by 30 minutes of steam injection, AITC followed by 10 minutes of steam injection, 60 minutes of steam injection, 30 minutes of steam injection, and 10 minutes of steam injection. Soilborne pathogen control efficacy was assessed using wet Pythium sp. plating assays. Weed control was assessed through weed seed/tuber germination assays. Our results showed that combining ATIC with steam did not reduce weed or pathogen levels or improve yield when compared with AITC alone or Pic-Clor 60. Moreover, treatment comprising steam alone did not provide sufficient control. However, AITC alone controlled weeds and pathogens as effectively as Pic-Clor 60 during both years and both locations of the study. These results showed that AITC alone could be a potential alternative soil disinfectant for Eastern North Carolina strawberry production.

Angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis are the main events of cancer cells. JAK-1/STAT-3 is a key intracellular signaling transduction pathway, which controls the growth, differentiation, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis of various cancer cells. The present study explored the impact of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on the JAK-1/STAT-3 pathway in DMBA-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis. The mammary tumor was initiated through a single dose of 25 mg DMBA/rat by a subcutaneous injection administered near the mammary gland. We observed decreased body weight and increased the total number of tumors, tumor incidence, tumor volume, well-developed tumor, and histopathological abnormalities in DMBA-induced rats that were modulated after being treated with AITC. Staining of mammary tissues showed a high accumulation of collagen in DMBA-induced rats and it was normalized by the AITC treatment. Moreover, DMBA-induced mammary tissues showed up-regulated expressions of EGFR, pJAK-1, pSTAT-3, nuclear fraction of STAT-3, VEGF, VEGFR2, HIF-1α, MMP-2, and MMP-9 and the down-regulated expressions of cytosolic fraction of STAT-3 and TIMP-2. Oral administration of AITC on DMBA-induced rats inhibits angiogenesis and invasion by modifying these angiogenic and invasive markers. The finding of the present study was further confirmed by molecular docking analysis that shows a strong binding interaction between AITC with STAT-3 and cocrystal structure of STAT-3 glide energy of −18.123 and −72.246 (kcal/mole), respectively. Overall, the results suggested that AITC inhibits activation of the JAK-1/STAT-3 pathway, which subsequently prevents angiogenesis and invasion. It was recommended that AITC might develop a beneficial effect against breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction and hypothesis: In women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP), interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and endometriosis frequently coexist. The mechanism of these diseases coexisting is explained by cross-sensitization between endometriosis and IC/BPS. The overlapped symptoms may be related to cross-sensitization with transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and/or transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) hyperexpression. This study was aimed at exploring whether bladder hypersensitivity is evoked in the surgically induced ectopic endometriosis rat and whether TRPV1 and/or TRPA1 play a vital role. Methods: A total of 63 Sprague–Dawley female rats were divided into two groups, 39 for physiological examination and 24 for molecular analysis. Surgical induction of ectopic endometriosis (ENDO, n=27), surgical sham treatment (n=18), and treatment for endometriosis by GnRH analog (ENDO-G) (n=18) were performed. Bladder function was investigated by cystometry (for TRPV1 in the sham [n=6] and ENDO [n=9] groups and for TRPA1 in the sham [n=6], ENDO [n=9], and ENDO+G [n=9] groups), and TRPV1 and TRPA1 mRNA expressions were measured using real-time qPCR in the bladder and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Results: On cystometry, the relative intercontraction interval (ICI) after/before resiniferatoxin (RTx; TRPV1 activator) infusion to the bladder showed no significant difference between the two groups, whereas relative ICI after/before allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; TRPA1 activator) infusion was significantly lower in the ENDO group than in the sham group. TRPA1 mRNA expression in the bladder and L5 DRG was considerably higher in the ENDO group than in the sham group on real-time qPCR. TRPA1 mRNA hyperexpression and bladder hypersensitivity after AITC infusion were reduced in the ENDO-G group. Conclusions: Bladder cross-sensitization in ENDO rats occurs in association with hyperexpression of TRPA1 at both the DRG and the bladder mucosa. This can be understood by the "cross-sensitization of endometriosis to bladder" theory explaining overlapping symptoms among BPS/IC and ectopic endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-cyclodextrin and allyl isothiocyanate inclusion complexes (β-CD:AITC) have been proposed for developing fresh fruit and vegetable packaging materials. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop active materials based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) loaded with β-CD:AITC and to assess changes in the material properties during the release of AITC to food simulants. PLA films with 0, 5 and 10 wt.% β-CD:AITC were developed by extrusion. Surface properties were determined from contact angle measurements. Films were immersed in water, aqueous and fatty simulants to assess the absorption capacity and the change in the thermal properties. Moreover, the release of AITC in both simulants was evaluated by UV-spectroscopy and kinetic parameters were determined by data modeling. Results showed that a higher concentration of β-CD:AITC increased the absorption of aqueous simulant of films, favoring the plasticization of PLA. However, the incorporation of β-CD:AITC also avoided the swelling of PLA in fatty simulant. These effects and complex relationships between the polymer, inclusion complexes and food simulant explained the non-systematic behavior in the diffusion coefficient. However, the lower partition coefficient and higher percentage of released AITC to the fatty simulant suggested the potential of these materials for high-fat fruit and vegetable active packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Approximately 3.7% of poultry meat is lost due to spoilage each year in the United States. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a layered carrageenan/chitosan coating in combination with an application of two concentrations of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against lactic acid bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and yeast and mold during storage of chicken breast for 21 d. Additionally, the rancidity, color, and pH of the chicken breast as indicators of non-microbial quality were evaluated. The combination of carrageenan/chitosan coating with 20 and 200 ppm AITC reduced (P ≤ 0.05) yeast and mold populations by 3 log10 CFU/g at d 21 compared to the untreated control. The carrageenan/chitosan coating with 20 and 200 ppm AITC delayed aerobic spoilage by 3 and 12 d, respectively, compared to the untreated control; aerobic bacteria populations on the samples treated with 200 ppm AITC remained below the threshold for spoilage (∼6 log10 CFU/g) for the duration of storage. The pH of the 20 ppm and 200 ppm AITC-treated chicken breast was unaltered (P > 0.05) at the end of storage and was lower than the pH of the untreated and coating-only-treated control chicken breast at d 18 through the end of storage (P ≤ 0.05). The application of the coating alone did not (P > 0.05) affect L*, a*, and b* values of the chicken breast at the end of storage compared to the uncoated control. The carrageenan/chitosan coating with 20 and 200 ppm AITC prevented decreases in the lightness (L* values) of the chicken breast at the end of storage (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the control and coating-only-treated samples. The coating alone or with AITC did not (P > 0.05) impact the rancidity of the chicken breast over the 21-d storage period, thus showing potential to be used as antimicrobial packaging to increase shelf life of fresh poultry.

Purpose: To determine the bio-active constituents from the chloroform leaf extract of Hedyotis herbacea, and the wound healing activity of its phytoconstituents. Methods: A gas chromatographic-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) was used to isolate and characterize the plant's chloroform extract. In order to verify the effectiveness of the isolated allyl isothiocyanate, it was docked with key enzymes needed for the healing process of wounds, such as p50 NF-κB, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), COX-2, TNF-α, Interleukin-1β, MMP-9, FGF-2, FGF2/FGF2-FGFR1, IGF1R, and TGF-β1 by using AUTODOCK VINA. Results: The GC-MS isolated and identified 425 compounds in the screened extract, out of which 29 compounds were shown to have significant pharmacological activity. The allyl isothiocyanate compound present in the extract was shown to have the ability to repair skin damage. In silico analysis revealed that allyl isothiocyanate interacts efficiently with the active site of residues of amino acids found in the crucial proteins which are involved in wound healing process. Conclusion: Hedyotis herbacea contains allyl isothiocyanate, which has wound-healing properties. Other unexplored phytocompounds in the extract might also contribute to the wound-healing activity of the plant. This should be further evaluated in order to access more wound-healing properties of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a soil fumigant that protects plants against soil‐borne pathogens, weeds and insects when present in the root‐zone. However, the degradation of AITC under different fertilizers and soil amendments affects its emission and pest control efficacy. Degradation rates of AITC in soil amended with organic and inorganic fertilizers, zeolite and biochar were determined in the laboratory to improve its field applications. Results: The degradation half‐lives of AITC were 24.4 and 35.4 h in Fangshan and Yongzhou soils, respectively, without any added fertilizer or soil amendment. Nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer accelerated the degradation rate of AITC, while phosphorus fertilizer had the opposite effect. The degradation rate of AITC on adding unsterilized chicken manure was over 3.5 and 1.1 times higher than that of sterilization in Fangshan and Yongzhou soil. Inorganic and organic fertilizers affected the degradation of AITC by affecting soil microbial activity on the basis of CO2 cumulative release. The degradation rate of AITC increased more than 0.4 times in response to zeolite, but this was independent of particle size. The AITC degradation rate increased 1.0–2.6 and 0.3–9.7 times in response to biochar made from corn stalk and pine wood, respectively. Cow manure biochar manufactured at different pyrolyzation temperatures had different effects on the degradation rate of AITC. Conclusion: Soil type, fertilizers and soil amendments differentially affect the degradation rate of AITC by changing soil physicochemical characteristics, microorganisms, etc., which shows great potential in reducing AITC emissions and increasing pest control efficacy when AITC is applied commercially. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulatory mechanism underlying allyl isothiocyanate (AITC)-mediated quality maintenance in postharvest Coprinus comatus fruiting bodies remains unclear. Herein, transcriptomics and metabolomics were applied to investigate the potential protective mechanism of AITC. Metabolomics analysis revealed that 189 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified and AITC significantly regulated the metabolic pathways (ko01100). Transcriptomics data demonstrated that a total of 2484, 2990 and 437 differentially expressed gens (DEGs) were determined in CON12 vs CON0, AITC12 vs CON0 and AITC12 vs CON12, respectively. The expression of 66 DEGs was markedly reversed by AITC. KEGG analysis indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in galactose metabolism (ko00052) and sphingolipid metabolism (ko00600), which was also highlighted by the omics integrated analysis. In detail, AITC enhanced the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides via up-regulation of aldose 1-epimerase and UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, as well as suppressed the degradation of glucan via down-regulation of alpha-galactosidase. Meanwhile, AITC evidently hindered the excessive accumulation of cytotoxic intermediates in sphingolipid metabolism and reduced the generation of ROS mainly through down-regulating the key rate-limiting enzyme, serine palmitoyltransferase. Overall, AITC effectively maintained cell wall integrity and mitigated oxidative damage on mushroom cells. In addition, the expression of 24 transcription factors was significantly regulated by AITC, and they were mainly from GATA , GRAS , NAC and C2H2 families. These findings indicated that AITC is a promising preservative for alleviating quality deterioration of postharvest edible mushrooms. • Galactose metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism were markedly regulated by AITC. • AITC promoted cell wall polysaccharides synthesis via up-regulation of GALM and UGP2. • AITC suppressed the degradation of glucan via down-regulation of alpha-galactosidase. • AITC hindered the accumulation of cytotoxic intermediates in sphingolipid metabolism. • AITC reduced the generation of ROS and mitigated oxidative damage on mushroom cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dysregulated expression of cyclin genes can lead to the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells. Histone demethylase Jumonji-C domain-containing protein 5 (KDM8, JMJD5) and cyclin A1 (CCNA1) are pivotal in cell cycle progression. A promising candidate for augmenting cancer treatment is Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a natural dietary chemotherapeutic and epigenetic modulator. This study aimed to investigate AITC’s impact on the KDM8/CCNA1 axis to elucidate its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumorigenesis. The expression of KDM8 and CCNA1 was assessed using a tissue microarray (TMA) immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. In vitro experiments with OSCC cell lines and in vivo experiments with patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) and SAS subcutaneous xenograft tumor models were conducted to explore AITC’s effects on their expression and cell proliferation. The results showed elevated KDM8 and CCNA1 levels in the OSCC patient samples. AITC exhibited inhibitory effects on OSCC tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, AITC downregulated KDM8 and CCNA1 expression while inducing histone H3K36me2 expression in oral cancer cells. These findings underscore AITC’s remarkable anticancer properties against oral cancer, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic option for oral cancer treatment by disrupting the cell cycle by targeting the KDM8/CCNA1 axis.

