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2. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Naghavi, Mohsen, Ong, Kanyin Liane, Aali, Amirali, Ababneh, Hazim S, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdelwahab, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdulah, Deldar Morad, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abebe, Mesfin, Abebe, Samrawit Shawel, Abedi, Aidin, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abhilash, E S, Abidi, Hassan, Abiodun, Olumide, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abolmaali, Meysam, Abouzid, Mohamed, Aboye, Girma Beressa, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Abtahi, Dariush, Abu Rumeileh, Samir, Abualruz, Hasan, Abubakar, Bilyaminu, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Aburuz, Salahdein, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Adal, Tadele Girum, Adamu, Abdu A, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adekanmbi, Victor, 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Mahalaxmi, J, Linda Merin, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacob, Louis, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jafarzadeh, Abdollah, Jaggi, Khushleen, Jahankhani, Kasra, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jahrami, Haitham, Jain, Nityanand, Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman, Jaiswal, Abhishek, Jamshidi, Elham, Janko, Mark M, Jatau, Abubakar Ibrahim, Javadov, Sabzali, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayaram, Shubha, Jebai, Rime, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeganathan, Jayakumar, Jha, Anil K, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jiang, Heng, Jin, Yingzhao, Johnson, Olatunji, Jokar, Mohammad, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tamas, Joseph, Abel, Joseph, Nitin, Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma, Joshy, Grace, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, K, Vaishali, Kaambwa, Billingsley, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kadir, Dler Hussein, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalankesh, Laleh R, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kaliyadan, Feroze, Kalra, Sanjay, Kamal, Vineet Kumar, Kamarajah, Sivesh Kathir, Kamath, Rajesh, Kamiab, Zahra, Kamyari, Naser, Kanagasabai, Thanigaivelan, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Kanmanthareddy, Arun R, Kanmiki, Edmund Wedam, Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem, Kannan S, Suthanthira, Kansal, Sushil Kumar, Kantar, Rami S, Kapoor, Neeti, Karajizadeh, Mehrdad, Karanth, Shama D, Karasneh, Reema A, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karch, André, Karim, Asima, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Karimi Behnagh, Arman, Kashoo, Faizan Zaffar, Kasnazani, Qalandar Hussein Abdulkarim, Kasraei, Hengameh, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kassel, Molly B, Kauppila, Joonas H, Kaur, Navjot, Kawakami, Norito, Kayode, Gbenga A, Kazemi, Foad, Kazemian, Sina, Kazmi, Tahseen Haider, Kebebew, Getu Mosisa, Kebede, Adera Debella, Kebede, Fassikaw, Keflie, Tibebeselassie S, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Keller, Cathleen, Kelly, Jaimon Terence, Kempen, John H, Kerr, Jessica A, Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalaji, Amirmohammad, Khalid, Nauman, Khalil, Anees Ahmed, Khalilian, Alireza, Khamesipour, Faham, Khan, Ajmal, Khan, Asaduzzaman, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Ikramullah, Khan, Imteyaz 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Mindy D, Szócska, Miklós, Tabaee Damavandi, Payam, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad, Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra, Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir, Tabatabai, Shima, Tabish, Mohammad, TADAKAMADLA, JYOTHI, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taheri Abkenar, Yasaman, Taheri Soodejani, Moslem, Taiba, Jabeen, Takahashi, Ken, Talaat, Iman M, Talukder, Ashis, Tampa, Mircea, Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tandukar, Sarmila, Tang, Haosu, Tang, Hong K, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Tariku, Mengistie Kassahun, Tariqujjaman, Md, Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang, Tavakoli Oliaee, Razieh, Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tefera, Yibekal Manaye, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani, Teramoto, Masayuki, Tesler, Riki, Teye-Kwadjo, Enoch, Thakur, Rishu, Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Tharwat, Samar, Thayakaran, Rasiah, Thomas, Nihal, Thomas, Nikhil Kenny, Thomson, Azalea M, Thrift, Amanda G, Thum, Chern Choong Chern, Thygesen, Lau Caspar, Tian, Jing, Tichopad, Ales, Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera, Tillawi, Tala, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Toriola, Adetunji T, Torre, Anna E, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Jasmine T, Tran, Nghia Minh, Trico, Domenico, Tromans, Samuel Joseph, Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom, Tsermpini, Evangelia Eirini, Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya, Tung, Kang, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Uddin, Sayed Mohammad Nazim, Udoakang, Aniefiok John, Udoh, Arit, Ullah, Atta, Ullah, Irfan, Ullah, Saeed, Ullah, Sana, Umakanthan, Srikanth, Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Unsworth, Carolyn Anne, Upadhyay, Era, Urso, Daniele, Usman, Jibrin Sammani, Vahabi, Seyed Mohammad, Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Van de Velde, Sarah M, Van den Eynde, Jef, Varga, Orsolya, Vart, Priya, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasic, Milena, Vaziri, Siavash, Vellingiri, Balachandar, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verghese, Nicholas Alexander, Verma, Madhur, Veroux, Massimiliano, Verras, Georgios-Ioannis, Vervoort, Dominique, Villafañe, Jorge Hugo, Villanueva, Gabriela Ines, Vinayak, Manish, Violante, Francesco S, Viskadourou, Maria, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vongpradith, Avina, Vos, Theo, Vujcic, Isidora S, Vukovic, Rade, Wafa, Hatem A, Waheed, Yasir, Wamai, Richard G, Wang, Cong, Wang, Ning, Wang, Shu, Wang, Song, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Waqas, Muhammad, Ward, Paul, Wassie, Emebet Gashaw, Watson, Stefanie, Watson, Stephanie Louise Watson, Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan, Wei, Melissa Y, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Westerman, Ronny, Whisnant, Joanna L, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wilandika, Angga, Wilkerson, Caroline, Willeit, Peter, Wilson, Shadrach, Wojewodzic, Marcin W, Woldegebreal, Demewoz H, Wolf, Axel Walter, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wondimagegene, Yohannes Addisu, Wong, Yen Jun, Wongsin, Utoomporn, Wu, Ai-Min, Wu, Chenkai, Wu, Felicia, Wu, Xinsheng, Wu, Zenghong, Xia, Juan, Xiao, Hong, Xie, Yang, Xu, Suowen, Xu, Wang-Dong, Xu, Xiaoyue, Xu, Yvonne Yiru, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Danting, Yang, Lin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yao, Yao, Yaribeygi, Habib, Ye, Pengpeng, Yehualashet, Sisay Shewasinad, Yesiltepe, Metin, Yesuf, Subah Abderehim, Yezli, Saber, Yi, Siyan, Yigezu, Amanuel, Yiğit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yip, Paul, Yismaw, Malede Berihun, Yismaw, Yazachew, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, You, Yuyi, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Yong, Yuh, Faith H, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zadnik, Vesna, Zafari, Nima, Zakham, Fathiah, Zaki, Nazar, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamora, Nelson, Zand, Ramin, Zangiabadian, Moein, Zar, Heather J, Zare, Iman, Zarrintan, Armin, Zeariya, Mohammed G M, Zeinali, Zahra, Zhang, Haijun, Zhang, Jianrong, Zhang, Jingya, Zhang, Liqun, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Hanqing, Zhong, Chenwen, Zhou, Juexiao, Zhu, Bin, Zhu, Lei, Ziafati, Makan, Zielińska, Magdalena, Zitoun, Osama A, Zoladl, Mohammad, Zou, Zhiyong, Zuhlke, Liesl J, Zumla, Alimuddin, Zweck, Elric, Zyoud, Samer H, Wool, Eve E, and Murray, Christopher J L
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- 2024
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3. Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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Collaborators, GBD 2019 Viewpoint, Murray, Christopher JL, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abbasi, Mohammad, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abedi, Parisa, Abedi, Aidin, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael RM, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Acebedo, Alyssa, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adabi, Maryam, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adelson, Jaimie D, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aji, Budi, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Albertson, Samuel B, Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Alhabib, Khalid F, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Almulhim, Abdulaziz M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Bekalu, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Saeed, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Amugsi, Dickson A, Anbesu, Etsay Woldu, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Tudorel, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Anvari, Davood, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Arba, Aseb Arba Kinfe, Aripov, Timur, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi Olalekan, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Assmus, Michael, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Marcel, Ausloos, Floriane, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Darshan, BB, Babaee, Ebrahim, and Badawi, Alaa
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Prevention ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Aetiology ,Good Health and Well Being ,Birth Rate ,Delivery of Health Care ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Humans ,Male ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Outcome Assessment ,Health Care ,Risk Factors ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Wounds and Injuries ,GBD 2019 Viewpoint Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.
