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Objective: Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is common among populations with nutrition‐related medical conditions. Less is known about the medical comorbidity/complication frequencies in youth with ARFID. We evaluated the medical comorbidities and metabolic/nutritional markers among female and male youth with full/subthreshold ARFID across the weight spectrum compared with healthy controls (HC). Method: In youth with full/subthreshold ARFID (n = 100; 49% female) and HC (n = 58; 78% female), we assessed self‐reported medical comorbidities via clinician interview and explored abnormalities in metabolic (lipid panel and high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein [hs‐CRP]) and nutritional (25[OH] vitamin D, vitamin B12, and folate) markers. Results: Youth with ARFID, compared with HC, were over 10 times as likely to have self‐reported gastrointestinal conditions (37% vs. 3%; OR = 21.2; 95% CI = 6.2–112.1) and over two times as likely to have self‐reported immune‐mediated conditions (42% vs. 24%; OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.1–4.9). ARFID, compared with HC, had a four to five times higher frequency of elevated triglycerides (28% vs. 12%; OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.7–10.5) and hs‐CRP (17% vs. 4%; OR = 5.0; 95% CI = 1.4–27.0) levels. Discussion: Self‐reported gastrointestinal and certain immune comorbidities were common in ARFID, suggestive of possible bidirectional risk/maintenance factors. Elevated cardiovascular risk markers in ARFID may be a consequence of limited dietary variety marked by high carbohydrate and sugar intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: While 10% of pregnant individuals report a penicillin allergy, there is no established best practice for penicillin allergy delabeling in pregnancy. To better understand options for penicillin delabeling, we aimed to evaluate two penicillin allergy delabeling protocols in pregnancy regarding efficacy, adverse events, and patient satisfaction. Material and Methods: From July 2019 to December 2022, we completed a two‐center prospective cohort study, where each site recruited pregnant patients over 24 weeks gestational age with a reported penicillin allergy. One center offered antepartum amoxicillin oral challenges, either directly or after negative skin testing (i.e., antepartum oral challenge site). Our other centers completed a two‐step approach with antepartum penicillin skin testing only and deferred oral challenges to the postpartum period (i.e., postpartum oral challenge site). Our primary outcome was the rate of penicillin allergy delabeling, defined as tolerating an antibiotic challenge with penicillin or amoxicillin. Univariate analyses were completed using chi‐squared, Fisher's exact, and Wilcoxon rank tests. Results: During the study period, 276 pregnant patients were assessed, with 207 in the antepartum oral challenge site and 69 in the postpartum oral challenge site. Among the 204 patients who completed antepartum oral challenges, 201 (98%) passed without reactions. Deferring oral challenges to the postpartum period led to a loss of follow‐up for 37/53 (70%) of eligible individuals. Overall, 97% (201/207) of patients at the antepartum oral challenge site were delabeled from their penicillin allergy—compared to 38% (26/69) of patients referred to the postpartum oral challenge site (p < 0.0001). Three antepartum oral challenge reactions were noted, including two mild cutaneous reactions and a case of transient abdominal discomfort. Conclusions: Antepartum amoxicillin oral challenge is a more effective method to delabel pregnant patients from their penicillin allergy. Deferral of oral challenges to the postpartum period introduces a significant barrier for penicillin allergy delabeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Critically ill patients are vulnerable to penicillin allergy labels that may be incorrect. The validity of skin testing in intensive care units (ICUs) is uncertain. Many penicillin allergy labels are low risk, and validated tools exist to identify those amenable to direct oral challenge. This pilot randomised controlled trial explored the feasibility, safety, and validity of direct enteral challenge for low-risk penicillin allergy labels in critical illness. Methods: Consenting patients with a low-risk penicillin allergy label (PAL) (PEN-FAST risk assessment score < 3) in four ICUs (Melbourne, Australia) were randomised 1:1 to penicillin (250 mg amoxicillin or implicated penicillin) direct enteral challenge versus routine care (2-h post-randomisation observation for each arm). Repeat challenge was performed post -ICU in the intervention arm. Patients were reviewed at 24 h and 5 days after each challenge/observation. Results: We screened 533 patients. 130 (24.4%) were eligible and 80/130 (61.5%) enrolled (age median 64.5 years (interquartile range, IQR 53.5, 74), PEN-FAST median 1 (IQR 0,1)), with 40 (50%) randomised to direct enteral challenge. A positive challenge rate of 2.5% was identified. No antibiotic-associated serious adverse events were identified. 32/40 (80%) received a repeat challenge (zero positive). Post-randomisation, 13 (32%) of the intervention arm and 4 (10%) of the control arm received penicillin (odds ratio, OR 4.33 [1.27, 14.78] p = 0.019). Conclusion: These findings support the safety, validity, and feasibility of direct enteral challenge for critically ill patients with PEN-FAST assessed low-risk penicillin allergy. The absence of false negative results was confirmed by subsequent negative repeat challenges. A relatively low recruitment to screened ratio suggests that more inclusive eligibility criteria and integration of allergy assessment into routine ICU processes are needed to optimise allergy delabelling in critical illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic urticaria (CU), in both inducible and spontaneous forms, is associated with a substantial burden in the Asia-Pacific region (APAC). Patient-centred care recognises patients desire to be involved in decisions regarding their health. Although patient-centred approaches have previously not been studied in the context of CU management, they have demonstrated benefits in the management of other chronic conditions. Methods: Information and opinions regarding the barriers and solutions to the implementation of patient-centred approaches to the management of CU were gathered from a group of 13 expert dermatologists and allergist/immunologists from APAC through surveys and a face-to-face meeting. Results: Barriers identified there included a lack of awareness of CU amongst patients, delays in consulting healthcare providers, financial constraints, and low adherence. Particular issues raised included a lack of suitable online information for patients (83% of experts), and patients accessing oral corticosteroids without a prescription. Compliance issues were also identified as key reasons for inadequate responses to treatments (67% of experts). Solutions proposed by the authors were improving patients' knowledge about their condition (92% strongly agree, 8% agree), physicians’ consideration of patient characteristics when choosing treatments (92% strongly agree, 8% agree), implementing shared decision-making (85% strongly agree, 15% agree), and using patient-reported outcome measures (70% strongly agree, 23% agree). Conclusion: Expert opinion within APAC supports the use of patient-centred approaches to improve the management of CU. We provide several recommendations focusing on patient education and involvement in disease management as well as disease monitoring methods that can be implemented by physicians in APAC.

