Search

The allergens of allergic rhinitis are diverse and can be broadly categorised as inhalant and ingestible, whereas pollen is an inhalant allergen, and allergic rhinitis due to pollen has received increasing attention in recent decades. The lack of bibliometric analyses, however, poses a challenge to researchers seeking to understand general trends in this field. Literature on pollen-induced allergic rhinitis was searched from 2011 to 2023, with a total of 2,188 articles until 18 April 2024. Through the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 475 articles were finally included in the literature. Publications, countries, institutions, authors, journals, citations and keywords were analysed using VOSviewer and Citespace. Keywords with strong citation bursts were also identified by detailed analyses to identify changes and future trends in research hotspots in the field. Germany has the highest number of publications, followed by the U.S. and France. The Medical University of Vienna International (Med Univ Vienna) is the institution with the largest contribution. Prof Damialis, Athanasios from the School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, is the most prolific author in this field. By analysing the keywords, three research hotspots were identified: research on the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, research on therapeutic modalities of allergic rhinitis and research on AR risk factors and diagnostic methods. In recent years, there has been a shift in the focus of research in this area, suggesting that future research will concentrate on two cutting-edge keywords: "risk" and "airborne pollen". The interest in allergic rhinitis of pollen sensitisation is still rising and considerable collaboration has been formed between authors, journals and countries. There are also a number of very influential and productive research hotspots in this area. It is assumed that new research will continue to be conducted in this area in the future, centred on "risk" and "airborne pollen". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous investigations have examined the potential link between allergic rhinitis (AR) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, some studies show no association between the two diseases. The connection between these two conditions remains inconclusive. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis exploring the correlation between AR and ADHD. Methods: We conducted systematic searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ERIC, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases, up to the year 2023. Subsequently, we conducted a meta-analysis using R 4.2.2, where we computed the pooled odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval to assess the relationship between AR and ADHD within studies exhibiting similar characteristics. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by computing the value using the Cochrane Intervention Manual's guidelines. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted by stratifying the study population according to gender, age, etc. Sensitivity analysis was performed by systematically removing individual studies. Results: In this systematic review, we incorporated 12 eligible studies, collectively encompassing a sample size of 530,360 participants. Within the included studies, heterogeneity was observed, and the utilization of a random-effects model demonstrated a noteworthy correlation between children with ADHD and the presence of AR. Similarly, children with AR exhibited a significant correlation with the occurrence of ADHD. We also found some relationships in subgroup analyses. Conclusion: A substantial correlation is evident between AR and ADHD in children and adolescents. AR may potentially contribute as a risk factor for the onset of ADHD, and conversely, ADHD may heighten the likelihood of developing AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Numerous investigations have examined the potential link between allergic rhinitis (AR) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, some studies show no association between the two diseases. The connection between these two conditions remains inconclusive. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis exploring the correlation between AR and ADHD. Methods We conducted systematic searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ERIC, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases, up to the year 2023. Subsequently, we conducted a meta-analysis using R 4.2.2, where we computed the pooled odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval to assess the relationship between AR and ADHD within studies exhibiting similar characteristics. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by computing the value using the Cochrane Intervention Manual’s guidelines. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted by stratifying the study population according to gender, age, etc. Sensitivity analysis was performed by systematically removing individual studies. Results In this systematic review, we incorporated 12 eligible studies, collectively encompassing a sample size of 530,360 participants. Within the included studies, heterogeneity was observed, and the utilization of a random-effects model demonstrated a noteworthy correlation between children with ADHD and the presence of AR. Similarly, children with AR exhibited a significant correlation with the occurrence of ADHD. We also found some relationships in subgroup analyses. Conclusion A substantial correlation is evident between AR and ADHD in children and adolescents. AR may potentially contribute as a risk factor for the onset of ADHD, and conversely, ADHD may heighten the likelihood of developing AR.