ObjectiveTo study bactericidal effect of ultraviolet A – light emitting diode (UVA-LED) irradiation combined with phytochemical of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on two diarrhea-causing pathogens. MethodsTwo diarrhea-causing pathogenic bacteria, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP), were used as the subjects. Bactericidal experiments in 3 × 2 factorial design were performed with the combined treatment of different concentrations of AITC and UVA365 nm-LED irradiation; and the bacteria survival was assessed with colony form unit (CFU) and logarithm value of survival rate was calculated. The interactive effect of AITC and UVA365 nm-LED irradiation was evaluated with analysis of variance for factorial design and illustrated with schematic diagram. ResultsThe bactericidal effect of AITC alone was gradually increased with the increment of concentration (P < 0.05). The effect of the combination of UVA-LED irradiation with AITC on the two pathogenic bacteria were statistically significant (P < 0.05). When UVA365 nm irradiation was combined with 1 mg/ml AITC, the survive ratio of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was even reduced to – 6.15 lg. ConclusionSynergistic bactericidal effect exists for combined treatment of UVA-LED irradiation and AITC on ETEC and VP.

Oxidative stress and inflammation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes. Currently, there is a growing need to exploit plant-derived bioactive compounds to support conventional therapies. The purpose of this study was to explore allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) potency in reducing oxidative and inflammatory stress along with its profitable modulation trace element status in pathological conditions such as diabetes. Two weeks of oral AITC treatments (2.5, 5, and 25 mg/kg body weight per day) were evaluated in Wistar rats with diabetes induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. The study included AITC influence on antioxidant factors (SOD, CAT, GST, Nrf2), stress and inflammatory markers (cortisol, CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, NF-κB), lipid peroxidation indices (TBARS, -SH groups), and trace element status (Fe, Zn, and Cu) in the detoxification and lymphoid organs. Independently of dose, AITC increased cortisol levels in rat blood serum and decreased total thiol groups (T-SH) and protein-bound thiol groups (PB-SH) collaterally with raised thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in diabetic rat liver. The inflammation and oxidative effects were enhanced by an AITC dose increase. The highest dose of AITC, 25 mg/kg b.w., strongly affected the inflammation process by increasing IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα in the blood serum, and it upregulated Nrf2 transcription factor with increased SOD, GPx, and GST activities in the liver. AITC showed an equivocal effect on profitable modulation of disturbances in mineral homeostasis in the liver, kidney, and spleen. Our findings revealed that two-week AITC treatment exacerbated oxidative and inflammation status in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a phytochemical that is abundantly present in cruciferous vegetables of the Brassicaceae family, such as cabbage, broccoli, mustard, wasabi, and cauliflower. The pungent taste of these vegetables is mainly due to the content of AITC present in these vegetables. AITC is stored stably in the plant as its precursor sinigrin (a type of glucosinolate), which is physically separated from myrosin cells containing myrosinase. Upon tissue disruption, myrosinase gets released and hydrolyzes the sinigrin to produce AITC and by-products. AITC is an organosulfur compound, both an irritant and toxic, but it carries pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite the promising anticancer effectiveness of AITC, its clinical application still possesses challenges due to several factors, i.e., low aqueous solubility, instability, and low bioavailability. In this review, the anticancer activity of AITC against several cancer models is summarized from the literature. Although the mechanism of action is still not fully understood, several pathways have been identified; these are discussed in this review. Not much attention has been given to the delivery of AITC, which hinders its clinical application. However, the few studies that have demonstrated the use of nanotechnology to facilitate the delivery of AITC are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a phytochemical that is abundantly present in cruciferous vegetables, such as wasabi and mustard. Among its pharmacological properties, it demonstrates anticancer, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to investigate the functions of AITC against periodontopathic bacteria and its effects on a mouse model of periodontitis., Design: The antimicrobial and antibiofilm functions of AITC were assessed against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus mitis. To clarify its anti-inflammatory effects, macrophage-like cells from THP-1 were stimulated with P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the release of inflammatory cytokines was analyzed by ELISA. Experimental periodontitis was induced in 9-week-old mice by ligation and oral infection of P. gingivalis, and AITC was injected into the gingiva once daily for 8 