Allergic reaction to the silicone is rare in children and as a result very little experience has been reported on symptom and treatment. We presented a case involving a child who experienced prolonged ascites following a surgery of placing an abdominal drainage tube, characterized by the ongoing drainage of clear, light-yellow fluid at a rate of 250 mL/day through the drainage tube for 36 days. Examination of the ascitic fluid revealed an abnormal elevation in eosinophil proportion, which exhibited positive response to anti-allergic treatment. Subsequent to the removal of the drainage tube, the ascites gradually resolved. In conclusion, we presented here the first and youngest case of allergic ascites associated with drainage tube after surgery of ovarian mucinous cystadenoma, it is imperative not to overlook the possibility of drainage tube allergy in the diagnostic process.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) has a high burden of disease in the Asia-Pacific region (APAC). Although guidelines provide recommendations regarding the diagnosis and treatment of AR, it is increasingly being recognised that there are gaps in their implementation. Patient-centred care involves accounting for the specific needs and desires of patients as well as including the patient in the decision-making process, and this may provide a means to reduce these gaps and consequently the burden of AR. Methods: A group of 11 experts in immunology and otorhinolaryngology from APAC provided information regarding their practices and experiences in the management of AR through an online survey. The group then discussed the barriers and solutions for the implementation of patient-centred care across the patient journey in a face-to-face meeting. Results: Key barriers to the implementation of patient-centred care for AR in APAC included a lack of patient awareness of the condition and treatment options, low adherence to treatments, financial constraints for patients, and time constraints for physicians. The solutions proposed include improving the knowledge of the patients about their conditions, the use of shared decision-making, the consideration of patient characteristics when choosing treatments, and the use of outcome measures to aid the optimisation of patient care. We provide specific recommendations for clinical practice. Conclusion: A greater focus on patient-centred approaches has the potential to improve the management of AR in APAC. More emphasis should be placed on each patient's specific health needs and desired outcomes.

The role of appendectomy in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a recent topic of contention. Given that appendectomy remains one of the most commonly performed operations and a first‐line management strategy of acute appendicitis, it is inherently crucial to elucidate the association between prior appendectomy and subsequent development of CRC, as there may be long‐term health repercussions. In this review, we summarize the data behind the relationship of CRC in post‐appendectomy patients, discuss the role of the microbiome in relation to appendectomy and CRC pathogenesis, and provide an appraisal of our current understanding of the function of the appendix. We seek to piece together the current landscape surrounding the microbiome and immunological changes in the colon post‐appendectomy and suggest a direction for future research involving molecular, transcriptomic, and immunologic analysis to complement our current understanding of the alterations in gut microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Report the prevalence and severity of the most common allergic diseases in children living in Monterrey, México. Methods: Cross-sectional multi-center survey on the most common allergic diseases, completed by parents of 6-7-year-old children and by 13-14- year-old adolescents in the Monterrey metropolitan area, between January 2018 and December 2019. Results: A total of 3,044 questionnaires were eligible for the analysis. Among children between 6-7 years old, 30.2% (n = 143/473) presented wheezing at any time in their life; with a higher prevalence in the male population. In the adolescent group, 26.4% reported having experienced wheezing at some point in their life, with a slight predominance in the female group (54.9%). Conclusions: Knowing the prevalence of allergic diseases in our population gives us tools to generate strategies that allow us to provide the best quality healthcare to our patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe asthma is an entity with a complex diagnosis, requiring an adequate differential diagnosis and identification of endotypes for a correct approach and therapeutic process. In the present review, we show a synthesis of the current literature on the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of severe asthma, having critically analyzed the evidence in search engines such as Medline, Scopus, and Embase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are limited data on severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) associated with antiepileptic medications. The current study aims to investigate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of antiepileptic medication-induced SCARs in hospitalized children. This five-year retrospective study was conducted at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The study included all children with a diagnosis of SCARs secondary to antiepileptic medications as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). In our study SCARs were categorized into three groups: drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and a group with symptoms overlapping between maculopapular eruptions (MPE) and DRESS. Among 259 children with SCARs induced by antiepileptic medications, 199 (76.83%), 42 (16.22%), and 18 (6.95%) had overlapping MPE/DRESS, DRESS, and SJS/TEN, respectively. Phenobarbital was the most common offending drug among SCARs. The multinomial logistic regression model revealed that lymphadenopathy increased DRESS occurrence by 35 times compared to overlapping MPE/DRESS. Girls were at risk of SJS/TEN approximately 6 times more than boys. Age, weight, and mucosal involvement affected hospitalization duration in children with SCARs related to antiepileptic medication. There are some similarities and differences in the clinical and epidemiological features of Iranian children suffering from antiepileptic medication-induced SCARs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tragic COVID-19 pandemic affected many children worldwide. Among the factors that may influence the course of viral infections including COVID-19, it is still uncertain whether atopy has a protective or predisposing role. The study aims to address the knowledge gap by investigating the prevalence and severity of COVID-19 among atopic children in Kerman, in 2022. A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study on children with a history of atopy was performed in Kerman Medical University. Demographic information, type of atopy (including allergic rhinitis, Hyper-Reactive Airway Disease (HRAD) or asthma, eczema, urticaria, anaphylaxis, and food allergy), history of COVID-19 infection, and disease severity were recorded. A total of 1007 children and adolescents, (boys: 56.4%, girls: 43.6%, age:5.61±2.64 years) were included in the study. History of COVID-19 infection was positive in 53.5%, with 75.9% of the cases exhibiting mild disease severity. The frequency of atopies was HRAD or asthma (67.2%), allergic rhinitis (42.6%), and food allergy (27.4%). The frequency of COVID-19 cases was significantly higher among patients with HRAD or asthma, whereas it was significantly lower among those with food allergies, anaphylaxis, and eczema. Among atopic individuals, COVID-19 severity was significantly lower in those with allergic rhinitis, while the opposite trend was observed among food-allergic individuals. This study sheds light on the relationship between atopy and COVID-19 among pediatric patients. It seems specific types of atopies may influence the risk and severity of COVID-19 infection differently. A better understanding of these associations can inform clinical management and preventive measures for vulnerable pediatric populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prompt diagnosis of HIV is a clue for starting anti-retroviral treatment (ART). Viral load determination and other immunologic parameters are essential for evaluating the prognosis and follow-up of these patients. Objective: To evaluate viral load and CD4 cell count determinations in HIV residents of Callao during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: a cohort study of 289 adult HIV patients living in Callao was implemented. The student's t-test was used to evaluate paired samples; a p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: HIV patients who received ART had a reduction in viral load and an increase in CD4 counts. Conclusion: The management of HIV patients in Callao has been successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Report the prevalence and severity of the most common allergic diseases in children living in Monterrey, México. Methods: Cross-sectional multi-center survey on the most common allergic diseases, completed by parents of 6-7-year-old children and by 13-14- year-old adolescents in the Monterrey metropolitan area, between January 2018 and December 2019. Results: A total of 3,044 questionnaires were eligible for the analysis. Among children between 6-7 years old, 30.2% (n = 143/473) presented wheezing at any time in their life; with a higher prevalence in the male population. In the adolescent group, 26.4% reported having experienced wheezing at some point in their life, with a slight predominance in the female group (54.9%). Conclusions: Knowing the prevalence of allergic diseases in our population gives us tools to generate strategies that allow us to provide the best quality healthcare to our patients. Keywords: Asthma; Rhinitis; Eczema; Wheezing; Allergy And Immunology; Child.