Objective To investigate the expression of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in B cells in the peripheral blood of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AA), AR combined with AA (ARA) and the blood or lung tissue of sensitized mice, as well as the effect of allergens on its expression. Methods A total of 100 volunteers from The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University were recruited for outpatient and acute inpatient attacks, consisting of 19 healthy people (HC) with negative prick test result, 40 AR patients, 26 AA patients, and 15 ARA patients with positive prick test result. The expression of TLR9 in the peripheral blood B cells of the patients before and after stimulation by house dust mite allergen extract (HDME), Artemisia sieversiana wild allergen extract (ASWE), and Platanus pollen allergen extract (PPE) was detected by flow cytometry. AR and AA sensitization models were established in WT mice and FcεRI-KO mice to detect the effects of allergens and FcεRI on the expression of TLR9 in B cells. Results The expression and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of TLR9 in peripheral blood B cells of unstimulated AR, AA and ARA patients were higher than those of HC. After allergen stimulation, the expression of TLR9 and its MFI in blood B cells of AR and AA patients increased (P<0.05). In WT mice and FcεRI-KO mice, compared with NS control mice, MFI was increased in almost each group. Compared with the NS control group, there was no significant difference in the expression of TLR9+ in B cells in the lung tissues of AA mice with FcεRI-KO after allergen challenge, but their MFI increased. FcεRI-KO mice had lower TLR9+ MFI in B cells after allergen challenge compared with WT mice. Conclusion TLR9 in B cells may be involved in the occurrence of AR and AA, and detecting the expression of TLR9 in B cells may be a new direction for the diagnosis of AR and AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Our prior clinical study assessed the efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with standardized Dermatophagoides farina drops on patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) while analyzing the characteristics of adverse reactions. This study was conducted to evaluate the immune cell composition alterations in AR patients before and after SLIT, and to comprehensively investigate the role and changes of antigen-specific immune cells associated with treatment efficacy. Methods: A total of 68 AR patients who completed 12 months of SLIT were included in the study. Before the trial's initiation and after 1 year of SLIT, 10 ml of venous blood was collected. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated using the Ficoll gradient method. The mRNA transcriptome was analyzed using an Affymetrix microarray. The proportions of 22 immune cell types were calculated via the CIBERSORTx platform. Correlations between each immune cell type and SLIT were analyzed. PI3K-PKB pathway dysregulation were analyzed using quantitative PCR and Western blot. Flow cytometry was utilized to assess the percentages of Th1 and Th2 cells. Results: Mono-sensitized AR patients exhibited marked increases in plasma cells, activated memory T cells, regulatory T cells, and activated dendritic cells, while experiencing decreased neutrophils and resting dendritic cells. In poly-sensitized AR patients, the most notable change was an increase in regulatory T cells, coupled with decreased T follicular helper cells, resting dendritic cells, and activated mast cells. These findings indicated that SLIT reshaped immune cell profiles in AR patients, and, notably, the specific changes differed between mono-sensitized and poly-sensitized individuals. Furthermore, SLIT appeared to shift the immune response towards a Th2 decrease profile in both groups. Importantly, suppression of the PI3K-PKB pathway was evidenced as inhibition of PKB phosphorylation and the decrease of glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSKβ) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression after SLIT. Conclusion: Our study has demonstrated that SLIT treatment led to distinct changes in immune cell profiles between mono-sensitized and poly-sensitized AR patients. Furthermore, SLIT appeared to reduce a Th2 immune response, highlighting its efficacy in AR treatment. Importantly, the study revealed the suppression of the PI3K-PKB pathway, shedding light on the immunological mechanisms underlying SLIT's effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence rate of allergic rhinitis (AR) is high worldwide. The inhalation of allergens induces AR, which is an immunoglobulin E-mediated and type 2 inflammation-driven disease. Recently, the role of neuroimmune communication in AR pathogenesis has piqued the interest of the scientific community. Various neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neuromedin U (NMU), released via "axon reflexes" or "central sensitization" exert regulatory effects on immune cells to elicit "neurogenic inflammation," which contributes to nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR) in AR. Additionally, neuropeptides can be produced in immune cells. The frequent colocalization of immune and neuronal cells at certain anatomical regions promotes the establishment of neuroimmune cell units, such as nerve-mast cells, nerve-type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), nerve-eosinophils and nerve-basophils units. Receptors expressed both on immune cells and neurons, such as TRPV1, TRPA1, and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) mediate AR pathogenesis. This review focused on elucidating the mechanisms underlying neuroimmune communication in AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a recurrent, chronic condition with a substantial impact on health and quality of life. The debate persists on whether antihistamines or intranasal corticosteroids constitute the first-line treatment for AR. This study aims to compare the efficacy of fluticasone + azelastine nasal spray and levocetirizine tablets in AR treatment. Objectives: The study clinically evaluates the effectiveness of the two regimens in relieving symptoms and compares their overall efficacy in treating allergic rhinitis. Materials and Methods: Patients at a tertiary care hospital were included, with 100 individuals aged12 to 65 randomized into two groups receiving either fluticasone + azelastine nasal spray or oral levocetirizine for four weeks. Symptom assessment, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations were conducted, with patients maintaining a daily symptom journal. Results: The fluticasone + azelastine group showed a significant reduction in individual symptom severity compared to the levocetirizine group (p<0.01). Symptom scores in the fluticasone + azelastine group decreased by 99-100%, exceeding the 90-91% reduction observed in the levocetirizine group. Except for nasal itching, other symptoms were significantly reduced in the fluticasone + azelastine group. Levocetirizine demonstrated a faster onset of effect compared to fluticasone + azelastine. Conclusion: Fluticasone + azelastine nasal spray is more effective than oral levocetirizine in treating AR. This finding supports the consideration of intranasal corticosteroids as a primary therapeutic approach for allergic rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective·To determine the levels of nasally exhaled nitric oxide (FnNO) combined with fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in children with asthma (AS) complicated with allergic rhinitis (AR), and analyze the levels of FnNO and FeNO in different clinical stages of AS with different severities of AR, so as to provide basis for guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods·Children diagnosed with AR with AS in the Department of Respiratory and Otolaryngology of Children's Hospital of Soochow University from April 2021 to November 2021 were included, and healthy children who visited the Department of Pediatrics for normal physical examination during the same period were enrolled as the control group. FeNO and FnNO were measured in all children to assess the severity of the children's diseases. The levels of FeNO and FnNO in children with AR and AS at different clinical stages of AS and their correlation with pulmonary function were compared and analyzed.Results·The proportion of persistent moderate-to-severe rhinitis was higher in the acute exacerbation stage of AS, and the proportion of intermittent mild rhinitis was higher in the clinical remission stage of AS. The FeNO level in the acute exacerbation stage were higher than that in the chronic persistent stage and clinical remission stage of AS (adjusted P=0.022, 0.000), and higher in the chronic persistent stage than that in the clinical remission stage of AS (adjusted P=0.002). The FnNO level in the acute exacerbation stage was higher than that in the clinical remission stage of AS (adjusted P=0.044). In the chronic persistent stage of AS, the FnNO levels in the persistent mild group and persistent moderate-to-severe control group were higher than those in the intermittent mild group (adjusted P=0.001, 0.000). In the clinical remission stage of AS, the FnNO levels in the persistent mild group and persistent moderate to severe control group were higher than those in the intermittent mild group (adjusted P=0.001, 0.007). In the intermittent mild group of AR, the FnNO levels in the acute exacerbation stage were higher than those in the chronic persistent stage and clinical remission stage of AS (adjusted P=0.010, 0.019). Part of pulmonary functions in the acute exacerbation stage of AS children were negatively correlated with the FeNO and FnNO levels (all P

The prevalence rate of allergic rhinitis (AR) is high worldwide. The inhalation of allergens induces AR, which is an immunoglobulin E-mediated and type 2 inflammation-driven disease. Recently, the role of neuroimmune communication in AR pathogenesis has piqued the interest of the scientific community. Various neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neuromedin U (NMU), released via “axon reflexes” or “central sensitization” exert regulatory effects on immune cells to elicit “neurogenic inflammation,” which contributes to nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR) in AR. Additionally, neuropeptides can be produced in immune cells. The frequent colocalization of immune and neuronal cells at certain anatomical regions promotes the establishment of neuroimmune cell units, such as nerve-mast cells, nerve-type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), nerve-eosinophils and nerve-basophils units. Receptors expressed both on immune cells and neurons, such as TRPV1, TRPA1, and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) mediate AR pathogenesis. This review focused on elucidating the mechanisms underlying neuroimmune communication in AR.