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- 2020
4. Income-based differences in healthcare utilization in relation to mortality in the Swedish population between 2004-2017: A nationwide register study
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Flodin, Pär, Allebeck, Peter, Gubi, Ester, Burström, Bo, and Agardh, Emilie E.
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Medical care -- Utilization ,Personal income -- Analysis ,Epidemiology -- Analysis ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Background Despite universal healthcare, socioeconomic differences in healthcare utilization (HCU) persist in modern welfare states. However, little is known of how HCU inequalities has developed over time. The aim of this study is to assess time trends of differences in utilization of primary and specialized care for the lowest (Q1) and highest (Q5) income quantiles and compare these to mortality. Methods and findings Using a repeated cross-sectional register-based study design, data on utilization of (i) primary; (ii) specialized outpatient; and (iii) inpatient care, as well as (iv) cause of death, were linked to family income and sociodemographic control variables (for instance, country of origin and marital status). The study sample comprised all individuals 16 years or older residing in Sweden any year during the study period and ranged from 7.1 million in year 2004 to 8.0 million year 2017. HCU and mortality for all disease as well as for the 5 disease groups causing most deaths were compared for the Q1 and Q5 using logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age, marital status, and birth country. The primary outcome measures were adjusted odds ratios (ORs), and regression coefficients of annual changes in these ORs log-transformed. Additionally, we conducted negative binominal regression to calculate adjusted rate ratios (RRs) comparing Q1 and Q5 with regard to number of disease specific healthcare encounters [less than or equal to]5 years prior to death. In 2017, for all diseases combined, Q1 utilized marginally more primary and specialized outpatient care than Q5 (OR 1.07, 95% CI [1.07, 1.08]; p < 0.001, and OR 1.04, 95% CI [1.04, 1.05]; p < 0.001, respectively), and considerably more inpatient care (OR 1.44, 95% CI [1.43, 1.45]; p < 0.001). The largest relative inequality was observed for mortality (OR 1.78, 95% CI [1.74, 1.82]; p < 0.001). This pattern was broadly reproduced for each of the 5 disease groups. Time trends in HCU inequality varied by level of care. Each year, Q1 (versus Q5) used more inpatient care and suffered increasing mortality rates. However, utilization of primary and specialized outpatient care increased more among Q5 than in Q1. Finally, group differences in number of healthcare encounters [less than or equal to]5 years prior to death demonstrated a similar pattern. For each disease group, primary and outpatient care encounters were fewer in Q1 than in Q5, while inpatient encounters were similar or higher in Q1. A main limitation of this study is the absence of data on self-reported need for care, which impedes quantifications of HCU inequalities each year. Conclusions Income-related differences in the utilization of primary and specialized outpatient care were considerably smaller than for mortality, and this discrepancy widened with time. Facilitating motivated use of primary and outpatient care among low-income groups could help mitigate the growing health inequalities., Author(s): Pär Flodin *, Peter Allebeck, Ester Gubi, Bo Burström, Emilie E. Agardh Introduction Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher mortality rates and more years lived with disability [...]
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- 2023
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5. Alcohol control policy and alcohol‐attributable disease burden in Finland and the Baltic countries: A longitudinal study 1995–2019.
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Månsson, Anastasia, van der Velde, Lode, Karlsson, Thomas, Beekmann, Lauri, Jonsson Stenberg, Elsa, Haagsma, Juanita, Castelpietra, Giulio, Agardh, Emilie E., and Allebeck, Peter
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GLOBAL burden of disease ,EARLY death ,PANEL analysis ,RANK correlation (Statistics) ,REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
Introduction: Alcohol remains a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity in Finland and the Baltic countries, particularly among men. This study aimed to assess alcohol policy restrictiveness in this region from 1995 to 2019 using a modified version of the Bridging the Gap (BtG‐M) policy scale and examine its association with alcohol‐related disease burden. Methods: The study utilised national laws to score policy restrictiveness (higher BtG‐M scores mean stricter policies) and age‐standardised rates of disability‐adjusted life years (DALY), years of life lost, years lived with disability and deaths per 100,000 from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). Spearman correlation tests and panel data regression models were applied to assess the association between policy score and burden of disease. Results: Finland maintained a high BtG‐M score, while the Baltic countries experienced recent increases from initially lower scores. Alcohol‐related disease burden showed an inverse association with policy changes in these countries. Strongest association was seen between the BtG‐M score and DALY rates attributed to injuries. Premature mortality among men constituted the largest proportion of disease burden. Discussion and Conclusions: Despite challenges in accessing and comparing policy data over time, we showed a strong association between alcohol policy and alcohol‐related harm in Finland and the Baltic countries. This study is one of the first to use the BtG‐M scale to monitor changes in alcohol policies over time and their relationship to alcohol‐related harm using GBD methodology. The study highlights the effects of national alcohol policies on levels of alcohol‐related harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Murray, Christopher JL, Callender, Charlton SKH, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Srinivasan, Vinay, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdoli, Nasrin, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy Maria Xavier, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alebel, Animut, Aleman, Alicia V, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi, Ali, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, Arian, Nicholas, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari Mehari, and Atique, Suleman
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Health Sciences ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Contraception/Reproduction ,Basic Behavioral and Social Science ,Aging ,Aetiology ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Reproductive health and childbirth ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Aged ,Birth Rate ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Humans ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Male ,Maternal Age ,Middle Aged ,Mortality ,Population Density ,Population Growth ,Young Adult ,GBD 2017 Population and Fertility Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
BackgroundPopulation estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods.MethodsWe estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10-54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10-14 years and 50-54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15-19 years and 45-49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories.FindingsFrom 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4-52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5-4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2-2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10-19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34-40) to 22 livebirths (19-24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3-200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5-2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4-7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15-64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9-1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8-7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07-0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2-2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3-0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0-3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger.InterpretationPopulation trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2018
7. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Collaborators, GBD 2017 Causes of Death, Roth, Gregory A, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adib, Mina G, Admasie, Amha, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alebel, Animut, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alonso, Jordi, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Aminde, Leopold N, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Arora, Monika, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Ataro, Zerihun, Atique, Suleman, Atre, Sachin R, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayele, Yohanes, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Bacha, Umar, Badali, Hamid, and Badawi, Alaa
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Brain Disorders ,Pediatric ,Prevention ,Aetiology ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Age Distribution ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Cause of Death ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Humans ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Life Expectancy ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Sex Distribution ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Young Adult ,GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundGlobal development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017.MethodsThe causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries-Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised.FindingsAt the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5-74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9-19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7-8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5-23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20-8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0-8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0-24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1-33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5-4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2-15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9-59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8-148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2-40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2-36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990-neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases-were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases.InterpretationImprovements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2018
8. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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James, Spencer L, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Zegeye, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alouani, Mohamed ML, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Aminde, Leopold N, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arabloo, Jalal, Arauz, Antonio, Aremu, Olatunde, Ariani, Filippo, Armoon, Bahroom, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Ataro, Zerihun, Atre, Sachin R, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, and Bali, Ayele Geleto
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Prevention ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Aetiology ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Age Distribution ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Disabled Persons ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Humans ,Incidence ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Life Expectancy ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Morbidity ,Prevalence ,Sex Distribution ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Wounds and Injuries ,Young Adult ,GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data.MethodsWe estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting.FindingsGlobally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs s1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]).InterpretationGlobal all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2018
9. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Collaborators, GBD 2017 SDG, Lozano, Rafael, Fullman, Nancy, Abate, Degu, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Nebiyu Dereje, Abebe, Zegeye, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Abyu, Gebre Y, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshari, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Albujeer, Ammar, Alebel, Animut, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine A, Almasi, Ali, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amenu, Kebede, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, and Anwari, Palwasha
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Prevention ,Pediatric ,Good Health and Well Being ,Peace ,Justice and Strong Institutions ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Goals ,Health Status ,Health Status Indicators ,Humans ,Male ,Mortality ,Risk Factors ,Sex Offenses ,Sustainable Development ,United Nations ,GBD 2017 SDG Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundEfforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of "leaving no one behind", it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment.MethodsWe measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator.FindingsThe global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4-67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6-14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1-86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030.InterpretationThe GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains-curative interventions in the case of NCDs-towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions-or inaction-today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2018
10. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Collaborators, GBD 2017 Mortality, Dicker, Daniel, Nguyen, Grant, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Pawan, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh brahim, Ahmed, Sayem, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alebel, Animut, Aleman, Alicia V, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine A, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Anlay, Degefaye Zelalem, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, and Artaman, Al
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Behavioral and Social Science ,Pediatric ,Prevention ,Basic Behavioral and Social Science ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Aetiology ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Age Distribution ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Humans ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Life Expectancy ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Mortality ,Sex Distribution ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Young Adult ,GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundAssessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally.MethodsThe GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950.FindingsGlobally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development.InterpretationThis analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2018
11. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Aboyans, Victor, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ademi, Zanfina, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alonso, Jordi, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Aminde, Leopold N, Amini, Erfan, Amiresmaili, Mohammadreza, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Ataro, Zerihun, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, and Balakrishnan, Kalpana
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Prevention ,Aging ,Good Health and Well Being ,Aged ,Communicable Diseases ,Disabled Persons ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Health Status ,Healthy Lifestyle ,Humans ,Life Expectancy ,Male ,Mortality ,Mortality ,Premature ,Prevalence ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Risk Factors ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Wounds and Injuries ,GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundHow long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years.MethodsWe used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males.FindingsGlobally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2).InterpretationWith increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2018
12. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Griswold, Max G, Fullman, Nancy, Hawley, Caitlin, Arian, Nicholas, Zimsen, Stephanie RM, Tymeson, Hayley D, Venkateswaran, Vidhya, Tapp, Austin Douglas, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Salama, Joseph S, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abate, Degu, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Zegeye, Aboyans, Victor, Abrar, Mohammed Mehdi, Acharya, Pawan, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Gina, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Asfoor, Deena H Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Albujeer, Ammar, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Syed Danish, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Allebeck, Peter, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Aminde, Leopold N, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Angus, Colin, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Assadi, Reza, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide F, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe B, Azzopardi, Peter S, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barrero, Lope H, Basaleem, Huda, Baye, Estifanos, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Belay, Saba Abraham, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Beyranvand, Tina, Bhaumik, Soumyadeeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bililign, Nigus, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Birungi, Charles, Bizuneh, Hailemichael, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjørge, Tone, Borges, Guilherme, Bosetti, Cristina, Boufous, Soufiane, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Brenner, Hermann, and Butt, Zahid A
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Epidemiology ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Alcoholism ,Alcohol Use and Health ,Aging ,Prevention ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Substance Misuse ,Women's Health ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Cancer ,Oral and gastrointestinal ,Stroke ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Age Distribution ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Alcohol Drinking ,Cause of Death ,Commerce ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Humans ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Observational Studies as Topic ,Population Surveillance ,Prevalence ,Prospective Studies ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Retrospective Studies ,Risk Assessment ,Risk Factors ,Sex Distribution ,Young Adult ,GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
BackgroundAlcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older.MethodsUsing 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health.FindingsGlobally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·5-3·0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6·8% (5·8-8·0) of age-standardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3·8% (95% UI 3·2-4·3) of female deaths and 12·2% (10·8-13·6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2·3% (95% UI 2·0-2·6) and male attributable DALYs were 8·9% (7·8-9·9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1·4% [95% UI 1·0-1·7] of total deaths), road injuries (1·2% [0·7-1·9]), and self-harm (1·1% [0·6-1·5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27·1% (95% UI 21·2-33·3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18·9% (15·3-22·6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0-0·8) standard drinks per week.InterpretationAlcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2018
13. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Collaborators, GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality, Fullman, Nancy, Yearwood, Jamal, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy MX, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Aljunid, Syed M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amenu, Kebede, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Araújo, Valdelaine EM, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Ashebir, Mengistu Mitiku, Asseffa, Netsanet Abera, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R, Atteraya, Madhu S, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayalew, Animut Alebel, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe Betrand, Azzopardi, Peter, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Banstola, Amrit, Barber, Ryan M, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, and Bedi, Neeraj
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Health Services and Systems ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Clinical Research ,Biodefense ,Prevention ,Vaccine Related ,Good Health and Well Being ,Communicable Diseases ,Global Burden of Disease ,Health Services Accessibility ,Humans ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Quality of Health Care ,Wounds and Injuries ,GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
BackgroundA key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016.MethodsDrawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita.FindingsIn 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries.InterpretationGBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2018
14. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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Reitsma, Marissa B, Kendrick, Parkes J, Ababneh, Emad, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdoli, Amir, Abedi, Aidin, Abhilash, E S, Abila, Derrick Bary, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Advani, Shailesh M, Aghaali, Mohammad, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmed, Haroon, Aji, Budi, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alanzi, Turki M, Alhabib, Khalid F, Ali, Liaqat, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amini, Saeed, Amu, Hubert, Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderson, Jason A, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Benny, Anvari, Davood, Arabloo, Jalal, Arian, Nicholas D, Arora, Monika, Asaad, Malke, Ausloos, Marcel, Awan, Asma Tahir, Ayano, Getinet, Aynalem, Getie Lake, Azari, Samad, B, Darshan B, Badiye, Ashish D, Baig, Atif Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Banach, Maciej, Banik, Palash Chandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Basu, Sanjay, Bayati, Mohsen, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berfield, Kathleen S Sachiko, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Biondi, Antonio, Birara, Setognal, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Brunoni, Andre R, Burkart, Katrin, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Sofia, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chen, Simiao, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cirillo, Massimo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Couto, Rosa A S, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Davletov, Kairat, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Diaz, Daniel, Do, Hoa Thi, Douiri, Abdel, Duncan, Bruce B, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad, Edvardsson, Kristina, Elbarazi, Iffat, El Tantawi, Maha, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Fadhil, Ibtihal, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Farwati, Medhat, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Fernandez Prendes, Carlota, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Filippidis, Filippos, Fischer, Florian, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Foroutan, Masoud, Gad, Mohamed M, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gallus, Silvano, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Giampaoli, Simona, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Glozah, Franklin N, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goudarzi, Houman, Goulart, Alessandra C, Greaves, Felix, Guha, Avirup, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Rajat Das, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hankey, Graeme J, Hargono, Arief, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hay, Simon I, Heidari, Golnaz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hezam, Kamal, Hird, Thomas R, Hole, Michael K, Holla, Ramesh, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsiao, Thomas, Huang, Junjie, Iannucci, Vincent C, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Idrisov, Bulat, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Jessica Y, Islam, Rakibul M, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Iwagami, Masao, Jaafari, Jalil, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jang, Sung-In, Janjani, Hosna, Jayaram, Shubha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tamas, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Kapoor, Neeti, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kebede, Hafte Kahsay, Kelkay, Bayew, Kennedy, Ryan David, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Young-Eun, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kivimäki, Mika, Kosen, Soewarta, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kurmi, Om P, Kusuma, Dian, Lacey, Ben, Lam, Jennifer O, Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, Lee, Doo Woong, Lee, Yo Han, Leung, Janni, Li, Shanshan, Lin, Hualiang, Linn, Shai, Liu, Wei, Lopez, Alan D, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lugo, Alessandra, Majeed, Azeem, Maleki, Afshin, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martini, Santi, Mathur, Manu Raj, Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo, Mehata, Suresh, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misra, Sanjeev, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mossie, Tilahun Belete, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mullany, Erin C, Murray, Christopher J L, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Nair, Sanjeev, Nalini, Mahdi, Nangia, Vinay, Naqvi, Atta Abbas, Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Smitha, Nayak, Vinod C, Nazari, Javad, Nduaguba, Sabina O, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Son Hoang, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T, Oren, Eyal, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Pakhale, Smita, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Ashok, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Park, Eun-Kee, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patton, George C, Pawar, Shrikant, Pestell, Richard G, Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A, Pirouzpanah, Saeed, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Polibin, Roman V, Prashant, Akila, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Azizur, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rajai, Nazanin, Ram, Pradhum, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rathi, Priya, Rawal, Lal, Renzaho, Andre M N, Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam, Rezapour, Aziz, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Riaz, Mavra A, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Bedanta, Sacco, Simona, Saddik, Basema, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salehi, Sana, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M, Santos, Itamar S, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwendicke, Falk, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Senthil Kumar, Nachimuthu, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Seylani, Allen, Shafaat, Omid, Shah, Syed Mahboob, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shivakumar, K M, Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shrestha, Roman, Siabani, Soraya, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sitas, Freddy, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soboka, Matiwos, Soriano, Joan B, Soroush, Ali, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Stortecky, Stefan, Straif, Kurt, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sulo, Gerhard, Sundström, Johan, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tareke, Minale, Tareque, Md Ismail, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Tichopad, Ales, Tolani, Musliu Adetola, Topouzis, Fotis, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tymeson, Hayley D, Ullah, Anayat, Ullah, Saif, Unim, Brigid, Updike, Rachel L, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R, Vardavas, Constantine, Varona Pérez, Patricia, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Madhur, Vetrova, Marina V, Vo, Bay, Vu, Giang Thu, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Welding, Kevin, Werdecker, Andrea, Whisnant, Joanna L, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yandrapalli, Srikanth, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yimmer, Mohammed Zewdu, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zar, Heather J, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zavala-Arciniega, Luis, Zhang, Jianrong, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, and Gakidou, Emmanuela