Abstract Background: Real-world, primary data on the treatment of psoriasis are scarce, especially concerning the role of soluble biomarkers as outcome predictors. Objective: The authors evaluated the utility of Th1/Th17 serum cytokines along with clinical characteristics as predictors of drug survival in the treatment of psoriasis. Methods: The authors consecutively included participants with moderate to severe psoriasis who were followed up for 6 years. Baseline interferon-α, tumor necrosis factor-α, and inter-leukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A were measured using a cytometric bead array; clinical data were assessed. The authors calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for drug survival using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: The authors included 262 patients, most of whom used systemic immunosuppressants or biologics. In the multivariate model, poor quality of life measured by the Dermatology Life Quality Index (HR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.01–1.07; p = 0.012) and elevated baseline IL-6 (HR = 1.99; 95% CI 1.29–3.08; p = 0.002) were associated with treatment interruption. Study limitations: The main limitation of any cohort study is the presence of confounders that could not be detected in clinical evaluation. Conclusions: Poor quality of life and elevated baseline serum IL-6 level predicted treatment interruption in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Although IL-6 is not the most important mediator of the inflammatory pathway in the skin environment, it is an interesting biomarker candidate for predicting psoriasis treatment response.

The mammalian airways and lungs are exposed to a myriad of inhaled particulate matter, allergens, and pathogens. The immune system plays an essential role in protecting the host from respiratory pathogens, but a dysregulated immune response during respiratory infection can impair pathogen clearance and lead to immunopathology. Furthermore, inappropriate immunity to inhaled antigens can lead to pulmonary diseases. A complex network of epithelial, neural, stromal, and immune cells has evolved to sense and respond to inhaled antigens, including the decision to promote tolerance versus a rapid, robust, and targeted immune response. Although there has been great progress in understanding the mechanisms governing immunity to respiratory pathogens and aeroantigens, we are only beginning to develop an integrated understanding of the cellular networks governing tissue immunity within the lungs and how it changes after inflammation and over the human life course. An integrated model of airway and lung immunity will be necessary to improve mucosal vaccine design as well as prevent and treat acute and chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases. Given the importance of immunology in pulmonary research, the American Thoracic Society convened a working group to highlight central areas of investigation to advance the science of lung immunology and improve human health.

