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The limestone, sandstone and clays of the Villar del Arzobispo Formation (Kimmeridgian–Berriasian) crop out in the south of the Iberian Range (Spain), and from a palaeontological point of view, the formation is characterised by dozens of sites with dinosaur fossils. The most abundant are the sauropods and stegosaurs, while the ornithopods are scarce, and theropods (especially large-sized ones) are very rare. Described here are some fossils of large-sized theropods (a new tooth and a tridactyl trackway) found at two sites of this formation within the Penagolosa sub-basin (Maestrazgo Basin) in Teruel province. The new tooth from Formiche Alto is attributed to a large indeterminate tetanuran, possibly a megalosaurid, and is closely related to other large fossil teeth from this formation in Riodeva and Galve (Teruel) and Alpuente (Valencia). In addition, a distinctive morphology of the large-sized tridactyl footprints in the trackway found at the El Castellar tracksite at the village of the same name, allows the establishment of a new ichnotaxon, Iberosauripus grandis ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. It is easily differentiated from a number of previously named ichnotaxa and suggests the ichnological record of large theropods from the Upper Jurassic of Europe, North America and Asia can be divided into two distinct groups, whose trackmakers were probably members of Megalosauridae and Allosauridae. Keeping in mind that smaller and also different teeth related to allosaurids have been previously described, it is concluded that the dinosaur assemblages in this formation include at least two types of large-sized megatheropod tetanurans which, when fully grown, were responsible for the large-sized tridactyl footprints found in this unit. The predation pressure exerted by these theropods can be seen as a significant cause stimulating the gigantic sizes of some sauropods (like Turiasaurus and Losillasaurus ) found in the same formation.

Large-bodied theropod dinosaurs from the Early-mid Cretaceous of the northern continents (Laurasia) are poorly known. One of the most complete and intriguing theropods from this interval is Shaochilong maortuensis Hu, 1964 from the Turonian (< 92 Ma) Ulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. The phylogenetic placement of Shaochilong has long been a subject of debate, as it has been referred to several disparate theropod groups (e.g., Megalosauridae, Allosauridae, Tyrannosauroidea, Maniraptora). In a recent taxonomic reassessment, Shaochilong was identified as the first Asian member of Carcharodontosauridae, a clade of allosauroid theropods that was once thought to be restricted to Gondwana and includes some of the largest terrestrial predators to ever live. However, the characters supporting such a placement were only briefly discussed, and a full anatomical description of Shaochilong has yet to be presented. We provide a detailed osteological description of the lectotype and paralectotype series, show that Shaochilong is a small-bodied and short-snouted carcharodontosaurid, and highlight numerous cranial features shared with other carcharodontosaurids. We argue that the vicariant hypothesis of allosauroid biogeography, in which lineages split in concert with the fragmentation of Pangaea, is poorly supported. Finally, large-scale patterns of theropod evolution and faunal replacement are discussed, and it is argued that allosauroids persisted as large-bodied predators later in the Cretaceous than previously thought. Copyright © 2010 Magnolia Press.

Four isolated theropod teeth from the ?Bathonian >Argiles de l'Irhazer> in Niger are described. The teeth were found in association with the holotype of the basal sauropod Spinophorosaurus nigerensis. These specimens have been assigned to two different taxa by independent analyses, such as direct comparison with teeth previously described in the literature, discriminant and morphometric analyses from metric characters, and cladistic and cluster analyses from discrete characters. The results suggest that three teeth share affinities with those of Megalosauridae and Allosauridae, belonging most likely to the former. The fourth tooth might be from a member of the stem group Spinosauridae. If so, this would be the oldest representative of this clade. This tooth shows a combination of characters that are unusual in typical spinosaurid teeth (crown moderately compressed labiolingually and curved distally with minute denticles on the carina and a deeply veined enamel surface texture without apicobasal ridges). This could shed light on the morphological transition from the plesiomorphic ziphodont dental pattern to that of Spinosauridae. This tooth would also allow a better understanding of the origin of the spinosaurids, supporting a Gondwanan origin for the group., ASM is recipient of a FPU grant (FPU13/03362) from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.

Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877 AGE: Kimmeridian-Tithonian, Late Jurassic (Foster, 2007). OCCURRENCE: Morrison Formation, western United States. NEOTYPE: UUVP 6000, a complete skull and partial skeleton only lacking first caudal vertebra, chevrons, ribs, forearms, and some digits of the pes (Madsen, 1976). REFERRED MATERIAL: Various materials from UUVP and AMNH. REMARKS: Allosaurus is one of the best Jurassic theropods known to date. The taxon is represented by many articulated and disarticulated elements found throughout the Morrison Formation in North America. Allosaurus has been used in many phylogenetic analyses examining the relationships of theropods (e.g., Turner et al., 2007; Rauhut, 2003). Allosaurus fragilis possesses the following unique characters: distinct ‘‘step’’ in the ventral margin of the jugal, leading to a significant ventral displacement of the posterior part in relation to the anterior portion; neomorphic bone (5 antarticular of Madsen, 1976); well-developed notch in the anteroventral margin of the prearticular (Rauhut, 2003). KEY REFERENCES: Marsh, 1877; Madsen, 1976; Brusatte and Sereno, 2008., Published as part of Nesbitt, Sterling J., 2011, The Early Evolution Of Archosaurs: Relationships And The Origin Of Major Clades, pp. 1-292 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2011 (352) on page 56, DOI: 10.1206/352.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5405335, {"references":["Marsh, O. C. 1877. Notice on new dinosaurian reptiles. American Journal of Science (3) 14: 514 - 516.","Foster, J. 2007. Jurassic West. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 387 pp.","Madsen, J. H. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 109: 1 - 163.","Turner, A. H., D. Pol, J. A. Clarke, G. M. Erickson, and M. A. Norell. 2007. A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science 317: 1378 - 1381.","Rauhut, O. W. M. 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 69: 1 - 214.","Brusatte, S. L., and P. C. Sereno. 2008. Phylogeny of Allosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda): comparative analysis and resolution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 155 - 182."]}