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- 2021
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15. Early life programming of adult ischemic heart disease within and across generations: The role of the socioeconomic context
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Hossin, Muhammad Zakir, Falkstedt, Daniel, Allebeck, Peter, Mishra, Gita, and Koupil, Ilona
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- 2021
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16. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Collaborators, GBD 2016 Risk Factors, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Afshin, Ashkan, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansari, Hossein, Antó, Josep M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arian, Nicholas, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Ballew, Shoshana H, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Batis, Carolina, Battle, Katherine E, Baumgarner, Blair R, Baune, Bernhard T, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Blosser, Christopher D, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Brauer, Michael, and Breitborde, Nicholas JK
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Epidemiology ,Health Sciences ,Prevention ,Aetiology ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Air Pollution ,Body Mass Index ,Cause of Death ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Communicable Diseases ,Disabled Persons ,Environmental Health ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Humans ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Life Expectancy ,Male ,Metabolic Diseases ,Middle Aged ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Occupational Diseases ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Risk Assessment ,Sex Distribution ,Smoking ,Water Supply ,Young Adult ,GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.MethodsWe used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined.FindingsSince 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124·1 million DALYs [95% UI 111·2 million to 137·0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122·2 million DALYs [110·3 million to 133·3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83·0 million DALYs [78·3 million to 87·7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89·9 million DALYs [80·9 million to 98·2 million]), high body-mass index (64·8 million DALYs [44·4 million to 87·6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63·8 million DALYs [53·2 million to 76·3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9·3% (6·9-11·6) decline in deaths and a 10·8% (8·3-13·1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14·9% (12·7-17·5) of deaths and 6·2% (3·9-8·7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12·4% (10·1-14·9) of deaths and 12·4% (10·1-14·9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27·3% (24·9-29·7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks.InterpretationIncreasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade.FundingThe Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies.
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17. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Collaborators, GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE, Hay, Simon I, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, and Beyene, Addisu Shunu
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Epidemiology ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Clinical Research ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Burden of Illness ,Prevention ,Social Determinants of Health ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adult ,Age Distribution ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Cause of Death ,Communicable Diseases ,Disabled Persons ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Humans ,Life Expectancy ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Residence Characteristics ,Sex Distribution ,Wounds and Injuries ,GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
BackgroundMeasurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).MethodsWe used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate.FindingsThe highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally.InterpretationAt a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2017
18. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Collaborators, GBD 2016 Causes of Death, Naghavi, Mohsen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert RA, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Charlson, Fiona J, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, and Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel
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Pediatric ,Clinical Research ,Infant Mortality ,Infectious Diseases ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Aetiology ,Infection ,Cardiovascular ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Age Distribution ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Cause of Death ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Communicable Diseases ,Disasters ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Humans ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Nutrition Disorders ,Pregnancy ,Pregnancy Complications ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Wounds and Injuries ,Young Adult ,GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundMonitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends.MethodsWe estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016.FindingsThe quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2-73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5-20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8·43% (8·00-8·67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006-16-age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1·80 million deaths (95% UI 1·59 million to 1·89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176-181) increase in deaths in ages 90-94 years and a 210% (208-212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL significantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2·89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1·59%) during the same interval. Globally, the five leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations. Other leading causes of YLLs for which YLLs were notably lower than expected included neonatal preterm birth complications in many locations in both south Asia and southeast Asia, and cerebrovascular disease in western Europe.InterpretationThe past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and conflict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might reflect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which effective treatments remain elusive, potentially increasing costs to health systems.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2017
19. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Collaborators, GBD 2016 SDG, Fullman, Nancy, Barber, Ryan M, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Bikbov, Boris, Bilal, Arebu I, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blosser, Christopher D, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, and Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R
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Infectious Diseases ,Pediatric ,Prevention ,Rare Diseases ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Child ,Child Abuse ,Sexual ,Child ,Preschool ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Health Status ,Health Status Indicators ,Humans ,Infant ,Infant Mortality ,Infant ,Newborn ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Sex Offenses ,Young Adult ,GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundThe UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of "leaving no one behind". Understanding today's gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990-2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030.MethodsWe used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile estimated between 1990 and 2030, and 100 as the 97·5th percentile during that time. An index representing all 37 health-related SDG indicators was constructed by taking the geometric mean of scaled indicators by target. On the basis of past trends, we produced projections of indicator values, using a weighted average of the indicator and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2016 with weights for each annual rate of change based on out-of-sample validity. 24 of the currently measured health-related SDG indicators have defined SDG targets, against which we assessed attainment.FindingsGlobally, the median health-related SDG index was 56·7 (IQR 31·9-66·8) in 2016 and country-level performance markedly varied, with Singapore (86·8, 95% uncertainty interval 84·6-88·9), Iceland (86·0, 84·1-87·6), and Sweden (85·6, 81·8-87·8) having the highest levels in 2016 and Afghanistan (10·9, 9·6-11·9), the Central African Republic (11·0, 8·8-13·8), and Somalia (11·3, 9·5-13·1) recording the lowest. Between 2000 and 2016, notable improvements in the UHC index were achieved by several countries, including Cambodia, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Turkey, and China; however, a number of countries, such as Lesotho and the Central African Republic, but also high-income countries, such as the USA, showed minimal gains. Based on projections of past trends, the median number of SDG targets attained in 2030 was five (IQR 2-8) of the 24 defined targets currently measured. Globally, projected target attainment considerably varied by SDG indicator, ranging from more than 60% of countries projected to reach targets for under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria, to less than 5% of countries projected to achieve targets linked to 11 indicator targets, including those for childhood overweight, tuberculosis, and road injury mortality. For several of the health-related SDGs, meeting defined targets hinges upon substantially faster progress than what most countries have achieved in the past.InterpretationGBD 2016 provides an updated and expanded evidence base on where the world currently stands in terms of the health-related SDGs. Our improved measure of UHC offers a basis to monitor the expansion of health services necessary to meet the SDGs. Based on past rates of progress, many places are facing challenges in meeting defined health-related SDG targets, particularly among countries that are the worst off. In view of the early stages of SDG implementation, however, opportunity remains to take actions to accelerate progress, as shown by the catalytic effects of adopting the Millennium Development Goals after 2000. With the SDGs' broader, bolder development agenda, multisectoral commitments and investments are vital to make the health-related SDGs within reach of all populations.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2017
20. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Collaborators, GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Vos, Theo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu Abdullahi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Andersen, Hjalte H, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokphako, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Bob, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, and Beyene, Addisu Shunu
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Epidemiology ,Public Health ,Clinical Sciences ,Health Sciences ,Neurosciences ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Burden of Illness ,Aging ,Brain Disorders ,Mental Health ,Women's Health ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Age Distribution ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Cause of Death ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Communicable Diseases ,Disabled Persons ,Female ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Humans ,Incidence ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Prevalence ,Sex Distribution ,Wounds and Injuries ,Young Adult ,GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
BackgroundAs mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016.MethodsWe estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).FindingsGlobally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8-75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0-8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0-62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0-7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3-50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8-5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0-49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5-5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5-46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2-5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3-3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0-11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228).InterpretationThe decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-to-date information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.
