Search

The planned MALTA3 DMAPS designed in the standard TowerJazz 180 nm imaging process will implement the numerous process modifications, as well as front-end changes in order to boost the charge collection efficiency after the targeted fluence of 1 × 1015 1 MeV neq/cm2. The effectiveness of these changes have been demonstrated with recent measurements of the full size MALTA2 chip. With the original MALTA concept being fully asynchronous, a small-scale MiniMALTA demonstrator chip has been developed with the intention of bridging the gap between the asynchronous pixel matrix, and the synchronous DAQ. This readout architecture will serve as a baseline for MALTA3, with focus on improved timing performance. The synchronization memory has been upgraded to allow clock speeds of up to 1.28 GHz, with the goal of achieving a sub-nanosecond on-chip timing resolution. The subsequent digital readout chain has been modified and will be discussed in the context of the overall sensor architecture.

Some embodiments of the present invention provide a 2D position-sensitive detector assembly comprising at least three substantially planar detector portions arranged in overlapping relationship as viewed normal to a plane of the detector portions, each detector portion comprising an array of substantially parallel, linear detector elements, the detector elements of respective detector portions being mutually non-parallel, the detector elements each being configured to generate one or more electrical signals in response to interaction of a particle of radiation therewith.

Some embodiments of the present invention provide apparatus for detecting particles of radiation comprising: a plurality of solid state semiconductor detector devices provided at spaced apart locations along a beam axis, the detector devices each being configured to generate an electrical signal indicative of passage of a particle through or absorption of a particle by the device; and at least one absorber portion configured to absorb at least a portion of an energy of a particle, wherein one said at least one absorber portion is provided in a particle path between at least one pair of adjacent detector devices, the apparatus being configured to provide an output signal indicative of the energy of a particle, the output signal provided being dependent on the electrical signals indicative of passage of a particle through or absorption of a particle by the devices.

Some embodiments of the present invention provide apparatus having a particle beamline for passage of charged particles of radiation therealong, comprising: a first beam tracker structure comprising at least one position sensitive detector (PSD) for determining a location with respect to a cross-sectional area of the beam line at which particles pass through the PSD; energy discrimination apparatus for determining an energy of particles that have passed through the first beam tracker structure; and support means for supporting a subject in a path of a particle along the beamline between the first beam tracker structure and the energy discrimination apparatus, the apparatus being configured to be operated in a selected one of a first mode and a second mode, the apparatus being configured, in the first mode of operation, to control an energy of the beam of charged particles passing through the first beam tracker structure such that a Bragg peak of charged particle absorption is located within the subject, and in the second mode of operation, to control an energy of the beam of charged particles passing through the first beam tracker structure such that a Bragg peak of charged particle absorption is located within the energy discrimination apparatus.