Evidences showed the link between allergy and depression, while the relationships of depression with allergy-related outcomes is insufficient. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the relationship of depression with allergy-related outcomes assessed using two different outcome indicators, in a population-based study. A cross-sectional study was performed of 1094 participants in the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The self-reported allergic symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR) status and immunoglobulin E (IgE) were used to evaluate the allergy-related outcomes. The depression disorder was defined as the ≥ 10 points on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Logistic and linear regression models were performed to illustrate the associations of depression and allergy-related outcomes. The prevalence of AR and depression was 34.2% and 6.8%, respectively. The odds of depression were 8.6% higher in participants with AR patients compared those without AR [odds ratio (OR) = 1.739, 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.034, 2.933)], while the odds of depression in participants with allergic sensitization and without allergic sensitization were not found significant difference. Allergy is positively associated with depression disorder, and patients with allergy-related outcomes, such as AR, may be at higher risk of depression, while the IgE level was not founded to be related with depression. In the treatment of AR patients with depression symptoms, early detection and management of mental problems are of importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic rhinitis is prevalent among children and can cause nasal itching, fatigue, and even hinder growth and development. The main discomfort symptom of allergic rhinitis is nasal itching. Clinical reports suggest that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is effective in allergy rhinitis treatment. Therefore, we evaluate the clinical efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine in treating nasal itching caused by allergic rhinitis in children. Methods: Nine databases, including PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Data, CQVIP, Chinese Biological Medicine, and ClinicalTrials.gov, were systematically searched from their inception until March 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine, either alone or in combination with Western medicine, to Western medicine treatment or placebo intervention for treating allergic rhinitis in children were eligible for inclusion. The effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicines for nasal itching was mainly evaluated. The Risk of Bias tool 2.0 assessed the risk of bias. Statistical analysis using RevMan 5.3 and Stata/SE 12. The quality of evidence was evaluated by GRADEpro 3.6. Risk ratios (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were utilized to evaluate and present dichotomous data, while mean difference (MD) and standardized mean difference (SMD) were employed for continuous data. A fixed-effects model was applied in cases where the data exhibited homogeneity (p > 0.1, I2 < 50%), whereas a random-effects model was utilized for heterogeneous data. Statistical significance was determined by a p-value <0.05. This study was conducted by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and its review protocol was registered on the International Platform for Registered Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Programs (INPLASY202340076). Results: The review incorporated 23 studies. The meta-analysis indicated that herbal medicine was significantly related to the reduction of nasal itching (MD = -0.59, 95% CI: -0.94-0.24) and the increase of interleukin 10 level (SMD = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.90-2.05). Compared to Western medicine, the combining herbs and Western medicine showed better efficacy in relieving nasal itching, inhibiting immunoglobulin E, interleukin 4 and 33, enhancing interleukin 10, improving therapeutic efficiency, andreducing recurrent. Oral herbal medicine was more effective in treating nasal itching (MD = -0.45, 95% CI: -0.62-0.29). Combining oral and external herbal medicines was more efficient in treating nasal itching (MD = -0.44, 95% CI: -0.54-0.33), inhibiting immunoglobulin E, interleukin 4 (SMD = -0.87, 95% CI: -1.24-0.50) and 33 (SMD = -1.16, 95% CI: -1.54-0.77), and improving therapeutic efficiency. External herbal medicine did not show differences compared to Westernmedicines. Regarding safety, herbal medicine alone exhibited fewer adverse events than Western medicine; combining herbal and Western medicine showed no significant variation in adverse event incidence. Conclusion: Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) holds great potential in alleviating symptoms, modulating immune factors levels, and reducing relapse in pediatric rhinitis. Meanwhile, CHM is relatively safe. However, the efficacy and safety of CHM in treating pediatric rhinitis still need to be confirmed due to the inclusion of studies with low methodological quality, small sample sizes, and potential heterogeneity. More high-quality research is necessary to provide reliable evidence for the clinical application of CHM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasal nitric oxide (nNO), discovered in exhaled air in 1991, is produced in the nose and paranasal sinuses. This small gaseous molecule plays various roles in the organism, e.g. the first line defense through its antiviral and antimicrobial activity, stimulation of ciliary motility, regulation of pulmonary function. The measurement of nNO has become a diagnostic tool in various diagnoses, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and others. In this article, we discuss the potential benefit of nNO measurement in diagnosis and monitoring of various respiratory diseases.