days. Alveolar bone resorption was evaluated by measuring the exposed root area. Gene expressions in the periodontal tissue were analyzed via qPCR., Results: AITC exerted weak bacteriostatic effects against P. gingivalis, inhibiting biofilm formation. AITC also impeded the production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α induced by P. gingivalis LPS. Additionally, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1(TRPA1) channel agonist inhibited the anti-inflammatory effects of AITC. In vivo, AITC inhibited alveolar bone destruction and decreased the gene transcription of Il6 in the periodontal tissue., Conclusion: AITC exerted weak bacteriostatic and anti-inflammatory effects against P. gingivalis, reducing alveolar bone destruction and suppressing the inflammatory response in experimental periodontitis. Therefore, AITC may serve as a valuable adjunct in controlling periodontal disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Conflict of interest statement The authors have no conflict of interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Drought is a global issue that has increasingly garnered worldwide attention. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are significant sulfur-containing compounds in cruciferous plants such as pakchoi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis), and their primary biological functions are exerted through their hydrolysis products. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), which is one of the degradation products of GSL, plays a crucial role in plants' response to environmental stresses. To date, the drought-resistant mechanism of AITC has not been fully explored. This study investigated the effects of spraying different concentrations of AITC solutions (1 mM and 10 mM) on the growth parameters, stomatal characteristics, antioxidant indices, and glucosinolate metabolism of pakchoi under drought stress, compared to a control group treated with distilled water. The results showed that under drought stress, AITC treatment significantly improved water retention and restored their growth by promoting stomatal closure and improving photosynthetic capacity in pakchoi; mitigated oxidative stress damage and augmenting the plant's water absorption by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the concentrations of osmoregulatory substances in pakchoi; the application of AITC restored the glucosinolate metabolism in pakchoi, inhibiting the downregulation of genes associated with GSL synthesis and the upregulation of genes related to degradation that is induced by drought stress, thereby maintaining the balance between GSLs and ITCs. In conclusion, AITC application alleviated the inhibition of pakchoi growth under drought stress by fostering stomatal closure, bolstering antioxidant defenses, and modulating glucosinolate metabolism., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory condition, and its clinical management primarily targets bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory therapy. However, these treatments often fail to directly address the progression of COPD, particularly its associated glucocorticoid (GC) resistance. This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying GC resistance in COPD and explores the therapeutic potential of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) in modulating MRP1 transport. We assessed the levels of the oxidative stress product 4-HNE, HDAC2 protein, inflammatory markers, and pulmonary function indices using animal and cell models of GC-resistant COPD. The cascade effects of these factors were investigated through interventions involving AITC, protein inhibitors, and dexamethasone (DEX). Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress in COPD leads to the accumulation of the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE, which impairs HDAC2 protein activity and diminishes GC-mediated anti-inflammatory sensitivity due to disrupted histone deacetylation. AITC regulates MRP1, facilitating the effective efflux of 4-HNE from cells, thereby reducing HDAC2 protein degradation and restoring dexamethasone sensitivity in COPD. These findings elucidate the mechanism of smoking-induced GC resistance in COPD and highlight MRP1 as a potential therapeutic target, as well as the enormous potential of AITC for combined GC therapy in COPD, promoting their clinical applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; red imported fire ant) is an invasive species in several parts of the world. A major contributor to the spread of S. invicta is infested shipping containers. The vapor of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a naturally occurring organosulfur compound, is highly toxic to S. invicta; however, AITC is highly volatile. Microencapsulation of AITC in polyethylene (PE) resin slows the release of AITC, making it a potentially useful material for preventing S. invicta infestations. Here, we examined the efficacy of AITC microencapsulated in PE (mAITC) as a repellent against S. invicta infestation of cardboard boxes, a common containerized cargo. Using baited cardboard boxes, we found that the number of S. invicta individuals entering boxes containing an mAITC sheet was significantly less than that entering boxes without an mAITC sheet. When a PE cover, which is often used to protect carboard boxes during shipping, was