Archosaurs have a nearly 250 million year record that originated shortly after the Permian-Triassic extinction event and is continued today by two extant clades, the crocodylians and the avians. The two extant lineages exemplify two bauplan extremes among a diverse and complex evolutionary history, but little is known about the common ancestor of these lineages. Renewed interest in early archosaurs has led to nearly a doubling of the known taxa in the last 20 years. This study presents a thorough phylogenetic analysis of 80 species-level taxa ranging from the latest Permian to the early part of the Jurassic using a dataset of 412 characters. Each terminal taxon is explicitly described and all specimens used in the analysis are clearly stated. Additionally, each character is discussed in detail and nearly all of the character states are illustrated in either a drawing or highlighted on a specimen photograph. A combination of novel characters and comprehensive character sampling has bridged previou...

Shaochilong maortuensis (Hu, 1964) Figs 1���15 Lectotype. IVPP V.2885.1, well preserved and nearly complete braincase, including parts of the parietals, supraoccipital, exoccipital-opisthotics, basioccipital, basisphenoids, parasphenoid, prootics, and orbitosphenoids; IVPP V.2885.2, paired frontals, paired parietals, and posterior end of right nasal. Taxonomic note and paralectotype series. Hu (1964) erected Chilantaisaurus maortuensis on the basis of cranial bones, an axis and six caudal vertebrae. Although the material was collected from a single locality, Hu (1964) did not explain the degree of association of the bones or provide quarry maps. It is considered likely that the bones represent a single individual, but to provide for the possibility that they will be shown to belong to multiple taxa in future studies we designate the braincase (IVPP V.2885.1) and skull roof fragment (IVPP V.2885.2) as the lectotype (name-bearing type specimen) and consider the remaining material to belong to the paralectotype series: left and right quadrates (IVPP V.2885.3), a right maxilla (IVPP V.2885.4), an axis vertebra (IVPP V.2885.5) and six caudal vertebrae (IVPP V.2885.6��� 7). The braincase and skull roof piece are both assigned to the lectotype because they clearly fit together as a single specimen (broken along the parietals, which are shared between both pieces). The remaining skull bones and axis probably belong to the same individual as the braincase and skull roof, due to similar size, proximity in the skeleton, non-duplication of elements, and similar phylogenetic affinities indicated by all elements. The caudal vertebrae are referred with less certainty, as they do not show unambiguous evidence for carcharodontosaurid affinities and are from a more distant part of the skeleton. In an unpublished thesis, Chure (2000) briefly described the lectotype series of Shaochilong and provided a new generic name, ���Alshansaurus���. Chure���s (2000) thesis was circulated to many dinosaur researchers and is often cited. Although the name ���Alshansaurus��� was never formally published, it has been used by many dinosaur workers as an informal name for the specimen. Type locality and horizon. Ulansuhai Formation, Maortu, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People���s Republic of China (60 km north of Chilantai). The Ulansuhai Formation is often regarded as Aptian-Albian (late Early Cretaceous) based on perceived faunal similarities to other deposits of this age (e.g., Weishampel et al. 2004 b). However, radiometric dating of underlying strata indicates a maximum age of approximately 92 Ma (Turonian, early Late Cretaceous [���mid Cretaceous���]; Kobayashi & Lu 2003, Benson & Xu 2008). We prefer the Turonian date, as it is tied to explicit radiometric data. Original diagnosis. ���Skull small, occipital condyle comparatively large, maxilla with 12 teeth, quadrate relatively small��� (Hu 1964: 59). Emended diagnosis. Allosauroid theropod possessing the following autapomorphies: maxillary antorbital fossa reduced in extent and nearly absent; paradental groove absent on the medial surface of the maxilla; deep, dorsoventrally oriented grooves located dorsally on maxillary interdental plates; pneumatic recess penetrates to posterior end of nasal; dorsoventrally deep sagittal crest on the frontal; large pneumatic foramen (pneumatopore) in the anterodorsal corner of the dorsal tympanic recess of the prootic (Brusatte et al. 2009 a). Nomenclatural note. Clade names and phylogenetic definitions follow a recent revision of basal tetanuran taxonomy proposed by Benson et al. (2009). Allosauroidea is comprised of four ���family���-level clades: Sinraptoridae, Allosauridae, Carcharodontosauridae, and Neovenatoridae. The latter two clades are sister taxa and comprise the rank-free Carcharodontosauria, which is equivalent in definition to Carcharodontosauridae as commonly used by previous authors (e.g., Holtz et al. 2004; Sereno et al. 2005). These taxonomic changes do not severely affect the terminology used in this monograph. However, Neovenator is no longer a ���carcharodontosaurid,��� as commonly considered under previous taxonomies, but rather a ���neovenatorid carcharodontosaurian���. Description and comparisons. Skull. A skull reconstruction of Shaochilong, drawn by Brett Booth, is presented in Figure 1. The snout of Shaochilong is shortened relative to other carcharodontosaurids, which generally possess long snouts despite their large body size (e.g., Sereno et al. 1996; Currie & Carpenter 2000; Eddy 2008). In concert with small body size (see below), the short-snouted skull suggests that Shaochilong possessed a unique morphotype, and perhaps ecotype, among carcharodontosaurids. Maxilla. Hu (1964: 59) listed both a right maxilla and a ���fragmental left maxilla��� among the ���material��� (taken here as the syntype series) of Shaochilong maortuensis. However, we could only locate the right maxilla (IVPP V2885.4; Figs 2���3), which is nearly complete and well preserved. This element was illustrated by Hu (1964: fig. 10), but it is difficult to distinguish original bone and broken margins in this figure. A revised version of this figure was published by Zhao et al. (2008: fig. 325) and a photograph was provided by Dong (1992). However, other than a paragraph in the original description (Hu 1964: 60), this bone has not been thoroughly described in the literature. The right maxilla is nearly complete but is missing the dorsal part of the ascending process as well as the posterior portion of the jugal process bearing the articular facet for the jugal. As preserved the maxilla is 290 mm long anteroposteriorly and 77 mm deep dorsoventrally at the anterior margin of the antorbital fenestra. The tooth row in Shaochilong is complete and the jugal process extends 35 mm posterior to it as preserved. However, a substantial portion is missing in this region, as in other allosauroids there is an extensive margin of non-dentigerous bone posterior to the posteriormost alveolus (e.g., Madsen 1976; Currie & Zhao 1993 a; Sereno et al. 1996; Eddy 2008; Sereno & Brusatte 2008). The main body tapers in depth as it continues posteriorly and becomes confluent with the jugal process, thinning to a depth of 38 mm at the posterior broken margin. A tapering main body and jugal process is common among theropods but contrasts with the condition in abelisaurids (e.g., Lamanna et al. 2002; Sampson & Witmer 2007), some coelurosaurs (e.g., Dromaeosaurus: Currie 1995), Monolophosaurus (Brusatte et al. in press), and Zupaysaurus (Ezcurra 2007), which possess maxillae that maintain a relatively constant depth across their length. Posteriorly the jugal process is deflected posteroventrally, beginning at the anterior end of the jugal articulation. Only the base of this deflection is preserved but this region is oriented at an angle of approximately 20 degrees from the anteroposterior trend of the main body. A similar deflection is present in the carcharodontosaurids Acrocanthosaurus (Eddy 2008: fig. 14) and Eocarcharia (Brusatte & Sereno 2008: figs. 11-13), as well as those megalosaurids in which this region is preserved (Afrovenator, UC OBA 1; Megalosaurus, OUNHM J. 13506), and was employed as a phylogenetic character by Sereno & Brusatte (2008: ch. 8). In contrast, other allosauroids and basal tetanurans only exhibit ventral deflection at the far posterior tip of the jugal process (e.g., Madsen 1976; review in Sereno & Brusatte 2008). As in many other basal tetanurans there is a distinct anterior ramus of the maxilla that projects from the main body anterior to the ascending ramus (e.g., Madsen 1976; Sereno et al. 1994; Holtz et al. 2004). The separation between the ascending ramus and anterior ramus is slight in Shaochilong and the anterior ramus is tall relative to its length (78 mm deep by 35 mm long). It is proportionally taller than in most other theropods that possess an anterior ramus that is taller than long, such as Ceratosaurus (Madsen & Welles 2000), and its shape and size are similar to those of some individuals of Mapusaurus (MCF-PVPH- 108.115; Coria & Currie 2006: fig. 2 B). In other Mapusaurus specimens the anterior ramus is essentially absent, as it is confluent with the anterior rim of the maxillary body and ascending process (MCF-PVPH- 108.169; Coria & Currie 2006: fig 2 A). Similarly, the anterior ramus is deep and either confluent with the ascending ramus or weakly demarcated in most other carcharodontosaurids, including Acrocanthosaurus (Currie & Carpenter 2000), Carcharodontosaurus (Sereno et al. 1996; Brusatte & Sereno 2007), and Eocarcharia (Sereno & Brusatte 2008). However, Neovenator exhibits a prominent anterior ramus (Brusatte et al. 2008). The shape of the ramus is variable in non-carcharodontosaurian allosauroids, as it is prominent in Allosaurus (Madsen 1976) but confluent with the ascending ramus in Sinraptor (Currie & Zhao 1993 a). The ascending ramus extends posterodorsally at approximately 45 degrees from the anteroposterior trend of the main body. This is the case in most basal tetanurans, but differs from the nearly vertical orientation of the ramus in most abelisaurids (e.g., Chatterjee 1978; Bonaparte 1985; Bonaparte et al. 1990; Lamanna et al. 2002; Canale et al. 2009). In Shaochilong the ascending ramus is broken dorsally, but by this point it has already strongly tapered (minimum axis ���width��� measurement in lateral view of 12 mm, compared with 50 mm at its base at the anteroventral corner of the antorbital fenestra). The entire ramus is very thin anteroposteriorly across its length. The overall proportions of the ramus are narrower than those of Carcharodontosaurus (Brusatte & Sereno 2007), Giganotosaurus (MUCPv-CH- 1), and Mapusaurus (Coria & Currie 2006), which have relatively narrow ascending rami and narrow antorbital fossae (see below). In contrast, Acrocanthosaurus (Currie & Carpenter 