Background: We followed the effects of a new SCIT with a chemically polymerized allergen Alt a1, evaluating the trend of clinical and functional parameters in an observational-prospective study. Methods: 42 children with AR and intermittent asthma sensitized to A.A.: 17 patients started SCIT (Modigoid®), and 25 continued symptomatic therapy. At the initial visit (T0), all patients performed total IgE (tIgE) and specific IgE (sIgE) for Alt a1, nasal nitric oxide (nFeNo), nasal cytology, anterior active rhinomanometry (AAR) and spirometry. After 24 months (T1), they repeated the same procedures as in T0. Results: Patients treated with Modigoid presented a statistically significant (p < 0.001) reduction of nFeNO (T0:1651.06 ± 149.18; T1: 1394.12 ± 108.98), tIgE (T0: 311.48 ± 144.18; T1: 164.73 ± 50.69), sIgE for Alt a1 (T0: 28.59 ± 12.69; T1: 19.54 ± 7.37), an improvement of nasal airflow (T0: 71.62 ± 8.66; T1: 95.12 ± 5.91), nasal eosinophils (T0: 20.59 ± 2.35; T1: 14.88 ± 1.65) and FEV1 (T0: 95.58 ± 7.91; T1: 116.64 ± 5.94). Conclusions: The new SCIT for Alt a1 significantly improves AR symptoms from a subjective, objective point of view and laboratory and functional parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: House Dust Mite (HDM) is the most common indoor allergen triggering allergic symptoms. First‐line pharmacotherapy treatment is recommended in international guidelines, while the avoidance of allergens represents a still unmet guideline principle. AM‐301 is a new non‐pharmacological nasal spray that creates a protective gel‐like barrier on the nasal mucosa, preventing the contact with the allergens. Methods: This randomized, open‐label, 3‐period crossover study assessed the efficacy and safety of AM‐301. The objective was to determine whether AM‐301 reduces allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms in patients exposed to HDM allergens. Adults with confirmed Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (PAR; n = 37) were exposed to HDM allergen in a controlled Allergen Exposure Chamber before and during a treatment course of AM‐301 (in six different sequences) within 3 weeks (A: One spray AM‐301 per nostril/B: Two sprays AM‐301 per nostril/C: no treatment). For the primary efficacy analysis, data from the total nasal symptom score (TNSS) were pooled from treatment A + B (D) and analyzed with Analysis of Covariance Model. As secondary endpoints, single time points, visits and symptoms were analyzed. Results: The primary endpoint (overall change in TNSS from baseline over all three visits) showed significant results (p = 0.0085). A comparable alleviation of all four symptoms (itchy nose, nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing) by the protective layer started to emerge after 40 min and lasted up to 180 min (end of challenge). AM‐301 resulted to be safe and well‐tolerated. Conclusion: AM‐301 significantly reduced HDM‐related allergic symptoms in a standardized allergen challenge. Protection was observed to last up to 180 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Medical Science) is the property of Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Medical Science) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aimed to explore whether the regulation of Th1/Th2 immune responses by FOXD3-AS1 is associated with dendritic cells (DCs) in allergic rhinitis (AR). HE staining was performed to assess the pathological changes in the nasal mucosa; ELISA was performed to measure the levels of Th1/Th2-related cytokines; flow cytometry was performed to analyze Th1/Th2 cells and MHC-II-, CD80-, and CD86-positive DCs; and qRT‒PCR and western blotting were performed to measure mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. Our data revealed that LV-FOXD3-AS1 improved AR and increased the Th1/Th2 cell ratio in AR model mice. LV-FOXD3-AS1 further inhibited DC maturation both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the coculture system of DCs and CD4+ T cells demonstrated that LV-FOXD3-AS1 increased the Th1/Th2 cell ratio by inhibiting the maturation of DCs. In addition, LV-FOXD3-AS1 reduced the level of phosphorylated STAT6 in DCs derived from healthy mice, and STAT6 overexpression eliminated the inhibitory effect of LV-FOXD3-AS1 on the maturation of DCs. In summary, LV-FOXD3-AS1 ameliorated AR by increasing the Th1/Th2 cell ratio by inhibiting DC maturation via the inhibition of STAT6 phosphorylation. Our data confirmed the protective effect of FOXD3-AS1 in AR and provided a novel idea for the treatment of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa in Saudi Arabia, triggered by various allergens. It significantly impacts daily life, affecting sleep quality, social interactions, and productivity. Despite its prevalence, AR is often underdiagnosed and undertreated in the region. Methods This national cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2024 using an online survey distributed via social media and Google Forms. Participants were Saudi Arabian residents with self-reported AR. The allergic rhinitis symptoms and impact assessment (ARSIA) questionnaire was used and translated into Arabic. A total of 262 participants completed the survey. Data were analyzed using SPSS, with descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to explore relationships between variables. Results The study included 262 participants, with a nearly balanced gender representation of 133 (50.8%) females and 129 (49.2%) males and a predominant age group of >30 years with 140 individuals (53.4%). The majority were Saudi nationals, 244 (93.1%). Educational levels varied, with undergraduates being the largest group of 132 (50.4%) respondents. Concerning smoking, 189 respondents (72.1%) never smoked. A high prevalence of allergen sensitivity was noted, with smoke (98.1%) and medications (99.2%) being the most common triggers. Medication use varied, with 114 (43.5%) participants not using any medication. Continuous symptoms were reported by 140 (53.4%) of participants, and 161 participants (61.5%) classified their symptoms as moderate to severe. Significant differences were observed based on nationality, education level, and social status concerning symptom severity. Conclusion AR significantly impacts the Saudi Arabian population, with high allergen sensitivity and varied medication use. The study underscores the need for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies, considering the unique environmental and demographic factors in the region. Further research is necessary to develop effective interventions tailored to the local context., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Deanship of Scientific Research at King Faisal University issued approval KFU-REC-2024-MAY-ETHICS2429. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mohammad et al.)

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may cause airway symptoms and some airway diseases exacerbate GERD symptoms. Asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) have been identified as united airway disease because of their similar epidemiology and pathophysiology. Asthma has been considered a risk factor to develop GERD. However, the association between AR and GERD is not clear. We tried to investigate whether AR could increase the development of GERD. Methods: Children diagnosed as AR without a prior history of GERD were conducted from the National Health Insurance Research Database between 2000 and 2005. After propensity score matching, we enrolled 36,588 children with AR and 36,588 non-AR children as the controls. Cox regression models were adopted to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) of GERD. Results: AR children had a significantly increased risk of GERD than non-AR children (adjusted HR 1.91, 95% CI = 1.73–2.11, p

Objective: To analyze various risk factors including causes that may lead to adverse reactions, especially systemic adverse reactions（SRs）, before and after mite allergen subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), so as to provide real-world reference data for further improving the safety of mite allergen SCIT. Methods: The local adverse reactions（LRs）and SRs of 230 patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma who received SCIT in Weifang people's hospital were analyzed retrospectively. The data of patient characteristics, drug factors and environmental elements of adverse reactions were collected and statistically analyzed. Results: There were 28 cases (12.2%) of SRs in 230 patients. All the patients received a total of 7515 injections and 37 SRs (0.49%) were observed. 32.4% (12/37) of SRs could identify their external and subjective triggers. SRs patients had higher 2-year SCIT compliance than no-SRs patients (p = 0.026). The prevalence of SRs in SCIT patients with atopic dermatitis or simple allergic asthma are no statistical significance (P = 0.111). Conclusion: the incidence of SRs in this study is within an ideal range. Through professional patient education and pre injection risk factor assessment, Compliance is still well-controlled and guaranteed although SRs occurred.