This study aimed to present a bibliometric and altmetric Analyses of the Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (IJAAI). The citation performance and altmetric data were extracted from Scopus and Altmetric Explorer, respectively. Analyses were done using SPSS 26, Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace. The results of the bibliometric analysis revealed that IJAAI had experienced respectable growth. Among the total citations, 4746 citations belong to the first decade (2005-2014) and 3,035 citations belong to the second (2015-2022). The findings demonstrated the significance of IJAAI among Iranian researchers. Pourpak, Z (66; 6.57%) is the top-producing author in IJAAI. The examination of research institutions reveals that the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) is ranked first. The most highly cited article in IJAAI over the past 18 years is a review article which has received 138 citations. IJAAI is ranked first at the citing source and journal level, with the most citations (249 citations) to IJAAI. Iran has collaborated with 13 other countries. Overall, the analysis of co-occurred keywords indicates that IJAAI authors have used the following three high-frequency and important keywords: Asthma (162), Inflammation (48), and Multiple sclerosis (40). Co-citation analysis results demonstrated that a total of 6,718 sources were cited in this journal . The results of the altmetric analysis show that IJAAI has a reasonably low presence across various social media platforms, including Twitter, Facebook, Wikipedia, Mendeley, news and blogs. This study aids researchers in exploring and identifying emerging trends in the fields of allergy, asthma, and immunology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of children exposed to maternal mental illness is rapidly increasing and little is known about the effects of maternal mental illness on childhood atopy. Aim: To investigate the association between maternal mental illness and risk of atopy among offspring. Design and setting: Retrospective cohort study using a UK primary care database (674 general practices). Method: In total, 590 778 children (born 1 January 1993 to 30 November 2017) were followed until their 18th birthday, with 359 611 linked to their hospital records. Time-varying exposure was captured for common (depression and anxiety), serious (psychosis), addiction (alcohol and substance misuse), and other (eating and personality disorder) maternal mental illness from 6 months before pregnancy. Using Cox regression models, incidence rates of atopy were calculated and compared for the exposed and unexposed children in primary (asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies) and secondary (asthma and food allergies) care, adjusted for maternal (age, atopy history, smoking, and antibiotic use), child (sex, ethnicity, and birth year/season), and area covariates (deprivation and region). Results: Children exposed to common maternal mental illness were at highest risk of developing asthma (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15 to 1.20) and allergic rhinitis (aHR 1.17, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.21), as well as a hospital admission for asthma (aHR 1.29, 95% CI = 1.20 to 1.38). Children exposed to addiction disorders were 9% less likely to develop eczema (aHR 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85 to 0.97) and 35% less likely to develop food allergies (aHR 0.65, 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.93). Conclusion: The finding that risk of atopy varies by type of maternal mental illness prompts important aetiological questions. The link between common mental illness and childhood atopy requires GPs and policymakers to act and support vulnerable women to access preventive (for example, smoking cessation) services earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During an emergency and urgent care, there is great difficulty on the part of health professionals who attend the event to trust the data provided, especially when these are provided by patients who may not be mentally well, in shock, without communication or even the absence of the informant when the patient is unconscious. Therefore, this study aims to develop a prototype to validate the fundamental requirements for creating an application that contains basic patient data that are essential for their care. In addition to personal data, the patient will be able to inform data about allergies, pre-existing diseases and continuous medication use. In this way, this application will help the healthcare professional to obtain this information in a clear, easy and organized way. As a methodology, the scenario was studied, during this phase, meetings were held with professionals from the urgency and emergency service and, with that, the main requirements for the development of the prototype were elaborated. Then, the development of the prototype began.(patient and/or his/her guardian) (attendant health professional). The prototype was developed using the Lean methodology, which deals with continuous learning and a focus on team communication, and Scrum, a methodology focused on continuous development and approval and the use of features and usability. With the prototype ready, an explanatory video was made about the functioning of the prototype. Then, an interview was carried out with some health professionals, via Face book high lighted by this study and the use of the about app. The survey results showed that 96.2% of respondents said they would use the application, 93.2% would feel safer during an emergency care and 79.2% would like to be informed if the application is completed. The prototype was elaborated, evaluated and the results showed that the product is viable.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) profoundly impacts quality of life as a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Allergen exposure triggers specific IgE antibodies, initiating allergy symptoms. Cross-reactivity, linked to auto-IgE responses, potentially influences AD severity. Exploring new allergens and self-autoantigens, like Aspergillus fumigatus, enhances knowledge of AD triggers. Our focus was on analyzing molecular mimicry between human AQP3 and A. fumigatus aquaporin, alongside various allergenic sources. Objective: Conduct an in silico assessment of potential molecular mimicry between human aquaporins, A. fumigatus, and diverse allergenic sources. Methods: Amino acid sequences of human AQP3 and A. fumigatus aquaporin were compared through multiple alignments with 25 aquaporins from diverse allergenic sources. Phylogenetic analysis and homology-based modeling were executed, and ElliPro server predicted conserved antigenic regions on 3D structures. Results: Global identity among studied aquaporins was 32.6%, with a specific conserved local region at 71.4%. Five monophyletic clades (A-E) were formed, and Group B displayed the highest identity (95%), including 6 mammalian aquaporins, notably AQP3. A. fumigatus aquaporin exhibited the highest identity with Malassezia sympodialis (35%). Three linear and three discontinuous epitopes were identified in both human and A. fumigatus aquaporins. The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) from overlapping aquaporin structures was 1.006. Conclusion: Identification of potential linear and conformational epitopes on human AQP3 suggests likely molecular mimicry with A. fumigatus aquaporins. High identity in a specific antigenic region indicates potential autoreactivity and a probable antigenic site involved in cross-reactivity. Validation through in vitro and in vivo studies is essential for further understanding and confirmation.

In this article, we describe the development of the plant immunity field, starting with efforts to understand the genetic basis for disease resistance, which ∼30 y ago led to the discovery of diverse classes of immune receptors that recognize and respond to infectious microbes. We focus on knowledge gained from studies of the rice XA21 immune receptor that recognizes RaxX (required for activation of XA21 mediated immunity X), a sulfated microbial peptide secreted by the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. XA21 is representative of a large class of plant and animal immune receptors that recognize and respond to conserved microbial molecules. We highlight the complexity of this large class of receptors in plants, discuss a possible role for RaxX in Xanthomonas biology, and draw attention to the important role of sulfotyrosine in mediating receptor-ligand interactions.