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- 2017
21. Alcohol control policy and alcohol-attributable disease burden in Finland and the Baltic countries:A longitudinal study 1995–2019
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Månsson, Anastasia, van der Velde, Lode, Karlsson, Thomas, Beekmann, Lauri, Jonsson Stenberg, Elsa, Haagsma, Juanita, Castelpietra, Giulio, Agardh, Emilie E., Allebeck, Peter, Månsson, Anastasia, van der Velde, Lode, Karlsson, Thomas, Beekmann, Lauri, Jonsson Stenberg, Elsa, Haagsma, Juanita, Castelpietra, Giulio, Agardh, Emilie E., and Allebeck, Peter
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Introduction: Alcohol remains a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity in Finland and the Baltic countries, particularly among men. This study aimed to assess alcohol policy restrictiveness in this region from 1995 to 2019 using a modified version of the Bridging the Gap (BtG-M) policy scale and examine its association with alcohol-related disease burden. Methods: The study utilised national laws to score policy restrictiveness (higher BtG-M scores mean stricter policies) and age-standardised rates of disability-adjusted life years (DALY), years of life lost, years lived with disability and deaths per 100,000 from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). Spearman correlation tests and panel data regression models were applied to assess the association between policy score and burden of disease. Results: Finland maintained a high BtG-M score, while the Baltic countries experienced recent increases from initially lower scores. Alcohol-related disease burden showed an inverse association with policy changes in these countries. Strongest association was seen between the BtG-M score and DALY rates attributed to injuries. Premature mortality among men constituted the largest proportion of disease burden. Discussion and Conclusions: Despite challenges in accessing and comparing policy data over time, we showed a strong association between alcohol policy and alcohol-related harm in Finland and the Baltic countries. This study is one of the first to use the BtG-M scale to monitor changes in alcohol policies over time and their relationship to alcohol-related harm using GBD methodology. The study highlights the effects of national alcohol policies on levels of alcohol-related harm.
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- 2024
22. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Naghavi, M, Ong, K, Aali, A, Ababneh, H, Abate, Y, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M, Abdoun, M, Abdulah, D, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abebe, S, Abedi, A, Abegaz, K, Abhilash, E, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, R, Abolhassani, H, Abolmaali, M, Abouzid, M, Aboye, G, Abreu, L, Abrha, W, Abtahi, D, Abu Rumeileh, S, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Aburuz, S, Abu-Zaid, A, Accrombessi, M, Adal, T, Adamu, A, Addo, I, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, A, Adekanmbi, V, Adepoju, A, Adetunji, C, Adetunji, J, Adeyeoluwa, T, Adeyinka, D, Adeyomoye, O, Admass, B, Adnani, Q, Adra, S, Afolabi, A, Afzal, M, Afzal, S, Agampodi, S, Agasthi, P, Aggarwal, M, Aghamiri, S, Agide, F, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, M, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadzade, A, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, L, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, S, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akara, E, Akbarialiabad, H, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemiju, T, Akkaif, M, Akyirem, S, Al Hamad, H, Al Hasan, S, Alahdab, F, Alalalmeh, S, Alalwan, T, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, M, Alam, N, Al-amer, R, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Al-Azzam, S, Albakri, A, Albashtawy, M, Albataineh, M, Alcalde-Rabanal, J, Aldawsari, K, Aldhaleei, W, Aldridge, R, Alema, H, Alemayohu, M, Alemi, S, Alemu, Y, Al-Gheethi, A, Alhabib, K, Alhalaiqa, F, Al-Hanawi, M, Ali, A, Ali, L, Ali, M, Ali, R, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alif, S, Alikhani, R, Alimohamadi, Y, Aliyi, A, Aljasir, M, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al-Marwani, S, Al-Maweri, S, Almazan, J, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Almidani, L, Almidani, O, Alomari, M, Al-Omari, B, Alonso, J, Alqahtani, J, Alqalyoobi, S, Alqutaibi, A, Al-Sabah, S, Altaany, Z, Altaf, A, Al-Tawfiq, J, Altirkawi, K, Aluh, D, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alwafi, H, Al-Worafi, Y, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, K, Amani, R, Amare, A, Amegbor, P, Ameyaw, E, Amin, T, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, M, Amu, H, Amugsi, D, Amusa, G, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, D, Andrade, P, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Ansari, H, Ansariadi, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anvari, S, Anwar, S, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, A, Aqeel, M, Arab, J, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Aravkin, A, Areda, D, Aremu, A, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, M, Ärnlöv, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, A, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, R, Arumugam, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Lari, M, Asgedom, A, Asghariahmadabad, M, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, M, Aslani, A, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, S, Atinafu, B, Atlaw, H, Atorkey, P, Atout, M, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awedew, A, Aweke, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, J, Ayyoubzadeh, S, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, R, Azzam, A, B, D, Babu, A, Badar, M, Badiye, A, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bah, S, Bahadorikhalili, S, Bahmanziari, N, Bai, R, Baig, A, Baker, J, Bako, A, Bakshi, R, Balakrishnan, S, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, O, Bam, K, Banach, M, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, P, Bansal, H, Bansal, K, Barbic, F, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, H, Barrero, L, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Basharat, Z, Bashiri, A, Basiru, A, Baskaran, P, Basnyat, B, Bassat, Q, Basso, J, Basting, A, Basu, S, Batra, K, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, N, Beaney, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, M, Behboudi, E, Behera, P, Behnoush, A, Behzadifar, M, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, D, Béjot, Y, Belay, S, Belete, C, Bell, M, Bello, M, Bello, O, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bender, R, Bensenor, I, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Berhie, A, Berice, B, Bernstein, R, Bertolacci, G, Bettencourt, P, Beyene, K, Bhagat, D, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhandari, D, Bhangdia, K, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, G, Bhatti, J, Bhatti, M, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, Z, Bikbov, B, Bishai, J, Bisignano, C, Bisulli, F, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Bitaraf, S, Bitew, B, Bitra, V, Bjørge, T, Boachie, M, Boampong, M, Bobirca, A, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, A, Bogale, E, Bogale, K, Bohlouli, S, Bolarinwa, O, Boloor, A, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora, K, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Borzutzky, A, Bouaoud, S, Boustany, A, Boxe, C, Boyko, E, Brady, O, Braithwaite, D, Brant, L, Brauer, M, Brazinova, A, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Breitborde, N, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, A, Briko, N, Britton, G, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, N, Bulto, L, Buonsenso, D, Burns, R, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, N, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Calina, D, Cámera, L, Campos, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carugno, A, Carvalheiro, C, Carvalho, F, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, A, Cattaruzza, M, Cederroth, C, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Cevik, M, 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Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj, Esezobor, Christopher Imokhuede, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Espinosa-Montero, Juan, Esubalew, Habtamu, Etaee, Farshid, Fabin, Natalia, Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Fahim, Ayesha, Fahimi, Saman, Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar, Falzone, Luca, Fareed, Mohammad, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Faro, Andre, Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fattahi, Hamed, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Fazeli, Pooria, Feigin, Valery L, Feizkhah, Alireza, Fekadu, Ginenus, Feng, Xiaoru, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Feroze, Abdullah Hamid, Ferrante, Daniela, Ferrari, Alize J, Ferreira, Nuno, Fetensa, Getahun, Feyisa, Bikila Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flavel, Joanne, Flood, David, Florin, Bobirca Teodor, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Foroutan, Behzad, Foroutan, Masoud, Forthun, Ingeborg, Fortuna, Daniela, Foschi, Matteo, Fowobaje, 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Patoulias, Dimitrios, Patthipati, Venkata Suresh, Paudel, Uttam, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Pease, Spencer A, Peden, Amy E, Pedersini, Paolo, Pensato, Umberto, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Peprah, Prince, Perdigão, João, Pereira, Marcos, Peres, Mario F P, Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Perico, Norberto, Pestell, Richard G, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily, Petri, William A, Pham, Hoang Tran, Philip, Anil K, Phillips, Michael R, Pierannunzio, Daniela, Pigeolet, Manon, Pigott, David M, Pilgrim, Thomas, Piracha, Zahra Zahid, Piradov, Michael A, Pirouzpanah, Saeed, Plakkal, Nishad, Plotnikov, Evgenii, Podder, Vivek, Poddighe, Dimitri, Polinder, Suzanne, Polkinghorne, Kevan R, Poluru, Ramesh, Ponkilainen, Ville T, Porru, Fabio, Postma, Maarten J, Poudel, Govinda Raj, Pourshams, Akram, Pourtaheri, Naeimeh, Prada, Sergio I, Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh, Prakasham, Thejeswar N, Prasad, Manya, Prashant, Akila, Prates, Elton Junio Sady, Prieto Alhambra, Daniel, PRISCILLA, TINA, Pritchett, Natalie, Purohit, Bharathi M, Puvvula, Jagadeesh, Qasim, Nameer Hashim, Qattea, Ibrahim, Qazi, Asma Saleem, Qian, Gangzhen, Qiu, Suli, Qureshi, Maryam Faiz, Rabiee Rad, Mehrdad, Radfar, Amir, Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal, Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman, Raeisi Shahraki, Hadi, Rafferty, Quinn, Raggi, Alberto, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Raheem, Nasiru, Rahim, Fakher, Rahim, Md Jillur, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Md Mosfequr, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmani, Shayan, Rahmanian, Vahid, Rajaa, Sathish, Rajput, Prashant, Rakovac, Ivo, Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran, Ramazanu, Sheena, Rana, Kritika, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rancic, Nemanja, Rane, Amey, Rao, Chythra R, Rao, Indu Ramachandra, Rao, Mithun, Rao, Sowmya J, Rasali, Drona Prakash, Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Sina, Rashedi, Vahid, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan, Rasul, Azad, Rathnaiah Babu, Giridhara, Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar, Ravangard, Ramin, Ravikumar, Nakul, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Rawlley, Bharat, Raza, Rabail Zehra, Razo, Christian, Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed, Rehman, Faizan Ur, Reifels, Lennart, Reiner Jr, Robert C, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Reyes, Luis