used, vapor concentrations of AITC inside the boxes were increased and the number of S. invicta individuals entering the boxes was reduced almost to zero. These findings indicate that mAITC sheeting, especially in combination with a PE cover, is a promising material for the protection of containerized cardboard-box cargo against S. invicta infestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2017–2019, we observed Trichothecium spp. causing fruit rot in the field and in storage. This study was conducted to examine morphological differences of the species from different hosts, reveal the species' potential host range, and evaluate the efficacy of five fungicides. Six strains of Trichothecium spp. isolated from nectarine, peach and walnut were selected. Although the colony morphology, mycelial growth rate and spore size differed among hosts, phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer and part of the 5ʹ end of the β‐tubulin gene showed that all tested strains belonged to Trichothecium roseum. For its host range, 23 kinds of fruit were examined using T. roseum strain YT‐1 as an inoculum; 10 kinds of fruit, including pear, apple, mango, Chinese chestnut, pepino melon, fig and durian, were susceptible to T. roseum, with minimum inoculation concentrations ranging from 104 to 105 spores/ml. The fungicides that most effectively inhibited the six isolates were fluazinam and fludioxonil, with EC50 values of 0.07–0.1 and 0.01–0.04 μg/ml, respectively, followed by difenoconazole (0.81–2.96 μg/ml), boscalid (5.43–13.51 μg/ml) and azoxystrobin (9.18–27.25 μg/ml). Improvement of the shelf life of nectarines held in plastic trays was explored using allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against T. roseum YT‐1. The application of 10 μl/L AITC significantly suppressed disease symptoms. The findings provide useful information for future disease emergency management in the field and for food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mustard seeds and powder are commonly used inhomeopathic and traditional medicines, in whichthey are believed to have both anti-microbial andanti-inflammatory properties. They are thereforeutilized in the treatment of conditions ranging fromarthritis to respiratory congestion. Herein, we presenta patient with a second degree burn who usedmustard powder in the form of a mustard plasterto treat chest congestion. She experienced seconddegree burn wounds to the lower neck and chest, andrecovery with complete re-epithelialization followingtopical silver sulfadiazine, liberal emollient therapy,and triamcinolone ointment. This case highlightsthe potential danger of inappropriate use of topicalhomeopathic remedies such as mustard powder anddetails a successful treatment regimen.

Abstract Introduction: Several natural products exhibit promising antineoplastic activity against bladder cancer cells, including allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). However, the AITC irritates the mucous membranes and induces eczematous or vesicular skin reactions. Thus, pharmaceutical formulations are necessary to overcome these problems. The aim was to develop micellar solutions containing AITC and investigate their antitumoral activity in bladder carcinoma cell lines. Method: The micellar solutions were prepared by cold dispersion method. Subsequently, we evaluated cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, cell cycle kinetics and long-term effects of micelles in bladder cancer cells. Results: Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation assays showed there was an increase in AITC activity when it was encapsulated in micelles. We also observed cell cycle arrest in the S phase after treatment with AITC-micelles. Furthermore, the formulation was able to maintain the long-term effects of free AITC. Conclusions: The micellar solutions developed can become an interesting approach for administration of AITC in the treatment of bladder cancer.

β-cyclodextrin and allyl isothiocyanate inclusion complexes (β-CD:AITC) have been proposed for developing fresh fruit and vegetable packaging materials. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop active materials based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) loaded with β-CD:AITC and to assess changes in the material properties during the release of AITC to food simulants. PLA films with 0, 5 and 10 wt.% β-CD:AITC were developed by extrusion. Surface properties were determined from contact angle measurements. Films were immersed in water, aqueous and fatty simulants to assess the absorption capacity and the change in the thermal properties. Moreover, the release of AITC in both simulants was evaluated by UV-spectroscopy and kinetic parameters were determined by data modeling. Results showed that a higher concentration of β-CD:AITC increased the absorption of aqueous simulant of films, favoring the plasticization of PLA. However, the incorporation of β-CD:AITC also avoided the swelling of PLA in fatty simulant. These effects and complex relationships between the polymer, inclusion complexes and food simulant explained the non-systematic behavior in the diffusion coefficient. However, the lower partition coefficient and higher percentage of released AITC to the fatty simulant suggested the potential of these materials for high-fat fruit and vegetable active packaging applications.