2000; Eddy 2008), Allosaurus (Madsen 1976), Eocarcharia (Sereno & Brusatte 2008), Neovenator (Brusatte et al. 2008), and Sinraptor (Currie & Zhao 1993 a) have proportionally wider ascending rami that accommodate a more extensive antorbital fossa. Only some regions of the surfaces for contact with the premaxilla, nasal, and jugal are observable. The premaxilla is contacted via the anterior surface of the anterior ramus of the maxilla, which is broadly convex in lateral view. Furthermore, when seen in lateral view, the premaxilla-maxilla suture trends strongly posterodorsally. This is also the case in most other allosauroids (e.g., Currie & Zhao 1993 a; Brusatte & Sereno 2007), but differs from the more vertical contact in Allosaurus (Madsen 1976) and Neovenator (Brusatte et al. 2008). The nasal articulates with the anterior surface of the ascending ramus and may have continued onto the dorsal surface of the ramus more posteriorly, although this region is broken in the paralectotype maxilla (IVPP V.2885.4). Few details of the nasal suture are evident and it is unclear whether the maxilla contributed to the floor of the external naris. However, it is evident that the nasal articulation is located solely on the anterior surface of the anterior ramus and does not face laterally, unlike in abelisaurids (Wilson et al. 2003; Sereno et al. 2004; Sereno & Brusatte 2008). Furthermore, the nasal articulation does not terminate ventrally in the blunt pit that is characteristic of abelisaurids (Wilson et al. 2003; Sereno et al. 2004). Although most of the jugal articulation is broken, the jugal clearly sat within a deep trough on the posterior part of the jugal process of the maxilla. Whether this trough was partially exposed laterally as in some allosauroids (e.g., Acrocanthosaurus: Eddy 2008; Eocarcharia: Sereno & Brusatte 2008), due to a lower lateral wall, is unclear. However, it is evident that the most anterior region of the trough is a deep embayment hidden in lateral view, and thus the complete articular surface on the maxilla is not entirely laterally facing as is often considered a synapomorphy of abelisaurids (e.g., Wilson et al. 2003; Sereno et al. 2004). The lateral surface of the maxilla is generally smooth, although it is slightly rugose anteriorly and above the tooth row. This form of sculpturing is similar to that of most theropods, and is not as extensive as in the derived carcharodontosaurids Carcharodontosaurus, Giganotosaurus, and Mapusaurus (Brusatte & Sereno 2008) and abelisaurids (Lamanna et al. 2002; Sampson & Witmer 2007; Sereno & Brusatte 2008). In Carcharodontosaurus, elongate grooves and ridges ornament most of the lateral surface, a texturing that has been described as autapomorphic for the genus (Brusatte & Sereno 2007). The surface texture is mottled, with random rugosities that do not form distinct ridges or grooves, in Giganotosaurus (Coria & Salgado 1995), Mapusaurus (Coria & Currie 2006), and the neovenatorid carcharodontosaurian Neovenator (Brusatte et al. 2008). In contrast, the lateral surface of the maxilla in Acrocanthosaurus (Currie & Carpenter 2000), Allosaurus (Madsen 1976), Eocarcharia (Sereno & Brusatte 2008), and Sinraptor (Currie & Zhao 1993 a) is smooth and little different in texture from that in Shaochilong. The lateral surface of the maxilla of Shaochilong is pierced by numerous foramina, which are especially abundant immediately dorsal to the tooth row. These foramina form two distinct series: a primary series that is approximately 10 mm dorsal to the tooth row and a secondary series that is positioned 35 mm above the tooth row. Foramina in both rows are large, measuring up to 5 mm in diameter, and form a linear series that approximately parallels the tooth row. The two rows merge posterior to the eighth alveolus, and the final foramen in the conjoined rows (located above the ninth alveolus) opens posteriorly into a deep and elongate groove. A discrete secondary row is also present in Acrocanthosaurus (Eddy 2008), Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (Brusatte & Sereno 2007), Eocarcharia (Sereno & Brusatte 2008), and possibly Mapusaurus (Coria & Currie 2006: fig. 2). Foramina are located in this region in other taxa (e.g., Allosaurus: Madsen 1976), but are not always set into a discrete row. However, whether this represents random variation or a phylogenetically informative signal is difficult to determine in the small samples for most theropod taxa. Furthermore, the final foramen of the conjoined row also opens into a deep groove in Eocarcharia (Sereno & Brusatte 2008). Unfortunately, this region of the maxilla is missing in many closely related taxa, precluding comparison. Finally, the primary row of Shaochilong, like those of other allosauroids, is positioned several millimetres above the tooth row, not immediately above the alveolar margin as in abelisaurids (Sereno & Brusatte 2008). The antorbital fossa is not extensive on the lateral surface of the maxilla, although this appearance is partially exaggerated by breakage. As preserved, the fossa only extends for approximately 7 mm ventral to the antorbital fenestra across most of the main body. However, the dorsal edge of the fossa is a broken surface, which is quite thick in mediolateral width. It is possible to link this broken surface with original bone on the dorsal margin of a small flange that projects dorsally at the anteroventral corner of the antorbital fenestra. This was not a flange in life, but rather is a preserved flake of bone, completely covered by the smooth fossa, that remains in isolation after the rest of the bone in this area has been broken away. Furthermore, the original dorsal surface of this flange can be linked to original bone surface on the posterior margin of the ascending ramus, giving a complete and fairly accurate reconstruction of the true dimensions of the antorbital fossa (Fig 2). In life, the fossa extended only 10-15 mm ventrally from the antorbital fenestra along the main body of the maxilla. Similar ventral reduction is present in other carcharodontosaurids such as Carcharodontosaurus (Brusatte & Sereno 2007), Giganotosaurus (MUCPv-CH- 1), and Mapusaurus (Coria & Currie 2006), as well as abelisaurids (e.g., Bonaparte et al. 1990; Sereno & Brusatte 2008) and the megalosaurid Torvosaurus (Britt 1991). In contrast, Allosaurus (Madsen 1976), Sinraptor (Currie & Zhao 1993 a), and the basal carcharodontosaurians Acrocanthosaurus (Currie & Carpenter 2000; Eddy 2008), Eocarcharia (Sereno & Brusatte 2008), and Neovenator (Brusatte et al. 2008) have a ventrally extensive antorbital fossa. The antorbital fossa extends anteriorly onto the ascending ramus of the maxilla, but only excavates approximately 15 % of the width of the base of the ramus (Table 1). In most allosauroids, including basal carcharodontosaurians such as Acrocanthosaurus, Eocarcharia, and Neovenator, this proportion is 50-65 %. A more extreme condition, an extensive fossa along the entire ascending ramus, is a synapomorphy of Coelurosauria (Sereno et al. 1996; Rauhut 2003 a; Holtz et al. 2004). In Carcharodontosaurus and other carcharodontosaurines the fossa is reduced on the ascending ramus (Table 1), but not to the extent seen in Shaochilong. Thus, the extremely limited antorbital fossa on the ascending ramus is an autapomorphy of Shaochilong among allosauroids. The antorbital fossa and the subcutaneous surface of the main body of the maxilla are not separated by a sharp rim or a swollen ridge (as in Carcharodontosaurus saharicus: Sereno et al. 1996; Brusatte & Sereno 2007), but rather by an abrupt change in bone texture. Anteriorly, the rim surrounding the antorbital fossa is rounded, not squared-off as in some carcharodontosaurians (Eocarcharia, Neovenator: Sereno & Brusatte 2008), as well as megalosaurids (Afrovenator: UC OBA 1; Dubreuillosaurus: Allain 2002), coelophysids (Rauhut 2003 a) and Eoraptor (Sereno et al. 1993). There is a distinct foramen within the fossa, which faces laterally and posteriorly, level with the region between the eighth and ninth alveoli. No accessory antorbital openings are readily visible within the antorbital fossa. However, as the anteroventral region of the fossa���the location of these openings in other theropods���is broken, this absence is potentially artifactual. Indeed, the broken medial surface of the maxilla shows that the base of the ascending ramus and the promaxillary process were inflated. These two regions are usually inflated by the maxillary and promaxillary fenestrae, respectively (Witmer 1997). Whether both openings were actually present is difficult to assess, since Carcharodontosaurus has b, Published as part of Brusatte, Stephen L., Chure, Daniel J., Benson, Roger B. J. & Xu, Xing, 2010, The osteology of Shaochilong maortuensis, a carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 2334 on pages 3-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193148, {"references":["Hu, S. - Y. (1964) Carnosaurian remains from Alashan, Inner Mongolia. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 8, 42 - 63.","Chure, D. J. (2000) A new species of Allosaurus from the Morrison Formation of Dinosaur National Monument (UT - CO) and a revision of the theropod family Allosauridae. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York, 964 pp.","Weishampel, D. B., Barrett, P. M., Coria, R. A., Le Loeuff, J., Xu, X., Zhao, X., Sahni, A., Gomani, E. & Noto, C. R. (2004 b) Dinosaur distribution. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H (Eds.), The Dinosauria, 2 nd edn. 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Little is known about the evolution of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs during the Early to mid Cretaceous in Asia. Prior to this time, Asia was home to an endemic fauna of basal tetanurans, whereas terminal Cretaceous ecosystems were dominated by tyrannosaurids, but the intervening 60 million years left a sparse fossil record. Here, we redescribe the enigmatic large-bodied Chilantaisaurus maortuensis from the Turonian of Inner Mongolia, China. We refer this species to a new genus, Shaochilong, and analyze its systematic affinities. Although Shaochilong has previously been allied with several disparate theropod groups (Megalosauridae, Allosauridae, Tyrannosauroidea, Maniraptora), we find strong support for a derived carcharodontosaurid placement. As such, Shaochilong is the first unequivocal Asian member of Carcharodontosauridae, which was once thought to be restricted to Gondwana. The discovery of an Asian carcharodontosaurid indicates that this clade was cosmopolitan in the Early to mid Cretaceous and that Asian large-bodied theropod faunas were no longer endemic at this time. It may also suggest that the ascent of tyrannosaurids into the large-bodied dinosaurian predator niche was a late event that occurred towards the end of the Cretaceous, between the Turonian and the Campanian.