Purpose: We conducted this study to estimate the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) usage among allergic rhinitis (AR) patients in Malaysia and understand the practice of CAM usage among them. We also included a literature review on the commonly used CAM for AR. Methods: A cross-sectional study which included a questionnaire-based study and information of allergic rhinitis from patient's clinic records. Patients with AR who attended the ORL-HNS department in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Malaysia were enrolled after consented, on a first-come first-serve basis as convenience sampling from July 2020 until February 2021. A pre-tested self-administered, 16-item questionnaire in Malay language was distributed to the participants. The questionnaire consists of a set of 16 questions with subsets to enquire about the sociodemographic data and pattern of usage of CAM and its effectiveness. Results: 372 patients were enrolled in this study consisting of 217 (58.3%) female and 155 (41.7%) male patients. 231 (62.1%) participants had used CAM for AR in the past 10 years. A higher proportion of females (p = 0.015) and those with higher income (p = 0.004) had used CAM. Among the users, 87.9% found CAM to be effective. No differences were found in terms of age (p = 0.888) and education level (p = 0.057) for CAM usage. Conclusion: CAM is widely used in Malaysia to alleviate AR symptoms, with a large proportion of users think it is effective. Therefore, more researches should be conducted to provide evidence and guidance to integrate CAM into AR management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All over the world, there is an active search for genes that are responsible for the formation of predisposition to allergic diseases, which is associated both with the undoubted relevance of studying risk factors for the development of allergies, and with the emergence of new opportunities for genetic research. In addition, anthropogenic impact can cause allergic reactions and modifications in the functions of antioxidant defense cells and the immune system. Due to the fact that in the cohort of the population of Almaty and the Almaty region (going forward we will say Almaty to include the region also), respiratory diseases with an allergic component, such as bronchial asthma, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, are common, we consider it is appropriate to conduct an epidemiological study of candidate genes for allergic diseases – cytokines and their receptors (IL4, IL4RA, IL12B, IL13, TNFA, CCL5), adrenoreceptor (ADRB2), transcription factors involved in T-lymphocyte differentiation (STAT6, GATA3, TBX21), major histocompatibility complex (HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1). The aim of our study is to conduct genome-wide genotyping in people with allergic diseases and to search for marker genes that affect the risk of developing allergies as well as to identify genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. We performed genome-wide microarray genotyping of 25355 SNPs on the iScan platform of 103 samples with allergic diseases and 108 control DNA samples using the kit (Infinium® ImmunoArray24- v2.0 BeadChip Kit). The results obtained, using the GWAS analysis, which considers numerous polymorphisms, showed the involvement of some genes in the development of allergic diseases (rs20541-asthma, allergic rhinitis, rs841718-atopic dermatitis, rs3212227-immunodeficiency). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sensitization to allergen has long been known to be relate to childhood allergic diseases. Polysensitised children have more severe atopic diseases, whereas allergic rhinitis or asthma children with cosensitized to food and inhalant allergens were under-researched. Objective: To realize the association between sensitization to food allergens and pediatric allergic rhinitis and asthma in Taiwan. Methods: We included 138 participants with sensitized to allergen as assessed by serum-specific IgE. 87 of 138 participants had allergic rhinitis and 51 participants had asthma. All participants underwent a physical examination and measurement of serum total and specific IgE values. Besides, nasal peak expiratory flow rate (nPEFR) that was performed by the participants with allergic rhinitis and were requested to complete the Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaires (PRQLQ). Lung function test and asthma control test (ACT)/child asthma control test (C-ACT) were performed by the participants with asthma. Results: 39 of 87 allergic rhinitis participants with sensitized to food and inhalant allergens (AR food group), 48 of 87 allergic rhinitis participants with sensitized to inhalant allergen alone (AR inhalant group). The AR food group had significantly lower nPEFR values and higher total IgE values (p

In order to investigate the characteristics of tidal breathing pulmonary function in children with allergic rhinitis, and explore its role in the relationship between allergic rhinitis and asthma, we conducted this prospective study from January 4, 2016 to January 30, 2019 in Wuhan children’s hospital. In this study, 49 children with simple allergic rhinitis were enrolled in the AR group; 50 children with allergic rhinitis concomitant with asthma were enrolled in the AR&A group; 43 healthy children were recruited in the control group. For individuals in each group, the assessment of tidal breath pulmonary function was performed after enrollment. Then participants in the AR group and control group were followed up for 1 year to observe their frequency of wheezing attacks. The parameters of tI/tE, tPTEF/tE, and VPTEF/VE of AR group were significantly higher than AR&A group (P < 0.001). The reduced proportion of tPTEF/tE and VPTEF/VE. in AR group were higher than that in control group (30.61% vs. 11.63%, P < 0.001; 24.49% vs. 11.63%, P < 0.001, respectively). The proportion of patients with reduced tPTEF/tE and VPTEF/VE who occurred recurrent wheezing was higher than that of patients with normal pulmonary function in AR group(P = 0.008). In conclusion, some children with allergic rhinitis has impaired tidal breathing pulmonary function. Tidal breathing pulmonary function test plays an important role in the diagnosis and assessment of children’s airway allergic diseases (AR and asthma).

The prevalence of cat allergen-induced AR is increasing worldwide, prompting its study using controlled methodology. Three general categories of allergen exposure models currently exist for the study of cat allergen-induced AR: natural exposure cat rooms, allergen exposure chambers (AEC), and nasal allergen challenges (NAC). We evaluated existing literature surrounding the use of these models to study cat allergen induced AR using online research databases, including OVID Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. We report that natural exposure cat rooms have been important in establishing the foundation for our understanding of cat allergen-induced AR. Major limitations, including variable allergen ranges and differing study designs highlight the need for a more standardized protocol. In comparison, AECs are an exceptional model to mimic real-world allergen exposure and study long-term implications of AR with large sample sizes. Existing AECs are limited by heterogeneous facility designs, differing methods of cat allergen distribution, and issues surrounding cost and accessibility. Conversely, NACs allow for smaller participant cohorts for easier biological sampling and are ideal for phase I, phase 2 or proof-of-concept studies. NACs generally have a standardized protocol and are less expensive compared to AECs. Nevertheless, NACs solely capture acute allergen exposure and have the further limitation of using allergen extracts rather than natural allergen. As the use of combined controlled methodologies is sparse, we recommend concurrent use of AECs and NACs to study short- and long-term effects of AR, thereby providing a more holistic representation of cat allergen-induced AR.