Background: Asthma exhibits varying clinical features in children and adults. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the clinical significance of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma, disregarding the characteristics of IgE and its relevant factors. Objective: This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the differences in the characteristics of IgE between childhood and adulthood allergic asthma (AA). Methods: Patients with AA from the 2005 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were divided into 3 groups based on their current age and onset age of AA: childhood AA (Group 1), childhood-onset adult AA (Group 2), and adulthood-onset AA (Group 3). Intragroup analysis and intergroup comparison were carried out, focusing on the characteristics and relevant factors of IgE, as well as the clinical relevance of total IgE (total IgE, tIgE) and allergen-specific IgE (allergen-specific IgE, sIgE). Results: A total of 424 patients were analyzed, including 187 with childhood AA, 132 with childhood-onset adult AA, and 105 with adulthood-onset AA. The concentration of tIgE was found to be higher in Group 1 (268.0, 118.0–686.0 kU/L) than in Group 2 (224.0, 78.0–494.0 kU/L) and Group 3 (165.0, 74.4–350.5 kU/L). The sensitization rates did not differ between Group 1 and Group 2 but were higher compared with Group 3, particularly for Alternaria-sIgE (50.3% and 46.2% vs 15.2%) and Aspergillus-sIgE (43.9% and 37.1% vs 16.2%). In Group 1, there was a negative correlation between pollen-sIgEs and indoor allergens, but this correlation was not commonly observed in Group 2 and Group 3. On the other hand, in Group 1, environmental chemicals such as phthalates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, trihalomethanes, and phenols showed a positive correlation with IgE. However, a greater number of chemicals was observed in Group 2 and Group 3, including cotinine, metals, trihalomethanes, phthalates, phenols, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Furthermore, in Group 1, IgE was positively correlated with asthma-related issues such as emergency visits, absenteeism, limited activities, and medication needs. These correlations were less common in Group 2 and Group 3, particularly in Group 3. Conclusions: There are notable differences in the characteristics and environmental factors of IgE among childhood AA, childhood-onset adult AA, and adulthood-onset AA. Additionally, IgE plays a more significant role in childhood AA due to its higher concentration, fewer relevant environmental chemicals and greater clinical relevance. This may partially explain the age-related features of asthma.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for adverse drug events due to medication dosing errors. We studied the awareness and knowledge among internal medicine housestaff (IMHS) of proper dose adjustment of commonly used rheumatology and allergy/immunology medications for patients with CKD. We surveyed 353 IMHS to evaluate their awareness of the need for medication dose adjustments for patients with CKD and knowledge for medication adjustment by level of glomerular filtration rate for common rheumatology and allergy/immunology medications. There was lack of awareness and knowledge for both rheumatology and allergy/immunology medications. Incorrect awareness and knowledge were as follows: allopurinol, 21.2%, 73.4%; colchicine, 19.0%, 75.9%; diphenhydramine, 34.0%, 34.0%; loratadine, 82.2%, 93.2%; and montelukast, 34.0%, 34.0%, respectively. Exploratory logistic regression analyses showed that PGY1 residents had higher odds for lack of awareness for allopurinol (odds ratio [OR] 24.57, 95% CI [confidence interval] 4.69, 99.13, P < 0.001), colchicine (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.50, 10.51, P < 0.01), diphenhydramine (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.10, 4.54, P < 0.04), and montelukast (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.20, 5.00, P < 0.05) than PGY3 residents. A nephrology rotation in medical school was associated with lower odds for incorrect knowledge for allopurinol (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25, 0.87, P < 0.05) and montelukast (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.27, 0.92, P < 0.05). Overall, awareness and knowledge were poor among IMHS for dose adjustments of rheumatology and allergy/immunology medications in patients with CKD. Proper education and exposure to nephrology during training may improve quality and safety of care for patients with CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent successes of immune-modulating therapies for cancer have stimulated research on information flow within the immune system and, in turn, clinical applications of concepts from information theory. Through information theory, one can describe and formalize, in a mathematically rigorous fashion, the function of interconnected components of the immune system in health and disease. Specifically, using concepts including entropy, mutual information, and channel capacity, one can quantify the storage, transmission, encoding, and flow of information within and between cellular components of the immune system on multiple temporal and spatial scales. To understand, at the quantitative level, immune signaling function and dysfunction in cancer, we present a methodology-oriented review of information-theoretic treatment of biochemical signal transduction and transmission coupled with mathematical modeling.

The field of immunology is rapidly progressing toward a systems-level understanding of immunity to tackle complex infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, cancer, and beyond. In the last couple of decades, advancements in data acquisition techniques have presented opportunities to explore untapped areas of immunological research. Broad initiatives are launched to disseminate the datasets siloed in the global, federated, or private repositories, facilitating interoperability across various research domains. Concurrently, the application of computational methods, such as network analysis, meta-analysis, and machine learning have propelled the field forward by providing insight into salient features that influence the immunological response, which was otherwise left unexplored. Here, we review the opportunities and challenges in democratizing datasets, repositories, and community-wide knowledge sharing tools. We present use cases for repurposing open-access immunology datasets with advanced machine learning applications and more.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing inflammatory skin disorder characterized by itching and eczematous lesions. It is often associated with a personal or familial history of allergic diseases. Allergic inflammation induced by immunoglobulin E and T-helper type 2 (Th2) cell responses to common environmental agents has been suggested to play an essential role in AD pathogenesis. The standard therapies for AD, including topical or systemic agents, focus on controlling skin inflammation. Recently developed monoclonal antibody to interleukin-4 receptor alpha or Janus kinase inhibitors can provide significant clinical improvements in patients with AD by inhibiting Th2 cell-mediated skin inflammation. However, the clinical efficacy of the Th2 cell-targeted therapy is transient and incomplete in patients with AD. Patients with AD are seeking a permanent cure. Therefore, the development of novel immunomodulatory strategies that can improve a long-term clinical outcome and provide a long-term treatment-free clinical remission of AD (disease-modifying therapy) is needed. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a critical role in the maintenance of immune tolerance and suppress the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases. This review provides three working hypotheses and perspectives for the treatment of AD by Treg cell activation. (1) A decreased number or function of Treg cells is a critical event that causes the activation of Th2 cells, leading to the development and maintenance of AD. (2) Activation of Treg cells is an effective therapeutic approach for AD. (3) Many different immunomodulatory strategies activating Treg cells can provide a long-term clinical improvement of AD by induction of immune tolerance. The Treg cell-targeted immunomodulatory therapies for AD include allergen immunotherapy, microbiota, vitamin D, polyvalent human immunoglobulin G, monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigens of T cell or antigen-presenting cell, and adoptive transfer of autologous Treg cells or genetically engineered Treg cells expanded in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal suicide attempts are associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes in children, but the association with chronic morbidity is poorly understood. We examined the relationship between maternal suicide attempt and risk of hospitalization for potentially preventable conditions in offspring. Methods: We analyzed a longitudinal cohort of 1 032 210 children born in Quebec, Canada between 2006 and 2019. The main exposure measure was maternal suicide attempt before or during pregnancy. Outcomes included child hospitalizations for potentially preventable conditions, including infectious diseases, dental caries, atopy, and injury up to 14 years after birth. We used adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of maternal suicide attempt with risk of hospitalization for these outcomes. Results: Compared with no suicide attempt, children whose mothers attempted suicide had an increased risk of hospitalization for infectious diseases (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06–1.16), dental caries (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.15–1.48), and injury (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.03–1.31). Risk of hospitalization for any of these outcomes was greater if mothers attempted suicide by hanging (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.22–1.75), had their first attempt between the age of 25 and 34 years (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.13–1.42), and had 3 or more attempts (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.27–1.91). Maternal suicide attempts were more strongly associated with child hospitalization before 10 years of age. Conclusions: Children whose mothers have a history of suicide attempt have an elevated risk of hospitalization for potentially preventable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoinflammatory diseases are monogenic and polygenic disorders due to dysregulation of the innate immune system. The inherited conditions have been clustered with primary immunodeficiencies in the latest practice parameters; however, these diseases have unique clinical presentations, genetics, and available therapies. Given the presentation of fevers, rashes, and mucosal symptoms observed in many of these syndromes, patients are likely to present to an allergist/immunologist. Although there has been attention in the literature to diagnosis and treatment of rare, genetically defined autoinflammatory disorders, physicians are challenged by increasing numbers of patients with intermittent or periodic fevers who face unnecessary morbidities due to a lack of a diagnosis. The broad differential of diseases presenting with fever includes autoinflammatory syndromes, infections associated with immunodeficiency and/or allergies complicated by infection, and less commonly, autoimmune disorders or malignancy. To address this challenge, we review the history of the medical approach to fever, current diagnostic paradigms, and controversies in management. We describe the spectrum of disorders referred to a recurrent fever disorders clinic established in an Allergy/Immunology division at a tertiary pediatric care center. Finally, we provide practical recommendations including historical features and initial laboratory investigations that can help clinicians appropriately manage these patients.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the esophagus. Many new studies have been reported recently that describe EoE management. An expert panel was convened by the American Gastroenterological Association Institute and the Joint Task Force on Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters to provide a technical review to be used as the basis for an updated clinical guideline. This technical review was developed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Eighteen focused EoE management questions were considered, with 15 answered using the GRADE framework and 3 with a narrative summary. There is moderate certainty in the evidence that topical glucocorticosteroids effectively reduce esophageal eosinophil counts to