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Stokesosaurus clevelandi Madsen, 1974; metataxon Age. Kimmeridgian-Tithonian. Occurrence. Morrison Formation, Utah, USA. Diagnosis. Differs from all other Late Jurassic theropods in the presence of a sharply defined vertical ridge on the ilium above the acetabulum. Remarks. Although Stokesosaurus clevelandi is based only on an isolated ilium from the Cleveland Lloyd Quarry in the Morrison Formation of Utah (Madsen 1974), the specimen is distinct from all other Jurassic theropods. In the original description, Madsen (1974) also referred a premaxilla to the same species, and just recently, Chure and Madsen (1998) described a braincase from the type locality as IStokesosaurus. Although the braincase in particular may well be referable to Stokesosaurus, this assignment is not accepted here, since there is no information about the association of these remains, and the Cleveland Lloyd Quarry has yielded thousands of theropod bones of at least four different species (Chure and Madsen 1998). Despite its fragmentary nature, Stokesosaurus clevelandi is of considerable interest since the type ilium and referred ilia (Madsen 1974) show many similarities to tyrannosaurids, a group that is otherwise only known from the Cretaceous. Therefore, Stokesosaurus is included in the analysis, although only a few characters can be coded for this taxon., Published as part of Rauhut, Oliver W. M., 2003, The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs, pp. 1-213 in Special papers in palaeontology 69 on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576, {"references":["MADSEN, J. H. 1974. A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 48, 27 - 31."]}