Background: The spleen aminopeptide oral solution (SAOS) is a solution containing a mixture of polypeptide amino acids and polynucleotides derived from healthy bovine spleen. This study aimed to establish a randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SAOS for children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and adenoid hypertrophy (AH)., Methods: Children with AR and AH who visited the Otolaryngology Department of the Children's Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University between June 2022 and April 2023 were included. The primary outcome was the adenoid-to-nasopharynx (A/N) ratio, and the secondary outcomes included nasal symptom score, AH score, and medication score. The primary outcome was evaluated before treatment (T0), after 1 month of treatment (T1), and after 2 months of treatment (T2). Blood and urine samples were collected at T0 and T2 for safety evaluation., Results: A total of 78 patients were included, with 36 in the control group and 42 in the SAOS group. As the duration of medication increased, there was a significant decrease in nasal symptom scores (sneezing: F=52.806, P<0.001; runny nose: F=28.802, P<0.001; nasal itching: F=101.272, P<0.001; nasal congestion: F=83.349, P<0.001). Significant improvements in mouth breathing (Z=-2.650, P=0.008) and restless sleep (Z=-2.759, P=0.006) were observed in the SAOS group compared to the control group at T2. Additionally, the difference in scores between T2 and T0 was significantly lower in the SAOS group compared to the control group (Z=-2.299, P=0.02)., Conclusions: As an adjuvant therapy for 8 weeks, SAOS could significantly reduce the size of adenoids and improve clinical symptoms associated with AH., Trial Registration: The study was registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry website (https://www.chictr.org.cn/) (registration number: ChiCTR2200056763)., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tp.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tp-24-203/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2024 AME Publishing Company. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This prospective study aims to provide further supportive evidence by assessing the sustained effectiveness and safety of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) using a vaccine containing house dust mite (HDM) extracts in patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis (AR) with/without conjunctivitis (AR/C)., Materials and Methods: AR/C patients (n = 111, SLIT group: 57, control group: 54) allergic to HDM were treated with standardized SLIT drops or symptomatic drugs from October to December in 2020. The patients were directed by the investigators to attend annual hospital visits for the assessment of various parameters including the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ), visual analog scale (VAS), total nasal symptom score (TNSS), total ocular symptom score (TOSS) and total medication score (TMS). During the study period, all participants were mandated to maintain comprehensive records of any adverse events (AEs) on diary cards, which were then communicated to the investigators via telephone., Results: At baseline (2020), TNSS, TOSS, TMS, VAS, and RQLQ scores were comparable between SLIT and control groups (P > 0.05). After one year of treatment (2021), significant reduction in all scores compared to the baseline for both groups (P < 0.001). At the end of the second year of treatment (2022), TNSS and RQLQ score in the SLIT group continued to decrease significantly compared to 2021 (P < 0.05). In the third year (2023), the control group showed a rebound in TNSS, TOSS, TMS, and RQLQ scores, significant differences compared to 2022 or 2021 (P < 0.05). Besides, the SLIT group had significantly lower scores across all domains of RQLQ compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Symptomatic treatment influenced the scores of Nasal Symptoms, Eye Symptoms, Practical Problems, and Emotions domains significantly in 2023 compared to 2021 or 2022 (P < 0.05). Within the SLIT group, no significant differences in TNSS, TMS, VAS, and RQLQ scores were observed between monosensitized and polysensitized patients throughout the three years of treatment (P > 0.05). All AEs were mild to moderate., Conclusion: The 3-year course of HDM-SLIT has shown significant therapeutic efficacy and a favorable safety profile in patients with AR/C. Importantly, our study presents initial evidence suggesting that the greater impact of AR/C on quality of life (QoL) may primarily stem from nasal symptoms, eye symptoms, practical issues, and emotional well-being., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare no financial or commercial conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a familiar respiratory allergic inflammatory disease with higher incidence. The pathogenesis of AR is particularly complex. Therefore, a lot of work is acquired to excavate deep mechanisms, thereby providing effective strategies for AR diagnose and treatment. AR mice model was induced by recombinant murine IL-33 (0.05 µg/µl) on days 1, 3, and 5. The lentiviral vectors carrying si-circ_0067835, miR-155 mimic, si-NC or miR-NC were injected into AR mice. Thus, mice were divided into control, AR, AR + si-NC, AR + si-circ_0067835, AR + si-circ_0067835 + miR-NC, and AR + si-circ_0067835 + miR-155 mimic groups. qRT-PCR experiment was used to measure the expression of circ_0067835 and miR-155. Behavioral test result was quantified to assess AR mice model. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed to analyze histopathological changes. Helper T cell 2 (Th2) cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13) and percentage of type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in nasal mucosa tissues in AR mice model were evaluated needing western blot, ELISA, and flow cytometry. Besides, the targeting relationship between circ_0067835 and miR-155, or between miR-155 and GATA3, was investigated via luciferase report assay. Circ_0067835 expression levels were raised in the nasal mucosa tissues of AR mice. Inhibiting circ_0067835 could reduce Type2 cytokines and ILC2s levels in AR mice model. Furthermore, circ_0067835 targeted and positively regulated miR-155 expression, and GATA3 was a downstream target of miR-155 and adjusted by circ_0067835/miR-155 axis. In addition, silencing circ_0067835 inhibited cytokines and ILC2s levels by down-regulating miR-155. Circ_0067835 effectively inhibited AR response in ILC2s through participation of miR-155/GATA3 axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification mediated by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Although previous studies have shown that PRMT1 contributes to the severity of allergic airway inflammation or asthma, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the role of PRMT1 and its relevant mechanism in the development of allergic rhinitis (AR). The expression levels of PRMTs and cytokines were determined by RT-PCR, and the localization of PRMT1 was determined by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. The levels of house dust mite (HDM)-specific immunoglobulins in serum and of cytokines in nasal lavage fluids were determined by ELISA. PRMT1 inhibition was achieved by siRNA and treatment with the pan PRMT inhibitor arginine N -methyltransferase inhibitor-1. PRMT1 expression was significantly increased in the nasal mucosa of patients and mice with AR. The degree of eosinophilic infiltration in the nasal mucosa was reduced in PRMT1 +/− AR mice compared with wild-type mice. PRMT1 haploinsufficiency reduced the levels of HDM-specific immunoglobulins in serum and those of T H 2 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and epithelial (thymic stromal lymphopoietin [TSLP], IL-25, and IL-33) cytokines in the nasal lavage fluids of AR mice. In nasal epithelial cells, HDM and IL-4 cooperate to enhance PRMT1 expression through a mitogen-activated protein kinase–dependent pathway. In addition, PRMT1 was essential for the production of TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 in response to HDM and IL-4. Arginine N -methyltransferase inhibitor-1 treatment alleviated AR in the mouse model. PRMT1 plays an important role in AR development by regulating epithelial-derived cytokine production and might be a new therapeutic target for AR. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Respiratory allergies are prevalent across all populations and age groups, with the specific types of allergens varying according to geographic area, climate, location, economic status, and ethnic identity. While skin prick testing is considered the gold standard for assessing specific IgE against particular allergens, several factors can make the test less preferred. Consequently, total serum IgE levels and eosinophil counts are often used instead. Objectives The study aimed to determine allergen sensitivity patterns among patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma and to correlate skin prick test (SPT) reactivity with total serum IgE levels and absolute eosinophil count (AECs). This was done to assess the potential use of these measures as screening tests. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Each patient underwent an allergen SPT, and measurements were taken for total serum IgE levels and eosinophil counts. The study identified the most common allergens resulting in positive SPTs. Pearson correlation test was used for continuous variables, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study found that the majority of patients had only allergic rhinitis (17, 38.6%), followed by those with only asthma (12, 27.3%), and those with both allergic rhinitis and asthma (15, 34.1%). The most common allergen was Blomia (house dust mite), affecting 22 (50%) patients, while the least common were honey bee and lemon, each affecting 1 (2.3%) patient. There was a significant correlation between total serum IgE levels and AECs (p < 0.05). Additionally, a statistically significant correlation was found between total serum IgE levels, eosinophil counts, and the number of allergens to which patients were sensitized. Conclusion Blomia (house dust mite) is the most common allergen among patients with respiratory allergies in North Karnataka. While total serum IgE levels and AECs may help identify the extent of allergen sensitivity, the SPT remains the gold standard., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. BLDE Deemed to be University issued approval BLDE (DU)/IEC/no-09/2021. The ethical committee has approved the study. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, V et al.)

Allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and asthma are highly prevalent, multifactorial chronic airway diseases. Several environmental and genetic factors affect airway epithelial dynamics leading to activation of inflammatory mechanisms in the airways. This review links environmental factors to host epithelial immunity in airway diseases. Understanding altered homeostasis of the airway epithelium might provide important targets for diagnostics and therapy of chronic airway diseases.

Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory conditions, affecting up to 30% of people in Europe. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma that has a disease-modifying effect, and it is recommended in European guidelines for use in conjunction with patient education, specific allergen avoidance, and symptomatic pharmacotherapy. Reported AIT adherence rates vary widely but are often low in real-world settings. Factors known to affect adherence are patient, treatment, or physician-related, and vary between healthcare settings. Misconceptions or a lack of AIT knowledge among patients with regard to efficacy and side effects may contribute to high rates of discontinuation observed during the first year of AIT treatment. Interventions to improve patient adherence are multifaceted and should focus on patient education, particularly the provision of accurate information regarding adverse effects of AIT and when to expect an improvement in symptoms, patient-support programmes, and the use of regular eHealth reminders via a telephone call, text message, or social media. Serum-based biomarkers also have the potential to play a role in evaluating early response to AIT and in monitoring treatment adherence in clinical practice. In this review, the authors explore barriers to continuation with AIT and discuss initiatives to motivate and support patients through the challenging early months of treatment, prior to the onset of clinical effect and when side effects are most common, to encourage long-term adherence to therapy and achieve optimal patient outcomes.

Allergic rhinitis is a global health problem and patients present with varied symptoms. The severity of symptoms is evaluated by a 5 point Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation Scale (NOSE) and levels of absolute eosinophil count (AEC). A prospective observational study was conducted in 140 patients in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 1 year. A detailed clinical examination was performed, NOSE scale scoring based on symptomatology was done, and AEC values were assessed. Subjects were treated with intra nasal steroid spray and symptom evaluation done by NOSE scale at 3 months of use for follow up. NOSE scale and AEC values were correlated in our study. The mean NOSE 1 scale was 64.07 ± 16.71 in the study population, the mean AEC value was 633.07 ± 152.77. In our study correlation between intra nasal steroid spray and NOSE scale has been done. NOSE scale evaluation is simple, economical, and non-invasive. Therefore, it may be used in the management of allergic rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This report has been prepared by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Task Force on Allergic Rhinitis (AR) comorbidities. The aim of this multidisciplinary European consensus document is to highlight the role of multimorbidities in the definition, classification, mechanisms, recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of AR, and to define the needs in this neglected area by a literature review. AR is a systemic allergic disease and is generally associated with numerous multi-morbid disorders, including asthma, eczema, food allergies, eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE), conjunctivitis, chronic middle ear effusions, rhinosinusitis, adenoid hypertrophy, olfaction disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, disordered sleep and consequent behavioural and educational effects. This report provides up-to-date usable information to: (1) improve the knowledge and skills of allergists, so as to ultimately improve the overall quality of patient care; (2) to increase interest in this area; and (3) to present a unique contribution to the field of upper inflammatory disease.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling pathway on olfactory mucosa function and apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in an allergic rhinitis (AR) mouse model. Method Fifty‐five BALB/c mice were used to establish AR models by ovalbumin, and their olfactory function was confirmed by the buried food pellet test. Then, 28 mice with hyposmia were selected. SB203580, a p38MAPK inhibitor, and normal saline (NS) were injected into mice with olfactory defects. The olfactory function, apoptosis of OSNs in olfactory mucosa, and the expression of the olfaction marker protein (OMP), p38MAPK, and p‐p38MAPK were detected after the intervention. Result SB203580 treatment significantly upregulated OMP expression and significantly improved the olfactory function of AR mice by reducing the percentage of apoptotic OSNs. In addition, SB203580 attenuated the activation of the p38MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusion SB203580 protected olfactory function in an AR mouse model. This protective effect may be associated with the antiapoptotic effects of SB203580 via the p38MAPK signaling pathway.