With this article, the authors aim to honor the memory of Serafino Zappacosta, who had been their mentor during the early years of their career in science. The authors discuss how the combination of Serafino Zappacosta's extraordinary commitment to teaching and passion for science created a fostering educational environment that led to the creation of the "Ruggero Ceppellini Advanced School of Immunology." The review also illustrates how the research on the MHC and the inspirational scientific context in the Zappacosta's laboratory influenced the authors' early scientific interests, and subsequent professional work as immunologists.

Introduction:Aspergillus fumigatus belongs to the saprophytic fungi, and its spores form a significant part of the daily load of fungal spores inhaled as particles in aerosols. A. fumigatus is a possible T-cell activator. Its contribution to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is controversially discussed. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize A. fumigatus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients with CRS with (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP) nasal polyps. Methods: Tissue and blood samples were collected from patients who underwent paranasal sinus surgery due to CRSwNP or CRSsNP. Afterward, purified CD4+ and CD8+ cells were cultured together with antigen-presenting cells. A peptide mix derived from A. fumigatus antigen was added to the cultures. After 6 days, multicolor flow cytometry was performed, and proliferation was measured using the marker Ki-67. Cytokine secretion was quantified from the supernatant of the cell culture. Results: Significant differences in the proliferation of nasal CD4+ T cells to A. fumigatus antigen were observed for cells from patients with CRSwNP in comparison to CRSsNP, while no differences were found between nasal and peripheral blood T cells. The activation of tissue-derived CD4+ T cells was associated with significantly higher concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17a in the cell culture from patients with CRSwNP in comparison to CRSsNP and/or healthy controls. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that patients with CRSwNP harbor a higher proportion of A. fumigatus-reactive CD4+ T cells in the nasal mucosa than patients with CRSsNP. A. fumigatus-reactive CD4+ T cells of CRSwNP patients secreted TH2 cytokines and IL-17. Our findings suggest a role for A. fumigatus in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP and provide a rationale for targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Visceral leishmaniasis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis share many features in common and may coincide in the same patient. Timely diagnosis and management of visceral leishmaniasis could save patients from unnecessary toxic treatment. Visceral leishmaniasis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis share many clinical features in common and may coexist in the same patient. Visceral leishmaniasis should be promptly ruled out in patients coming from endemic areas before starting immunosuppressive therapy for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The mainstay treatment, in this case, is anti‐leishmania medications preferably liposomal amphotericin‐B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergen-specific serum immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels are a cornerstone in allergy diagnostics. While immunoglobulins are known to be relatively stable molecules, the influence of preanalytical factors on the stability of sIgE is not thoroughly investigated. We studied the effect of several preanalytical factors: (1) delayed centrifugation of serum samples in tubes with separating gel for 10, 24 and 48 h, (2) prolonged storage at 5 °C for 3, 7, 10 and 14 days, (3) storage tube type (primary tube with separating gel or secondary tube), (4) repeated freeze-thawing cycles, and (5) prolonged storage at −20 °C for 4 and 8 weeks. We found that sIgE is stable at room temperature for 48 h before centrifugation and for 10 days at 5 °C after centrifugation. There was no effect of the separating gel after storing serum for 1 week in the freezer. However, storage for 4–8 weeks, and introducing more than one freeze-thaw cycle resulted in a larger variation of sIgE levels. In conclusion, we found that sIgEs are stable under various preanalytical conditions, which allows for flexible handling of samples for a comprehensive portfolio of sIgE analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of asthma and allergy symptoms and their relationship with sociodemographic factors in hospital admissions. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among a population of non-asthmatics aged 18-64 years who applied to the hospital between November 2020 and April 2021. The data of the study were collected through a sociodemographic form, asthma screening questionnaire, and an allergy questionnaire. Results: Of the 398 participants, 271 (68.1%) were female, and the mean age was 38.4±13.1 years. Of the participants, 45 (11.3%) have asthma, and 98 (24.6%) have allergy. In multivariable binary logistic regression analysis, the likelihood of asthma symptoms increased with education declining (OR=0.656, 95% CI=0.516-0.834, p=0.001). Moreover, the likelihood of allergy was found to be higher in those with a family history of asthma (OR=2.877, 95%CI=1.456-5.685, and p=0.002), and those getting younger (OR=0.969, 95%CI=0.950-0.988, and p=0.002). Conclusion: While asthma symptoms were less common in the study group, allergy symptoms were more common, and patients were living without a diagnosis. To increase awareness of asthma and allergy in society, education should be given by the health personnel, and messages should be given through mass media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Antenatal inflammation, usually associated with chorioamnionitis, is a major cause of premature birth. As inflammation could depress respiratory drive, we have examined the effect of clinical chorioamnionitis (CCA) on spontaneous breathing in premature infants at birth.Methods: Infants with CCA born <30 weeks' gestation were matched with control infants based on gestational age (±6 days), birth weight (±300 g), antenatal corticosteroids, sex and general anaesthesia. The primary outcome was breathing effort, assessed as minute volume (MV) of spontaneous breathing. We also measured tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR) and apnoea in the first 5 min and additional physiological parameters in the first 10 min after start of respiratory support.Results: Ninety-two infants were included (n=46 CCA infants vs n=46 controls; median (IQR) gestational age 26+4 (25+0-27+6) vs 26+6 (25+1-28+3) weeks). MV and Vt were significantly lower (MV: 43 (17-93) vs 70 (31-119) mL/kg/min, p=0.043; Vt: 2.6 (1.9-3.6) vs 2.9 (2.2-4.8) mL/kg/breath, p=0.046), whereas RR was similar in CCA infants compared with controls. Incidence of apnoea was higher (5 (2-6) vs 2 (1-4), p=0.002), and total duration of apnoea was longer (90 (21-139) vs 35 (12-98) s, p=0.025) in CCA infants. CCA infants took significantly longer to reach an oxygen saturation >80% (3:37 (2:10-4:29) vs 2:25 (1:06-3:52) min, p=0.016) and had a lower oxygen saturation at 5 min (77 (66-92) vs 91 (68-94) %, p=0.028), despite receiving more oxygen (62 (48-76) vs 54 (43-73) %, p=0.036).Conclusion: CCA is associated with reduced breathing effort and oxygenation in premature infants at birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Anxiety in parents of children with allergic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic may impact hospital visits. This study explored the effect of the pandemic on parents' fears about hospital visits and their relationship with their personality traits. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted between September 2020 and March 2021, with parents of children aged 0–15 years, who regularly visited 24 outpatient facilities for allergic disease. The survey included patient information, fears about hospital visits, desired information, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Responses were compared between parents with high and low trait anxiety. The response rate was 97.6% (2439/2500). The most common fear was "Fear of getting medical care as usual (85.2%)" and "Fear of COVID-19 infection during hospital visits (87.1%)". High trait anxiety showed a significant association with "Fear of worsening of children's allergies" (adjusted OR: 1.31, 95%CI: 1.04 to 1.65, p = 0.022), and "Fear of worsening of COVID-19 due to allergy" (adjusted OR: 1.52, 95%CI: 1.27 to 1.80, p < 0.01). Healthcare professionals should share updates on COVID-19 and healthcare system to reduce parents' fear. Subsequently, they should communicate the importance of continuing treatment to prevent worsening of COVID-19 and avoid emergency visits, considering parental trait anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a rare but life‐threatening disorder that is associated with multiple organ involvement. Here, we described cutaneous granuloma annulare in MAS. This novel histological finding is a reminder to explore the underlying mechanisms of skin involvement in MAS, which may reveal its pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rare disease Background: Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) can be associated with parasitic infections, atopic drug reactions, or atopic diseases, such as asthma. This report describes 25-year-old and 27-year-old sisters with a family history of asthma who presented with abdominal pain due to EG. Case Reports: Case 1: A 25-year-old woman presented with a 4-month history of chronic left upper quadrant abdominal pain that did not improve with proton pump inhibitor and sucralfate therapy. She has a history of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Endoscopic pathology revealed pangastritis, with eosinophilic infiltration >25 per 1 high power field. Case 2: Her 27-year-old sister was admitted with chronic abdominal discomfort in the form of vomiting and recurrent abdominal pain for the past 2 years. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors and sucralfate did not lead to improvement. She also had intermittent asthma. Pathological findings on her endoscopy showed chronic inflammation of the fundus and antrum, with eosinophilic infiltration >40 per 1 high power field. Association of eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases in siblings has not been reported previously. Conclusions: This report has highlighted that atopic disease, such as asthma, is often familial, and can be associated with generalized eosinophilia, including EG. In these 2 sisters, the clinical history and histological findings on colonic biopsy were important to confirm the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells. The latest flow cytometry techniques and applications are also described, featuring examples of the data that can be generated and, importantly, how the data can be analysed. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid, all written and peer-reviewed by leading experts in the field, making this an essential research companion.