Allosaurus Marsh, 1877 Included taxa. Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877; Allosaurus maximus (Chure, 1995); Allosaurus sp. nov. (to be described by D. Chure). Temporal range. Kimmeridgian-Tithonian. Occurrence. Morrison Formation, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, South Dakota, Oklahoma, all USA; Lourinha Formation, Portugal. Diagnosis. Distinct ‘step’ in the ventral margin of the jugal, leading to a significant ventral displacement of the posterior part in relation to the anterior part; neomorph element present in lower jaw (antarticular in Madsen 1976); well-developed notch in the anteroventral margin of the prearticular. Remarks. Although it is one of the best known and best represented of theropod dinosaurs, the taxonomy of Allosaurus (Text-fig. 5e) is problematic. Originally described by Marsh (1877) on the basis of rather poor material, it was later often synonymized with the genus Antrodemus (e.g. Gilmore 1920), but Madsen (1976) argued that the latter taxon represents a nomen dubium. This view is followed here. Another matter of debate is the number and taxonomy of the species included in the genus Allosaurus. Pending a detailed revision of the genus, I recognize three different species within the genus: Allosaurus fragilis, which is the most common large theropod of the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation; Allosaurus maximus, which is based on the remains of at least two individuals of a very large theropod from the Morrison Formation of Oklahoma that differ in some anatomical details from A. fragilis (Chure 1995; Smith 1998), and a new, undescribed species from Dinosaur National Monument, which exhibits all the synapomorphies of the genus, but differs from both of the other species in several morphological details (Chure, pers. comm. 1998)., Published as part of Rauhut, Oliver W. M., 2003, The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs, pp. 1-213 in Special papers in palaeontology 69 on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576, {"references":["MARSH, o. c. 1877. Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic Formation. American Journal ofScience, Series 3, 14, 514 - 516.","CHURE, D. J. 1995. A reassessment of the gigantic theropod Saurophagus maximus from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Oklahoma, USA. 103 - 106. In sun, a. and wang, y. (eds). Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, short papers. China Ocean Press, Beijing, 250 pp.","------ 1976. Allosaurusfragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin, 109, 3 - 163.","GILMORE, c. w. 1920. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 110, 1 - 154."]}