Felipe, Rezaei, Maryam, Rezaei, Nazila, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Rhee, Taeho Gregory, Riaz, Mavra A, Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P, Rickard, Jennifer, Riva, Hannah R, Robinson-Oden, Hannah Elizabeth, Rodrigues, Célia Fortuna, Rodrigues, Mónica, Roever, Leonardo, Rogowski, Emma Lynn Best, Rohloff, Peter, Romadlon, Debby Syahru, Romero-Rodríguez, Esperanza, Romoli, Michele, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rout, Himanshu Sekhar, Roy, Nitai, Roy, Priyanka, Rubagotti, Enrico, Ruela, Guilherme de Andrade, Rumisha, Susan Fred, Runghien, Tilleye, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Rynkiewicz, Andrzej, S N, Chandan, Saad, Aly M A, Saadatian, Zahra, Saber, Korosh, Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed, SaberiKamarposhti, Morteza, Sabour, Siamak, Sacco, Simona, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sachdeva, Rajesh, Saddik, Basema, Saddler, Adam, Sadee, Bashdar Abuzed, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Erfan, Sadeghian, Farideh, Saeb, Mohammad Reza, Saeed, Umar, Safaeinejad, Fahimeh, Safi, Sher Zaman, Sagar, Rajesh, Saghazadeh, Amene, Sagoe, Dominic, Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh, Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop, Sahoo, Umakanta, Sahu, Monalisha, Saif, Zahra, Sajid, Mirza Rizwan, Sakshaug, Joseph W, Salam, Nasir, Salamati, Payman, Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa, Salaroli, Luciane B, Saleh, Mohamed A, Salehi, Sana, Salem, Marwa Rashad, Salem, Mohammed Z Y, Salimi, Sohrab, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Samadzadeh, Sara, Samargandy, Saad, Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Sanna, Francesca, Santomauro, Damian Francesco, Santos, Itamar S, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Sarasmita, Made Ary, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Saravanan, Aswini, Saravi, Babak, Sarikhani, Yaser, Sarkar, Tanmay, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sarode, Gargi Sachin, Sarode, Sachin C, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sayeed, Abu, Sayeed, Md Abu, Saylan, Mete, Sayyah, Mehdi, Scarmeas, Nikolaos, Schaarschmidt, Benedikt Michael, Schlaich, Markus P, Schlee, Winfried, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola, Schuermans, Art, Schumacher, Austin E, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwarzinger, Michaël, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Šekerija, Mario, Selvaraj, Siddharthan, Senapati, Sabyasachi, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serban, Dragos, Sethi, Yashendra, Sha, Feng, Shabany, Maryam, Shafaat, Amir, Shafie, Mahan, Shah, Nilay S, Shah, Pritik A, Shah, Syed Mahboob, Shahabi, Saeed, Shahbandi, Ataollah, Shahid, Izza, Shahid, Samiah, Shahid, Wajeehah, Shahsavari, Hamid R, Shahwan, Moyad Jamal, Shaikh, Ahmed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakeri, Alireza, Shalash, Ali S, Sham, Sunder, Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamshad, Hina, Shamsi, Mohammad Anas, Shanawaz, Mohd, Shankar, Abhishek, Sharfaei, Sadaf, Sharifan, Amin, Sharifi-Rad, Javad, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Saurab, Sharma, Ujjawal, Sharma, Vishal, Shastry, Rajesh P, Shavandi, Amin, Shayan, Maryam, Shehabeldine, Amr Mohamed Elsayed, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Shen, Jiabin, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, B Suresh Kumar, Shetty, Pavanchand H, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shiferaw, Desalegn, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shin, Youn Ho, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shitaye, Nebiyu Aniley, Shittu, Aminu, Shiue, Ivy, Shivakumar, K M, Shivarov, Velizar, Shokraneh, Farhad, Shokri, Azad, Shool, Sina, Shorofi, Seyed Afshin, Shrestha, Sunil, Shuval, Kerem, Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar, Silva, João Pedro, Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues, Silva, Soraia, Simpson, Colin R, Singal, Anjali, Singh, Abhinav, Singh, Balbir Bagicha, Singh, Garima, Singh, Jasbir, Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Paramdeep, Singh, Surjit, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sinto, Robert, Siraj, Md Shahjahan, Sirota, Sarah Brooke, Sitas, Freddy, Sivakumar, Shravan, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sleet, David A, Socea, Bogdan, Sokhan, Anton, Solanki, Ranjan, Solanki, Shipra, Soleimani, Hamidreza, Soliman, Sameh S M, Song, Suhang, Song, Yimeng, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spartalis, Michael, Spearman, Sandra, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srivastava, Vijay Kumar, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon, Stark, Benjamin A, Starnes, Joseph R, Starodubova, Antonina V, Stein, Caroline, Stein, Dan J, Steinbeis, Fridolin, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinmetz, Jaimie D, Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Stevanović, Aleksandar, Stockfelt, Leo, Stokes, Mark A, Stortecky, Stefan, Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan, Suleman, Muhammad, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sultana, Abida, Sun, Haitong Zhe, Sun, Jing, Sundström, Johan, Sunkersing, David, Sunnerhagen, Katharina S, Swain, Chandan Kumar, Szarpak, Lukasz, Szeto, Mindy D, Szócska, Miklós, Tabaee Damavandi, Payam, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad, Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra, Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir, Tabatabai, Shima, Tabish, Mohammad, TADAKAMADLA, JYOTHI, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taheri Abkenar, Yasaman, Taheri Soodejani, Moslem, Taiba, Jabeen, Takahashi, Ken, Talaat, Iman M, Talukder, Ashis, Tampa, Mircea, Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tandukar, Sarmila, Tang, Haosu, Tang, Hong K, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Tariku, Mengistie Kassahun, Tariqujjaman, Md, Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang, Tavakoli Oliaee, Razieh, Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tefera, Yibekal Manaye, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani, Teramoto, Masayuki, Tesler, Riki, Teye-Kwadjo, Enoch, Thakur, Rishu, Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Tharwat, Samar, Thayakaran, Rasiah, Thomas, Nihal, Thomas, Nikhil Kenny, Thomson, Azalea M, Thrift, Amanda G, Thum, Chern Choong Chern, Thygesen, Lau Caspar, Tian, Jing, Tichopad, Ales, Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera, Tillawi, Tala, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Toriola, Adetunji T, Torre, Anna E, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Jasmine T, Tran, Nghia Minh, Trico, Domenico, Tromans, Samuel Joseph, Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom, Tsermpini, Evangelia Eirini, Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya, Tung, Kang, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Uddin, Sayed Mohammad Nazim, Udoakang, Aniefiok John, Udoh, Arit, Ullah, Atta, Ullah, Irfan, Ullah, Saeed, Ullah, Sana, Umakanthan, Srikanth, Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Unsworth, Carolyn Anne, Upadhyay, Era, Urso, Daniele, Usman, Jibrin Sammani, Vahabi, Seyed Mohammad, Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Van de Velde, Sarah M, Van den Eynde, Jef, Varga, Orsolya, Vart, Priya, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasic, Milena, Vaziri, Siavash, Vellingiri, Balachandar, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verghese, Nicholas Alexander, Verma, Madhur, Veroux, Massimiliano, Verras, Georgios-Ioannis, Vervoort, Dominique, Villafañe, Jorge Hugo, Villanueva, Gabriela Ines, Vinayak, Manish, Violante, Francesco S, Viskadourou, Maria, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vongpradith, Avina, Vos, Theo, Vujcic, Isidora S, Vukovic, Rade, Wafa, Hatem A, Waheed, Yasir, Wamai, Richard G, Wang, Cong, Wang, Ning, Wang, Shu, Wang, Song, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Waqas, Muhammad, Ward, Paul, Wassie, Emebet Gashaw, Watson, Stefanie, Watson, Stephanie Louise Watson, Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan, Wei, Melissa Y, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Westerman, Ronny, Whisnant, Joanna L, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wilandika, Angga, Wilkerson, Caroline, Willeit, Peter, Wilson, Shadrach, Wojewodzic, Marcin W, Woldegebreal, Demewoz H, Wolf, Axel Walter, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wondimagegene, Yohannes Addisu, Wong, Yen Jun, Wongsin, Utoomporn, Wu, Ai-Min, Wu, Chenkai, Wu, Felicia, Wu, Xinsheng, Wu, Zenghong, Xia, Juan, Xiao, Hong, Xie, Yang, Xu, Suowen, Xu, Wang-Dong, Xu, Xiaoyue, Xu, Yvonne Yiru, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Danting, Yang, Lin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yao, Yao, Yaribeygi, Habib, Ye, Pengpeng, Yehualashet, Sisay Shewasinad, Yesiltepe, Metin, Yesuf, Subah Abderehim, Yezli, Saber, Yi, Siyan, Yigezu, Amanuel, Yiğit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yip, Paul, Yismaw, Malede Berihun, Yismaw, Yazachew, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, You, Yuyi, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Yong, Yuh, Faith H, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zadnik, Vesna, Zafari, Nima, Zakham, Fathiah, Zaki, Nazar, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamora, Nelson, Zand, Ramin, Zangiabadian, Moein, Zar, Heather J, Zare, Iman, Zarrintan, Armin, Zeariya, Mohammed G M, Zeinali, Zahra, Zhang, Haijun, Zhang, Jianrong, Zhang, Jingya, Zhang, Liqun, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Hanqing, Zhong, Chenwen, Zhou, Juexiao, Zhu, Bin, Zhu, Lei, Ziafati, Makan, Zielińska, Magdalena, Zitoun, Osama A, Zoladl, Mohammad, Zou, Zhiyong, Zuhlke, Liesl J, Zumla, Alimuddin, Zweck, Elric, Zyoud, Samer H, Wool, Eve E, and Murray, Christopher J L
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- 2024
23. Cannabis use and the risk of anxiety and depression in women: A comparison of three Swedish cohorts
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Rabiee, Rynaz, Lundin, Andreas, Agardh, Emilie, Hensing, Gunnel, Allebeck, Peter, and Danielsson, Anna-Karin
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- 2020
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24. Cannabis use, subsequent other illicit drug use and drug use disorders: A 16-year follow-up study among Swedish adults
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Rabiee, Rynaz, Lundin, Andreas, Agardh, Emilie, Forsell, Yvonne, Allebeck, Peter, and Danielsson, Anna-Karin
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- 2020
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25. Thank you to reviewers
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Allebeck, Peter, primary, Delnoij, Diana, additional, Ádány, Róza, additional, Boccia, Stefania, additional, and Leyland, Alastair, additional
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
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Collaborators, GBD 2015 Risk Factors, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T, Anderson, H Ross, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Cohen, Aaron J, Dandona, Lalit, Estep, Kara, Ferrari, Alize J, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Godwin, William W, Griswold, Max, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neal, Bruce, Reitsma, Marissa B, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sur, Patrick J, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore KM, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, and Azzopardi, Peter