Ksenia Krasileva is an Assistant Professor at UC Berkley, studying innate immunity in plants. Ksenia's work combines plant genomics and plant-microbe interactions with new technologies, spanning basic studies and translational research in agriculture. In this interview Ksenia shares her experience with research and leading a lab, as well as thoughts on innovations in publishing.

Key Clinical Message Visceral leishmaniasis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis share many features in common and may coincide in the same patient. Timely diagnosis and management of visceral leishmaniasis could save patients from unnecessary toxic treatment. Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis share many clinical features in common and may coexist in the same patient. Visceral leishmaniasis should be promptly ruled out in patients coming from endemic areas before starting immunosuppressive therapy for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The mainstay treatment, in this case, is anti‐leishmania medications preferably liposomal amphotericin‐B.

Abstract Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a rare but life‐threatening disorder that is associated with multiple organ involvement. Here, we described cutaneous granuloma annulare in MAS. This novel histological finding is a reminder to explore the underlying mechanisms of skin involvement in MAS, which may reveal its pathogenesis.

Abstract Objective: To describe the development of a website and the creation of a social network account about pediatric allergy/immunology with reliable information, to promote education and have a channel for patient-doctor contact. Methods: This is a descriptive study. A survey was conducted with 93 patients (12 years and older) and caregivers of a Pediatric Allergy/Immunology outpatient clinic, to assess internet usage patterns of potential users. A webpage in Portuguese and an Instagram® account were launched in which it was created an area for patient-doctor communication in the pandemic context. Results: Among 93 participants, 77% were female, 82% caregivers. Median age was 33.2 years, family income 403 dollars/month. The internet was accessed via smartphone by 81,7% of the participants; 76% reported using internet to access health information but 72% did not trust on the information from the internet, and 96% believed that an institutional site could provide meaningful information. From the website release in November 6, 2018 to January 20, 2022, it was counted 10,062 page views by 4,896 users; 55% were 18–34 years old, 70.2% female. Instagram® account gathered 882 followers. Website went through a period of instability during which access were not counted. Due to social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic, the website served as a tool for first response to help patients and doctors. Conclusions: Patients and caregivers of the Pediatric Allergy/Immunology service, consulted about digital tools, considered the information supported by a teaching/research institution timely and relevant. The website and Instagram® account have both performed well and shown good return in relation to hits, and results are continuously being evaluated. During COVID-19 pandemic, the website has been connecting patients/families and doctors.