CICYT, Spain, AEN99-0950 and AEN99-0761, Abdallah, J., Abreu, P., Adam, W., Adzic, P., Albrecht, T., Alemany-Fernandez, R., Allmendinger, T., Allport, P.P., Amaldi, U., Amapane, N., Amato, S., Anashkin, E., Andreazza, A., Andringa, S., Anjos, N., Antilogus, P., Apel, W.-D., Arnoud, Y., Ask, S., Asman, B., Augustin, J.E., Augustinus, A., Baillon, P., Ballestrero, A., Bambade, P., Barbier, R., Bardin, D., Barker, G.J., Baroncelli, A., Battaglia, M., Baubillier, M., Becks, K.-H., Begalli, M., Behrmann, A., Ben-Haim, E., Benekos, N., Benvenuti, A., Berat, C., Berggren, M., Bertrand, D., Besancon, M., Besson, N., Bloch, D., Blom, M., Bluj, M., Bonesini, M., Boonekamp, M., Booth, P.S.L., Borisov, G., Botner, O., Bouquet, B., Bowcock, T.J.V., Boyko, I., Bracko, M., Brenner, R., Brodet, E., Bruckman, P., Brunet, J.M., Buschbeck, B., Buschmann, P., Calvi, M., Camporesi, T., Canale, V., Carena, F., Castro, N., Cavallo, F., Chapkin, M., Charpentier, P., Checchia, P., Chierici, R., Chliapnikov, P., Chudoba, J., Chung, S.U., Cieslik, K., Collins, P., Contri, R., Cosme, G., Cossutti, F., Costa, M.J., Crennell, D., Cuevas, J., D'Hondt, J., Da Silva, T., Da Silva, W., Della Ricca, G., De Angelis, A., De Boer, W., De Clercq, C., De Lotto, B., De Maria, N., De Min, A., De Paula, L., Di Ciaccio, L., Di Simone, A., Doroba, K., Drees, J., Eigen, G., Ekelof, T., Ellert, M., Elsing, M., Espirito Santo, M.C., Fanourakis, G., Fassouliotis, D., Feindt, M., Fernandez, J., Ferrer, A., Ferro, F., Flagmeyer, U., Foeth, H., Fokitis, E., Fulda-Quenzer, F., Fuster, J., Gandelman, M., Garcia, C., Gavillet, P., Gazis, E., Gokieli, R., Golob, B., Gomez-Ceballos, G., Goncalves, P., Graziani, E., Grosdidier, G., Grzelak, K., Guy, J., Haag, C., Hallgren, A., Hamacher, K., Hamilton, K., Haug, S., Hauler, F., Hedberg, V., Hennecke, M., Hoffman, J., Holmgren, S.-O., Holt, P.J., Houlden, M.A., Jackson, J.N., Jarlskog, G., Jarry, P., Jeans, D., Johansson, E.K., Jonsson, P., Joram, C., Jungermann, L., Kapusta, F., Katsanevas, S., Katsoufis, E., Kernel, G., Kersevan, B.P., Kerzel, U., King, B.T., Kjaer, N.J., Kluit, P., Kokkinias, P., Kourkoumelis, C., Kouznetsov, O., Krumstein, Z., Kucharczyk, M., Lamsa, J., Leder, G., Ledroit, F., Leinonen, L., Leitner, R., Lemonne, J., Lepeltier, V., Lesiak, T., Liebig, W., Liko, D., Lipniacka, A., Lopes, J.H., Lopez, J.M., Loukas, D., Lutz, P., Lyons, L., MacNaughton, J., Malek, A., Maltezos, S., Mandl, F., Marco, J., Marco, R., Marechal, B., Margoni, M., Marin, J.-C., Mariotti, C., Markou, A., Martinez-Rivero, C., Masik, J., Mastroyiannopoulos, N., Matorras, F., Matteuzzi, C., Mazzucato, F., Mazzucato, M., Mc Nulty, R., Meroni, C., Migliore, E., Mitaroff, W., Mjoernmark, U., Moa, T., Moch, M., Moenig, K., Monge, R., Montenegro, J., Moraes, D., Moreno, S., Morettini, P., Mueller, U., Muenich, K., Mulders, M., Mundim, L., Murray, W., Muryn, B., Myatt, G., Myklebust, T., Nassiakou, M., Navarria, F., Nawrocki, K., Nemecek, S., Nicolaidou, R., Nikolenko, M., Oblakowska-Mucha, A., Obraztsov, V., Olshevski, A., Onofre, A., Orava, R., Osterberg, K., Ouraou, A., Oyanguren, A., Paganoni, M., Paiano, S., Palacios, J.P., Palka, H., Papadopoulou, Th.D., Pape, L., Parkes, C., Parodi, F., Parzefall, U., Passeri, A., Passon, O., Peralta, L., Perepelitsa, V., Perrotta, A., Petrolini, A., Piedra, J., Pieri, L., Pierre, F., Pimenta, M., Piotto, E., Podobnik, T., Poireau, V., Pol, M.E., Polok, G., Pozdniakov, V., Pukhaeva, N., Pullia, A., Radojicic, D., Rebecchi, P., Rehn, J., Reid, D., Reinhardt, R., Renton, P., Richard, F., Ridky, J., Rivero, M., Rodriguez, D., Romero, A., Ronchese, P., Roudeau, P., Rovelli, T., Ruhlmann-Kleider, V., Ryabtchikov, D., Sadovsky, A., Salmi, L., Salt, J., Sander, C., Savoy-Navarro, A., Schwickerath, U., Sekulin, R., Siebel, M., Sisakian, A., Smadja, G., Smirnova, O., Sokolov, A., Sopczak, A., Sosnowski, R., Spassov, T., Stanitzki, M., Stocchi, A., Strauss, J., Stugu, B., Szczekowski, M., Szeptycka, M., Szumlak, T., Tabarelli, T., Tegenfeldt, F., Timmermans, J., Tkatchev, L., Tobin, M., Todorovova, S., Tome, B., Tonazzo, A., Tortosa, P., Travnicek, P., Treille, D., Tristram, G., Trochimczuk, M., Troncon, C., Turluer, M.-L., Tyapkin, I.A., Tyapkin, P., Tzamarias, S., Uvarov, V., Valenti, G., Van Dam, P., Van Eldik, J., Van Remortel, N., Van Vulpen, I., Vegni, G., Veloso, F., Venus, W., Verdier, P., Verzi, V., Vilanova, D., Vitale, L., Vrba, V., Wahlen, H., Washbrook, A.J., Weiser, C., Wicke, D., Wickens, J., Wilkinson, G., Winter, M., Witek, M., Yushchenko, O., Zalewska, A., Zalewski, P., Zavrtanik, D., Zhuravlov, V., Zimin, N.I., Zintchenko, A., Zupan, M.

A high-quality, low-cost ventilator, dubbed HEV, has been developed by the particle physics community working together with biomedical engineers and physicians around the world. The HEV design is suitable for use both in and out of hospital intensive care units, provides a variety of modes and is capable of supporting spontaneous breathing and supplying oxygen-enriched air. An external air supply can be combined with the unit for use in situations where compressed air is not readily available. HEV supports remote training and post market surveillance via a Web interface and data logging to complement standard touch screen operation, making it suitable for a wide range of geographical deployment. The HEV design places emphasis on the ventilation performance, especially the quality and accuracy of the pressure curves, reactivity of the trigger, measurement of delivered volume and control of oxygen mixing, delivering a global performance which will be applicable to ventilator needs beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes the conceptual design and presents the prototype units together with a performance evaluation.

This paper outlines the results of investigations into the effects of radiation damage in the mini-MALTA prototype. Measurements were carried out at Diamond Light Source using a micro-focus X-ray beam, which scanned across the surface of the device in 2 $\mathrm{\mu m}$ steps. This allowed the in-pixel photon response to be measured directly with high statistics. Three pixel design variations were considered: one with the standard continuous $\mathrm{n^-}$ layer layout and front-end, and extra deep p-well and $\mathrm{n^-}$ gap designs with a modified front-end. Five chips were measured: one unirradiated, one neutron irradiated, and three proton irradiated.