Background and Objectives: Patients with nonallergic rhinitis (Non-AR) or idiopathic rhinitis are common, with both conditions being classified as local allergic rhinitis (LAR). However, the link between LAR and CRS has not been identified. This study aimed to investigate the association of patient-reported local allergic symptoms with the postoperative outcomes of CRS. Materials and Method: We reviewed the medical records of 64 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS. All patients underwent skin prick test, Multiple Allergosorbent Test, and computed tomography. Sneezing and nasal itching were defined as local allergic symptoms (LAS). We evaluated the relationships between clinical characteristics and recurrence rate of CRS according to the presence or absence of LAS. Results: In Non-AR patients, there was no significant difference in age, sex, and TNSS between the LAS (+) and LAS (-) groups. However, in all patients, the CRS recurrence rate was higher in the LAS (+) group (46.7%) than in the LAS (-) group (15.8%; p=0.02). A similar trend was observed in the Non-AR patients, showing that the CRS recurrence rate was significantly higher in the LAS (+) group (56%) than in the LAS (-) group (16.7%; p=0.024). Conclusion: The CRS recurrence rate was higher in patients with LAS regardless of the presence of AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a type of respiratory disease closely associated with chronic inflammation. Esculetin is a natural coumarin derivative and has been reported to possess anti‐allergic and anti‐inflammatory effects. However, the roles of esculetin in AR have not been studied. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of esculetin on AR using an in vitro model. The human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpC) were stimulated by histamine for 24 hours with or without the pretreatment of esculetin. The mRNA levels and production of inflammatory cytokines including IL‐6 and IL‐8, as well as mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) were measured using qRT‐PCR and ELISA, respectively. The results showed that esculetin suppressed histamine‐induced expression and secretion of IL‐6, IL‐8, and MUC5AC in HNEpCs. Furthermore, we examined the effect of esculetin on NF‐κB pathway by detecting the expression levels of NF‐κB p65, p‐p65 and IκBα using western blot analysis. Esculetin treatment suppressed the histamine‐induced p‐p65 expression and p‐IκBα degradation. Inhibiting NF‐κB pathway suppressed histamine‐induced production of IL‐6, IL‐8, and MUC5AC in HNEpCs. These findings suggested that esculetin suppressed histamine‐induced production of inflammatory cytokines and mucin in HNEpCs, which were partly mediated by the inhibition of NF‐κB pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Findings: What is the central question of this study?What is the mechanism of DNA methylation in allergic rhinitis?What is the main finding and its importance?A miR‐199‐3p–Dnmt3a–STAT3 signalling pathway is involved in ovalbumin‐induced allergic rhinitis, and miR‐199‐3p antagomir can relieve the symptoms in the mouse model. Recent research has pointed out the involvement of epigenetic modifications in allergic rhinitis (AR), especially DNA methylation. However, the detailed mechanism has remained largely uncovered. We used ovalbumin (OVA) to induce AR in mouse, and behaviour scores were used to confirm its successful establishment. Histamine and other inflammatory factors were detected to further verify success of the model. Real‐time PCR was employed to identify the overexpression of miR‐199‐3p and subsequent down‐regulation of DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a). Western blotting was utilized to detect Dnmt3a and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) at the protein level. Bisulfite sequencing PCR was applied to reveal the methylation status of the Stat3 promoter region. A dual‐reporter assay was used to confirm the direct targeting of miR‐199‐3p on the Dnmt3a mRNA and an antagomir specific to miR‐199‐3p was injected to rescue the symptoms of AR. The AR model was successfully established in mouse and confirmed by both behaviour and molecular markers. We also found lowered expression of Dnmt3a and consecutive hypomethylation of Stat3 promoter and elevated expression of STAT3, which then led to overexpression of IgE and other inflammatory factors. MicroRNAs that worked on the Dnmt3a 3′‐untranslated region were predicted and then verified by dual‐reporter assay. Finally injection of a miR‐199‐3p antagomir successfully attenuated the symptoms of AR. We propose that the miR‐199‐3p–Dnmt3a–STAT3 signalling pathway is involved in OVA‐induced AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced by allergen exposure, which triggers immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammation of the nasal membranes. Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common health problems and has a major effect on the quality of life. In this review, we aimed to provide a consensus for experimental studies on allergic rhinitis in terms of allergic rhinitis models. For this purpose, we searched for experimental studies in the PubMed, Proquest Central, and Google electronic databases over a 20-year period from the current time (1996–2016). The literature survey was performed using keywords including "allergic rhinitis", "experimental", "animal", "model", "rat", "rabbit", "guinea pig", and "mice" alone or in various combinations. The search identified a total of 285 papers, which were included in this review. It is vital to select a suitable animal for an allergic model. Rodents like rats, guinea pigs, and mice can produce allergen-specific antibodies with the use of adjuvants. Rats are cheap and the vast majority of the allergen-specific antibodies are immunoglobulin E (IgE). Still, intraperitoneal sensitization is inescapable and adjuvants are required for sensitization. Rats, mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs can be utilized for this reason. This review presented allergic rhinitis models in rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Using these methods, researchers may perform well-designed studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the influence of intervention of IL-13 in nuocytes on differentiation of CD4+IL10+ cells in vitro. Methods Mice allergic rhinitis (AR) models (n=6) were established using ovalbumin (OVA), mice of control were injected with normal saline (n=6). Numbers of sneezing and nasal rubbing were counted. Nuocytes were sorted and purified from the mouse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and the cells from AR mice NALT were cultured in vitro. Lentivirus vectors that encoded small hairpin RNA (shRNA) against IL-13 gene were established and administered into nuocytes cultures. Then, IL-13 and IL-10 were examined before and after transfection of nuocytes in response to recombinant (rm) IL-33. After that, mice peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained, and CD4+ T cells were sorted and purified from PBMCs, and cultured in vitro. Finally, NALT-derived nuocytes were co-cultured with CD4+ T cells, and the percentage of CD4+IL10+ cells in CD4+ T cells was evaluated. Results Numbers of sneezing and nasal rubbing were all increased in mice AR models compared with normal mice. OVA induced NALT-derived nuocytes were identified as CD3CD4CD8CD19CD11bCD11cFcεR1 (lineage)- ICOS+. Nuocyte number was increased in AR mice compared with normal ones. Lentivirus vectors that carried shRNA against IL-13 gene were established successfully, and transfected into cultured nuocytes in vitro. In response to rmIL-33, concentrations of IL-13 and IL-10 were all increased statistically before transfection. After transfection, IL-13 was not increased statistically, while IL-10 was elevated significantly after transfection. The concentrations of IL-13 and IL-10 before and after transfection were statistically changed. IL-13 concentration was decreased while IL-10 concentrations was increased. Furthermore, the percentage of CD4+IL10+ cells was also increased statistically after nuocytes transfection. Conclusions Intervention of IL-13 in nuocytes might promote differentiation of CD4+IL10+ cells from CD4+ T cells in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa usually elicited by IgE-mediated response to allergen exposure. It is currently considered the most common allergic disease. Epidemiological research conducted in Poland between 2006 and 2008 identified allergic rhinitis in 23.6% of children aged 6–7 years, 24.6% of children aged 13–14 years and 21% of adults aged 20–44 years. It has been suggested by many authors that the inflammatory process in allergic rhinitis patients involves both, upper and lower respiratory tract. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the presence of lower respiratory tract inflammation based on fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurement. A total of 60 children were included in a 3-year follow-up study between 2011 and 2014 in the Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Nephrology and Allergology at the Military Institute of Medicine, and the Outpatient Allergy Clinic. The study group of allergic rhinitis patients included 37 children (17 girls and 20 boys aged 6–18 years, mean age 10.4 years), while the reference group included 23 children (11 girls and 12 boys aged 6–12 years, mean age 10.8 years). Fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels were normal in most patients. No statistically significant differences in fractional exhaled nitric oxide were found between the study group (group I) and the reference group (group II), which would indicate the absence of inflammatory processes in the lower airways in the observed children.