Currie, Philip J., Carpenter, Kenneth (2000): A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 22 (2): 207-246, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4664675

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Hist., 21:259-265.","-------- . 1906. Tyrannosaurus, upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (2d comm.). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 22:281- 296.","-------- . 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., n.s., 1:1-30.","-------- . 1917. Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35: 733-771.","Ostrom, J. H., and J. S. McIntosh. 1966. Marsh's dinosaurs. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 388 pp.","Peterson, O. A., and C. W. Gilmore. 1902. Elosaurus parvus, a new genus and species of the Sauropoda. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 1:490-499.","Romer, A. S. 1966. Vertebrate paleontology. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 3rd ed., 468 pp.","Russell, D. A., and T. P. Chamney. 1967. Notes on the biostratigraphy of dinosaurian and microfossil faunas in the Edmonton formation (Cretaceous), Alberta. Nat. Hist. Papers, Nat. Mus. Canada, 35:1-22.","Seeley, H. G. 1881. The reptile fauna of the Gosau formation preserved in the geological museum of the University of Vienna. With a note on the geological horizon of the fossils at Neue Welt, west of Wiener Neustadt, by Edw. Suess. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London, 37:620-707.","Shepherd, J. D., P. M. Galton, and J. Jensen. 1978. Additional specimens of the hypsilophodontid dinosaur Dryosaurus altus from the Upper Jurassic of western North America. Brigham Young Univ. Geol. Studies, 24(2): 11 - 15.","Sternberg, C. M. 1950. Notes on the dinosaur quarries [on Map 969A Steveville west of fourth meridian. Alberta. Geol. Surv. Canada].","Siovall, J. W., and W. Langston, Jr. 1950. Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma. Amer. Midland Nat., 43:696- 728.","Wagner, J. A. 1861. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der urweltlichen Fauna des lithographischen Schiefers. 2. Schildkroten und Saurier. Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., 9:65-124.","White, L. L. 1950. Duquesne University collection of dinosaur bones. Unpublished Master's dissert., Duquesne Univ., 56 pp.","White, T. E. 1958. The braincase of Camarasaurus lentus (Marsh). J. Paleontol., 32:477-494.","Woodward, A. S. 1889-1901. Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum. Part 1, 474 pp.; Part 2, 567 pp.; Part 3, 544 pp.; Part 4, 636 pp. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London."]}