We report long‐term follow‐up of a patient who underwent a tailored laparoscopic procedure for symptomatic cholelithiasis, massive splenomegaly, and a planned pregnancy. There were no complications, and the patient remained symptom‐free at the 5‐year follow‐up. We supplemented our case report with national surgical data demonstrating the safety of laparoscopic splenectomy. Laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe and effective approach for patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura, even those with massive splenomegaly. We highlight the benefits of tailoring the surgical approach to address the patient's surgical needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the development of a website and the creation of a social network account about pediatric allergy/ immunology with reliable information, to promote education and have a channel for patient-doctor contact. Methods: This is a descriptive study. A survey was conducted with 93 patients (12 years and older) and caregivers of a Pediatric Allergy/Immunology outpatient clinic, to assess internet usage patterns of potential users. A webpage in Portuguese and an Instagram® account were launched in which it was created an area for patient-doctor communication in the pandemic context. Results: Among 93 participants, 77% were female, 82% caregivers. Median age was 33.2 years, family income 403 dollars/month. The internet was accessed via smartphone by 81,7% of the participants; 76% reported using internet to access health information but 72% did not trust on the information from the internet, and 96% believed that an institutional site could provide meaningful information. From the website release in November 6, 2018 to January 20, 2022, it was counted 10,062 page views by 4,896 users; 55% were 18–34 years old, 70.2% female. Instagram® account gathered 882 followers. Website went through a period of instability during which access were not counted. Due to social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic, the website served as a tool for first response to help patients and doctors. Conclusions: Patients and caregivers of the Pediatric Allergy/ Immunology service, consulted about digital tools, considered the information supported by a teaching/research institution timely and relevant. The website and Instagram® account have both performed well and shown good return in relation to hits, and results are continuously being evaluated. During COVID-19 pandemic, the website has been connecting patients/families and doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The total IgE reference interval had low accuracy in identifying allergic diseases but higher accuracy in identifying allergic sensitization. • Considering allergen-specific IgE levels when establishing the total IgE reference interval resulted in a lower interval. • The new reference interval enhanced the accuracy of identifying allergic sensitization in children while maintaining its advantage in identifying allergic diseases in children. • Future studies on total IgE reference intervals need to consider the allergen-specific IgE status of the reference population. To establish a next-generation reference interval (RI) for total IgE (tIgE) and evaluate its usefulness. A new allergen-specific IgE (sIgE)-based tIgE RI, including a continuous RI in children, was established using the NHANES 2005–2006 project. The usefulness of the RI was evaluated by sensitivity (Sen), specificity (Spec), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), κ coefficient and consistency. The new tIgE RI showed better performance in identifying allergic sensitization (Sen 0.53, Spec 0.90, PPV 0.83, NPV 0.68, κ 0.44, consistency 0.72) than allergic diseases (Sen 0.37, Spec 0.75, PPV 0.55, NPV 0.60, κ 0.13, consistency 0.59). The 2014 U.S. tIgE RI was more effective in identifying allergic diseases (consistency 0.63 vs. 0.54, P <0.001) but less accurate in identifying allergic sensitization (consistency 0.59 vs. 0.67, P <0.001) in children than in adults. The new RI improved the accuracy of identifying allergic sensitization in children to a level similar to that in adults (consistency 0.72 vs 0.73, P =0.37) and maintained its advantage in identifying allergic diseases in children (consistency 0.64 vs 0.55, P <0.001). The established next-generation tIgE RI is useful for identifying allergic sensitization, especially in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of organophosphate pesticides to disturb immune function has been demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro studies, but evidence of such effects on humans remains scarce. To assess the association between organophosphate pesticides exposure and cytokine levels in Mexican flower workers, a cross-sectional study was carried out. A questionnaire was provided to 121 male flower workers, and urine and blood samples were collected. Using gas chromatography, urinary concentrations of dialkylphosphate metabolites were determined. The serum cytokine levels, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, were measured using multiplex analysis, and levels of INF-γ and TNF-α by ELISA. We found that a higher dialkylphosphate concentration decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines INF-γ (β = −0.63; 95 % CI: −1.22, −0.05), TNF-α (β= −1.18; 95 % CI: −2.38, 0.02), and IL-6 (β= −0.59; 95 % CI: −1.29, 0.12), and increased IL-10 (β=0.56; 95 % CI: 0.02, 1.09), the main anti-inflammatory cytokine, suggesting an imbalance of the immune response in flower workers. • Experimental studies have shown the immunotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides (OP). • Scarce epidemiological studies have evaluated the OP effect on the cytokines profile using exposure biomarkers. • Dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites were used as exposure biomarkers. • In flower workers, a higher DAP concentration reduces pro-inflammatory and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines levels. • A cytokine imbalance could increase the risk of infectious diseases and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathophysiological process of ischemic stroke is a complex inflammatory process involving multiple factors (genetic factors, immune factors, etc.). Its inflammatory response is multiphasic, with both pro⁃inflammatory and anti⁃inflammatory reactions. Moreover, the changes and effects of inflammatory cells and cytokines are time⁃dependent, thus exerting neurodestruction or neuroprotection. This article reviews the research progress of ischemic stroke⁃related immunology in recent years.

Abstract Background There is currently little Canadian data to assess how well traditional time-based residency training programs have prepared residents for careers in Clinical Immunology and Allergy (CIA). This study aims to identify the perceived preparedness of residents in various areas of practice upon the completion of a Canadian CIA residency training program. Methods In the summer of 2020, an electronic survey was sent to 2018 and 2019 graduates of Canadian CIA training programs by the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (CSACI). Results Former residents felt well prepared in most Medical Expert areas. Residents felt less prepared for the intrinsic roles of Leader, Communicator, Collaborator, Health Advocate, Scholar, and Professional. The majority of the intrinsic competencies were learned through mentorship and on the job after finishing training. Conclusions Upon completion of training, Canadian CIA residents felt well prepared for many competencies, particularly in Medical Expert areas. Training programs may wish to focus on various intrinsic competencies in order to better prepare residents for transition to practice. Academic half-day was not identified as a primary learning centre for intrinsic competencies, suggesting that new teaching strategies may be required.