Botanical pesticide is highly recommended for integrated pest management (IPM), due to its merits such as environmental friendliness, safe to non-target organisms, operators, animals, and food consumers. The experiment was conducted to determine the lethal and sub-lethal effects of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on eggs, third instar larvae, pupae, and females and males of Bradysia impatiens Johannsen (B. impatiens). Different concentrations of AITC under ambient CO2 by the conical flask sealed fumigation method were used for the experiment. The results showed that there was a significant linear relationship between different concentrations of AITC and the toxicity regression equation of B. impatiens. The sub-lethal concentrations of AITC had significant effects on the larval stage, pupal stage, pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, and oviposition. The pupation rate, pupal weight, and adult emergency rate were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by AITC fumigation. The pupation rate was the lowest after fumigation treatment of AITC at LC50 (36.67%), followed by LC25 (41.94%), compared with the CK (81.39%). Female longevity was significantly (p < 0.05) shortened by fumigation at LC25 (1.75 d) and LC50 (1.64 d), compared with that of CK (2.94 d). Male longevity was shorter at LC25 (1.56 d) than at LC50 (1.25 d) and had no significant difference between these two treatments. The fumigation efficiency of AITC was significantly increased under high CO2 condition. Furthermore, detoxification enzyme activities and antioxidant enzyme activities were accumulated under high CO2 condition. The fumigation method in the application of AITC can be useful in areas where B. impatiens is a major concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence emphasizes the role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Dry Eye Syndrome (DES). Concordantly, the importance of agents targeting the inflammatory cascade and oxidative stress in the treatment is also progressively increasing. Herein, the study has investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanism of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on the ocular surface in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced dry eye rat model. A total of twenty-one Wistar albino rats were used to form the following three groups: Control, BAC, BAC + AITC. DES was established by topical application of BAC (four times daily for two weeks) in two groups, of which one group was treated with AITC (10 mg/kg BW daily oral dosage) for four weeks. Rats were monitored by dry eye diagnostic tests during the study period, and eventually, corneal tissues were used to evaluate for histopathologic analyzes and inflammatory and oxidative status. A significant improvement was observed in various histopathologic and ophthalmologic findings, including tear volume, tear film integrity, ocular surface damage, ocular inflammatory signs, corneal thickness, and edema through AITC supplementation. AITC prominently balanced the inflammatory status and oxidative stress by lowering key proinflammatory mediators (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px). Also, levels of protective tear proteins, including Muc1, Muc4, and Muc5 were recovered with AITC supplementation. AITC alleviates clinical and histopathologic signs related to DES. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of AITC play a significant role in the mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-based drug delivery systems have shown several advantages in cancer treatment like specific targeting of cancer cells, good pharmacokinetics, and lesser adverse effects. Liver cancer is a fifth most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. The present study focusses to formulate the selenium (S)/chitosan (C)/polyethylene glycol (Pg)/allyl isothiocyanate (AI) nanocomposites (SCPg-AI-NCs) and assess its therapeutic properties against the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer in rats via inhibition of oxidative stress and tumor markers. The SCPg-AI-NCs were synthesized by ionic gelation technique and characterized by various characterization techniques. The liver cancer was induced to the rats by injecting a DEN (200 mg/kg) on the 8th day of experiment. Then DEN-induced rats treated with 10 mg/kg of formulated SCPg-AI-NCs an hour before DEN administration for 16 weeks. The 8-hydroxy-2′ -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content, albumin, globulin, and total protein were examined by standard methods. The level of glutathione (GSH), vitamin-C & -E, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were examined using assay kits. The liver marker enzymes i.e., alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate tansaminase (AST), γ-glutamyl transaminase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Bax, and Bcl-2 levels, and caspase-3&9 activities was examined using assay kits and the liver histopathology was assessed microscopically by hematoxylin and eosin staining method. The effect of formulated SCPg-AI-NCs on the viability and apoptotic cell death on the HepG2 cells were examined using MTT and dual staining assays, respectively. The results of different characterization studies demonstrated the formation of SCPg-AI-NCs with tetragonal shape, narrowed distribution, and size ranging from 390 to 450 nm. The formulated SCPg-AI-NCs treated liver cancer rats indicated the reduced levels of 8-OHdG, albumin, globulin, and total protein. The SCPg-AI-NCs treatment appreciably improved the GSH, vitamin-C & -E contents, and SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR activities in the serum of liver cancer rats. The SCPg-AI-NCs treatment remarkably reduced the liver marker enzyme activities in the DEN-induced rats. The SCPg-AI-NCs treatment decreased the AFP and CEA contents and enhanced the Bax and caspase 3&9 activities in the DEN-induced rats. The SCPg-AI-NCs effectively decreased the cell viability and induced apoptosis in the HepG2 cells. The present findings suggested that the formulated SCPg-AI-NCs remarkably inhibited the DEN-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats. These findings provide an evidence that SCPg-AI-NCs can be a promising anticancer nano-drug in the future to treat the liver carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]