The discovery of an astragalus of an allosaurid theropod in southeastern Australia extends the geographic range of the Allosauridae to include all continents except Antarctica and the Indian subcontinent. In addition, it confirms the presence of this family during the Early Cretaceous.

Family Megalosauridae Genus Allosaurus Marsh, 1877 Syn.: (?) Antrodemus Leidy, 1870. Although it is not unlikely that the half caudal centrum upon which Leidy founded Antrodemus belongs to this animal, the realization in recent years that a number of large theropods were present in the Morrison Formation makes positive verification of the synonymy difficult. Most writers today have returned to the use of the name Allosaurusthe position adopted here., Published as part of John S. McIntosh, 1981, Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, pp. 1-67 in Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 18 on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3943059, {"references":["Marsh, O. C. 1877. Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation. Amer. J. Sci., 14: 514 - 516.","Leidy, J. 1870. Remarks on Poicilopleuron valens, Clidastes intermedins, Leiodon proriger, Baptemys wyomiugeiisis, and Emys stevensonianus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 3 - 5."]}

Dong, Zhiming (1979): Dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of South China. In: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Red Beds of South China: Selected Papers from the "Cretaceous-Tertiary Workshop", Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology & Nanjing Institute of Paleontology. Nanxiong, China: Science Press: 342-350, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.162178

Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis sp. nov. Description: A right proximal tibia is preserved that is gray-white in coloration. The walls of the shaft are extremely thick, and the cnemial crest is laterally projected causing the triangular shape of the proximal end. Incomplete metatarsals II, III, and IV are preserved but are not fused as in the condition of the Tyrannosauridae, are also not modified in morphology, and the phalangeal formula is not completely reduced. The unguals are large, the first ungual is flattened, recurved, and morphologically resembles Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis from Inner Mongolia in its robusticity, intense symmetrical curvature, extremely acute end, extreme lateral compression, distinct lateral ligament groove on each side, and its consistency in size. Comparison and discussion: In general morphology, this large carnosaur is more robust than Antrodemus valens from North America. Its primitive (unfused) metatarsals allow a diagnosis to the Megalosauridae, and its massive laterally compressed unguals resemble the Asian genus Chilantaisaurus although these are slightly more robust than on the Inner Mongolian genus. Thus morphologically and biogeographically it probably represents a new species and is thus erected as Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis. This genus is currently represented at two stratigraphic levels: the late Early Cretaceous C. maortuensis and the early Late Cretaceous C. tashuikouensis. Because of its primitive characters, C. zheziangensis indicates that the Fangyan Fm. is more appropriately recognized as late Early Cretaceous and is thus correlated with the Early Cretaceous Alashan Fauna, or Aptian-Albian Stage., Published as part of Dong, Zhiming, 1979, Dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of South China, pp. 342-350 in Mesozoic and Cenozoic Red Beds of South China: Selected Papers from the " Cretaceous-Tertiary Workshop ", Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology & Nanjing Institute of Paleontology, Nanxiong, China :Science Press on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.162178

11844 Cranium, mandible, and the greater portion of the skeleton lacking the forelimbs and a few other bones; from the Morrison Formation of Carnegie Museum Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument, north of Jensen, Uintah County, Utah (DNM 202). The partial skull, cervicals, scapula-coracoid, and some ribs were originally catalogued CM 11868 but they are part of this skeleton. The specimen was mounted and placed on exhibition in 1938. The right fibula was supplied from DNM 171 found near the skeleton and likely belonging to it. The incomplete skull was replaced in the mount by a cast of one from the same quarry, UU 6000. The forelimbs were cast from USNM 4734. Pictured by Kay���Carnegie Mag. (1940 a), 13:303-304; mentioned by Stovall and Langston���Amer. Midland Nat. (1950), 43:713. Collected by Douglass et al, 1913�� 1915 The following specimens all came from the Morrison Formation at the Carnegie Museum Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument near Jensen, Utah, and were collected by Douglass et al., 1909-1923. 21703 Cranium, presacrals, caudals, ilium, ischium (DNM 22). 11843 Cranium (only partially prepared), several centra, ribs, 1 coracoid, and other parts perhaps belonging to a young individual of this genus (DNM 366). 3387 Teeth and fragments (DNM 2). 3382 A tooth (DNM 14). 3383 Small vertebrae etc., perhaps belonging to this form (DNM 187). 33965 Two anterior caudal centra, four spines, three arches (DNM 120/C). 38341 Caudal and claw (marked DNM 130, probably really 102). 21705 Caudal centrum (DNM 193/A). 33957 Two caudals (with DNM 232). 21757 Three caudals. 33901 Several vertebrae. 33903 Gastralia perhaps belonging to this form (associated with DNM 210). 21713 Left ischium and a metatarsal and other material not yet prepared (DNM 302, part). 21726 Left femur (DNM 39/60L). 21769 Distal end of right femur (DNM 120/N). 37004 Distal end of metatarsal (DNM 270/26). 38349 Several incomplete metatarsals (?DNM 197, part). 10002 Proximal end right tibia and fibula from the Morrison Formation, east of Nielsen Gulch, northeast of Carnegie Museum Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument and not far from the latter (DNM 165). The horizon is the same as that of the main quarry. The fibula was incorporated into the mounted skeleton CM 11844. Collected by Douglass et al., 1913 82 Anterior caudal centrum from the Morrison Formation of Carbon County, Wyoming. It was brought back to Pittsburgh in 1899 by W. J. Holland from his first trip to the West to obtain dinosaurs for the museum. It is of historical importance as the first dinosaur specimen (aside from a cast) to be entered into the museum catalogue. A small section of a sauropod rib found with the centrum bears the same catalogue number. Collected by Holland, 1899 21736 A large right scapula-coracoid probably belonging to this species. The data concerning it has been lost, but it may have come from the Morrison Formation at Dinosaur National Monument, despite its somewhat unusual coloration. 1254 Both ischia to which has been added a right premaxilla, two teeth, two sacral vertebrae, left humerus, four metatarsals, and several phalanges. These are part of a skeleton of a small individual, some bones of which were formerly catalogued as part of the ���catchall��� no. 1255 (p. 15) from Quarry N, Freezeout Hills, Carbon County, Wyoming. Many vertebrae and other parts of the skeleton were poorly preserved and were discarded. Collected by Gilmore, 1902 2045 A femur from the Morrison Formation of Wilson Creek, Colorado. Collected by Utterback, 1901 36037 Caudal. Quarry B, Red Fork of the Powder River, Johnson County, Wyoming. Collected by Utterback, 1903, Published as part of John S. McIntosh, 1981, Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, pp. 1-67 in Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 18 on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3943059, {"references":["Marsh, O. C. 1877. Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation. Amer. J. Sci., 14: 514 - 516."]}

Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1912): Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American museum of Natural History 1: 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2784073, {"references":["DENDY, ARTHUR. 1911 . On the Structure, Development and Morphological Interpretation of the Pineal Organs and Adjacent Parts of the Brain in the Tuatara (Sphertodon punctatus). Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B, Vol. CCI, 1911 , pp. 227-331 .","GAUPP, E . 1911 . Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Unterkiefers der Wirbeltiere. Anat. Anz., Bd. 39, pp. 97-135 .","Hay, O. P. 1908. On Certain Genera and Species of Carnivorous Dinosaurs, with Special Reference to Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, 1908, pp. 351-366.","1909. On the Skull and the Brain of Triceratops, with Notes on the Brain-Cases of Iguanodon and Megalosaurus. Pres. U. S. Nat. M119 Vel. XXXVI, Feb. e, 1939, 95-103..","VON HUENE, F. 1906 U Ueber eber das das I-Iinterhaupt l-linternaupt V von011 Ivlegalosaurus lvlegaiosaurus Bucklandi UUCKIBJIGI aus Stonesiield Stonesneld. . Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Geol. u. Pal., Jahrg. 1906, I. Bd, pp. 1-12.","1907-'08. Die Dinosaurier der Europaischen Triasformation mit Berucksichtigung der Aussereuropaischen Vorkom- mnisse. Geolog. u. Pal. Abhandl., Suppl-Band I., Lief. 1 , 1907, pp. 3-64 ; Lief. 5_. 1908, pp. 273-344 ; Lief. 6, 1908, pp. 345-419, iii-xii.","1910. Ein Ganzes Tylosaurus-Skelett. Geol. u. Pal. Abh. (E. Koken.) n. f. , Bd. VIII, Heft 6, pp. 14-15, 20-21","LAMBE, LAWRENCE M. 1903 . The Lower Jaw of Dryptosaurus incraesatus (Cope) . The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XVII, 1903, pp. 133-139.","1904. On Dryptosaurus incrassatus (Cope) , from the Edmonton Series of the North West Territory. Geol. Sure. Can., Comtr. to Canadian Paleontology, Vol. III (4to) , pt. 3, 1904, pp. 1 -27, pll. i-viii","MCGREGOR, J. H. 1906. The Phytosauria, with Especial Reference to Mystriosuchus and Rhytidodon. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. , 'T I TV I: 1 flflR 0fl__1flfl 'Il : : 1 01. n v V LA , pl.. u , xauu , pp. Av-iuu, pu. u_u .","OSBORN, H. F. 1903 . The skull of Creosaurus . Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, 1903, pp. 697-701","1905. Tyrannosaurus and Other Cretaceous Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. , Vol. XXI, 1905, pp. 259-265.","1906. Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous Carnivorous Dinosaur (Second communication) . Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, 1906, PP- 281-296, pl. xxxix.","WILLISTON, S. W. 1903 . Some Osteological Terms. Science, n. s. , Vol. XVIII, 1903, pp. 829-830."]}