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Prevention ,Pediatric ,Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,Aetiology ,Generic health relevance ,Good Health and Well Being ,Africa South of the Sahara ,Africa ,Northern ,Air Pollution ,Indoor ,Alcohol Drinking ,Biomarkers ,Blood Glucose ,Body Mass Index ,Cholesterol ,Cost of Illness ,Disabled Persons ,Environmental Exposure ,Global Health ,Humans ,Hypertension ,Life Expectancy ,Malnutrition ,Middle East ,Occupational Exposure ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Risk Assessment ,Risk Factors ,Risk-Taking ,Smoking ,Sodium ,Dietary ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Unsafe Sex ,GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.MethodsWe used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI).FindingsBetween 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6-58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8-42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa.InterpretationDeclines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2016
27. Alcohol and type 2 diabetes : The role of socioeconomic, lifestyle and psychosocial factors
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AGARDH, EMILIE E., LUNDIN, ANDREAS, LAGER, ANTON, ALLEBECK, PETER, KOUPIL, ILONA, ANDREASSON, SVEN, ÖSTENSON, CLAES-GÖRAN, and DANIELSSON, ANNA-KARIN
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- 2019
28. Developmental origins of endometriosis : a Swedish cohort study
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Gao, Menghan, Allebeck, Peter, Mishra, Gita D, and Koupil, Ilona
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- 2019
29. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
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Collaborators, GBD 2013 Risk Factors, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Alexander, Lily, Anderson, H Ross, Bachman, Victoria F, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Casey, Daniel, Coates, Matthew M, Cohen, Aaron, Delwiche, Kristen, Estep, Kara, Frostad, Joseph J, Astha, KC, Kyu, Hmwe H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Ng, Marie, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Thomas, Bernadette A, Wagner, Joseph, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abraham, Jerry Puthenpurakal, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Aburto, Tania C, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Khabouri, Mazin J Al, Lami, Faris H Al, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Mohammed K, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Atkinson, Charles, Avila, Marco A, Awuah, Baffour, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balu, Ravi Kumar, Banerjee, Amitava, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu, Ana C, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Ruvalcaba, Carolina Batis, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, and Bennett, Derrick A
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Nutrition ,Prevention ,Clinical Research ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,Aetiology ,Good Health and Well Being ,Environmental Exposure ,Female ,Global Health ,Health Behavior ,Humans ,Male ,Metabolic Diseases ,Nutritional Status ,Occupational Diseases ,Occupational Exposure ,Risk Assessment ,Risk Factors ,Sanitation ,GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundThe Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.MethodsAttributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.FindingsAll risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.InterpretationBehavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2015
30. Life expectancy and disease burden in the Nordic countries: results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017
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Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Allebeck, Peter, Tollånes, Mette C, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, McGrath, John J., Juel, Knud, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Ärnlöv, Johan, Bjørge, Tone, Carrero, Juan J, Cederroth, Christopher R., Eggen, Anne Elise, El-Khatib, Ziad, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Gissler, Mika, Hadkhale, Kishor, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Johansson, Lars, Juliusson, Peter Benedikt, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Lallukka, Tea, Mekonnen, Teferi, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neupane, Subas, Nguyen, Truc Trung, Petzold, Max, Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer, Shiri, Rahman, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skou, Søren T, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Steiner, Timothy J, Sulo, Gerhard, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, and Øverland, Simon
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- 2019
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31. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
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Collaborators, Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Vos, Theo, Barber, Ryan M, Bell, Brad, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Biryukov, Stan, Bolliger, Ian, Charlson, Fiona, Davis, Adrian, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dicker, Daniel, Duan, Leilei, Erskine, Holly, Feigin, Valery L, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas, Graetz, Nicholas, Guinovart, Caterina, Haagsma, Juanita, Hansen, Gillian M, Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Heuton, Kyle R, Higashi, Hideki, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Kyu, Hmwe, Laurie, Evan, Liang, Xiofeng, Lofgren, Katherine, Lozano, Rafael, MacIntyre, Michael F, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Odell, Shaun, Ortblad, Katrina, Roberts, David Allen, Roth, Gregory A, Sandar, Logan, Serina, Peter T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Steiner, Caitlyn, Thomas, Bernadette, Vollset, Stein Emil, Whiteford, Harvey, Wolock, Timothy M, Ye, Pengpeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ãvila, Marco A, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Aziz, Muna I Abdel, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Aburto, Tania C, Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, Josef C, Arnlov, Johan, Agardh, Emilie E, Khabouri, Mazin J Al, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, H Ross, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Apfel, Henry, Arsenijevic, Valentain S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, and Atkins, Lydia S
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Burden of Illness ,Infectious Diseases ,Brain Disorders ,Pain Research ,Mental Health ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,Aetiology ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,Good Health and Well Being ,Acute Disease ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Age Distribution ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Chronic Disease ,Cost of Illness ,Developed Countries ,Developing Countries ,Disabled Persons ,Female ,Global Health ,Humans ,Incidence ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Neglected Diseases ,Prevalence ,Residence Characteristics ,Sex Distribution ,Wounds and Injuries ,Young Adult ,Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators ,Medical and Health Sciences ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundUp-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013.MethodsEstimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries.FindingsDisease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013.InterpretationAgeing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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- 2015
32. The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Degenhardt, Louisa, Charlson, Fiona, Ferrari, Alize, Santomauro, Damian, Erskine, Holly, Mantilla-Herrara, Ana, Whiteford, Harvey, Leung, Janni, Naghavi, Mohsen, Griswold, Max, Rehm, Jürgen, Hall, Wayne, Sartorius, Benn, Scott, James, Vollset, Stein Emil, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Haro, Josep Maria, Patton, George, Kopec, Jacek, Carvalho Malta, Deborah, Topor-Madry, Roman, McGrath, John, Haagsma, Juanita, Allebeck, Peter, Phillips, Michael, Salomon, Joshua, Hay, Simon, Foreman, Kyle, Lim, Stephen, Mokdad, Ali, Smith, Mari, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Murray, Christopher, and Vos, Theo
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- 2018
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33. Childhood IQ and mortality during 53 years’ follow-up of Swedish men and women
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Wallin, Alma Sörberg, Allebeck, Peter, Gustafsson, Jan-Eric, and Hemmingsson, Tomas
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- 2018
34. Health Care Access
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Allebeck, Peter, primary
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- 2020
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35. Health Risk (Behavior)
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Allebeck, Peter, primary
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- 2020
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36. Health Care System
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Allebeck, Peter, primary
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- 2020
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37. Health Care
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Allebeck, Peter, primary
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- 2020
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38. Cohort Differences in Obesity-Related Health Indicators among 70-Year Olds with Special Reference to Gender and Education
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Cabrera, Claudia, Wilhelmson, Katarina, Allebeck, Peter, Wedel, Hans, Steen, Bertil, and Lissner, Lauren
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- 2003
39. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Hay, Simon I, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blyth, Fiona M, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Briant, Paul S, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Casey, Daniel, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castle, Chris D, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, Honglei, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Cross, Marita, Crump, John A, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, De Leo, Diego, De Steur, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Dicker, Daniel, Djalainia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dorsey, E Ray, dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebel, Beth E, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshetie, Setegn, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Farag, Tamer, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Franklin, Richard C, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Futran, Neal D, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Geleto, Ayele, Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Ghajar, Alireza, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Goel, Kashish, Goenka, Shifalika, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Rahul, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Harvey, James, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Hendrie, Delia, Henry, Nathaniel J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Igumbor, Ehimario Uche, Ikeda, Chad, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Jassal, Simerjot K, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Kar, Chittaranjan, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lager, Anton Carl Jonas, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lambert, Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, James, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Angela, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C D, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manguerra, Helena, Manhertz, Treh, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Mapoma, Chabila C, March, Lyn M, Marczak, Laurie B, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins, Paulo Henrique Viegas, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, März, Winfried, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Muktar Sano Kedir, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Murali B V, Mokdad, Ali H, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Morrison, Shane D, Moses, Mark, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Mueller, Ulrich O, Muller, Kate, Murdoch, Michele E, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Nangia, Vinay, Nasher, Jamal T, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negasa, Dumessa Edessa, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Negoi, Ionut, Newton, Charles R, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Nyandwi, Alypio, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, O'Donnell, Martin J, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Panda, Basant Kumar, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez, Krystle Marie, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie Beth, Petri, William Arthur, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Phipps, Geoffrey, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Piradov, Michael A, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Carrie, Purwar, Manorama, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Rabiee, 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40. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibthiel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed M, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allam, Shalini D, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, 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Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Saylan, Mete I, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Seid, Abdulbasit Musa, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Shen, Jiabin, Shetty, Balakrishna P, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shifa, Girma Temam, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skarbek, Katarzyna A Kissimova, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sligar, Amber, Smith, David L, Sobaih, Badr H A, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Stöckl, Heidi, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strong, Mark, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Tadese, Fentaw, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tarajia, Musharaf, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Cheru Leshargie, Tesssema, Belay, Theis, Andrew, Thomas, Nihal, Thompson, Alex H, Thomson, Alan J, Thrift, Amanda G, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tortajada, Miguel, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Trujillo, Ulises, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, van Boven, Job F M, Varakin, Yuri Y, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Velasquez, Ilais Moreno, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Violante, Francesco S, Vishnu, Abhishek, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Waid, Jillian L, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Xueying, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
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41. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Fullman, Nancy, Barber, Ryan M, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Bikbov, Boris, Bilal, Arebu I, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blosser, Christopher D, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Brauer, Michael, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brugha, Traolach S, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chew, Adrienne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Cyrus, Criqui, Michael H, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Crump, John A, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, de Courten, Barbora, De Steur, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Deribe, Kebede, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Donkelaar, Aaron van, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebel, Beth E, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Frank, Tahvi, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph J, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Geleto, Ayele, Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Gething, Peter W, Gibney, Katherine B, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gillum, Richard F, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glenn, Scott D, Godwin, William W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goryakin, Yevgeniy, Griswold, Max, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hawley, Caitlin, Hay, Simon I, He, Jiawei, Hendrie, Delia, Henry, Nathaniel J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Holmberg, Mollie, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Huang, John J, Huang, Hsiang, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Inoue, Manami, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Jauregui, Alejandra, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kelbore, Sefonias Getachew, Kemmer, Laura, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Jun Y, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A, Kivimaki, Mika, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar Lal, Dharmesh, Kutz, Michael J, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Lazarus, Jeffrey Victor, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Lodha, Rakesh, Looker, Katharine J, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C D, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Mackay, Mark T, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manguerra, Helena, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marks, Guy B, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, Mehata, Suresh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mensah, George A, Mensink, Gert B M, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Murali B V, Mokdad, Ali H, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morrison, Shane D, Moses, Mark W, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mueller, Ulrich O, Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Nangia, Vinay, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Negoi, Ionut, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nomura, Marika, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Patton, George C, Paulson, Katherine, Pereira, David M, Perico, David Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Piradov, Michael A, Pishgar, Farhad, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja C, Rawaf, Salman, Reidy, Patrick, Reiner, Robert C, Reinig, Nikolas, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rios Blancas, Maria Jesus, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Roba, Kedir Teji, Rojas-Rueda, David, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Rubagotti, Enrico, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Salama, Joseph, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Saylan, Mete I, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schneider, Matthew T, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shields, Chloe, Shifa, Girma Temam, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shirude, Shreya, Shishani, Kawkab, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Sligar, Amber, Smith, David L, Smith, Alison, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strub, Bryan, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylte, Dillon O, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Tandon, Nikhil, Tao, Tianchan, Tarekegn, Yihunie L, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, JS, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thrift, Amanda G, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job F M, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zavala-Arciniega, Luis, Zhang, Xueying, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lim, Stephen S, and Murray, Christopher J L
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42. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Vos, Theo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu Abdullahi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Andersen, Hjalte H, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokphako, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Bob, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Boneya, Dube Jara, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brazinova, Alexandra, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Car, Mate, Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Casey, Daniel C, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castle, Chris D, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Honglei, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Cyrus, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Criqui, Michael H, Crump, John A, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, de Courten, Barbora, De Leo, Diego De, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet Kaur, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dorsey, E Ray, dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Ellerstrand, Jerisha, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya, 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- 2017
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43. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Gakidou, Emmanuela, Afshin, Ashkan, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansari, Hossein, Antó, Josep M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arian, Nicholas, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, 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Legesse, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katherine J, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manguerra, Helena, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Mapoma, Chabila C, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Mathur, Manu Raj, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, Mehata, Suresh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mensah, George A, Mensink, Gert B M, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Murali B V, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morrison, Shane D, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin C, Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Negoi, Ionut, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nomura, Marika, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Piradov, Michael A, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Carrie, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rawaf, Salman, Rehm, Colin D, Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam, Rezaei, Satar, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Rivera, Juan A, Roba, Kedir Teji, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rushton, Lesley, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shields, Chloe, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shishani, Kawkab, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Smith, David L, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanner, Marcel, Tarekegn, Yihunie L, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesssema, Belay, Thakur, JS, Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Theis, Andrew M, Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomson, Alan J, Thrift, Amanda G, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Tollanes, Mette C, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job F M, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, Lennert J, Venkateswaran, Vidhya, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zavala-Arciniega, Luis, Zhang, Xueying, Zimsen, Stephanie Raman M, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lim, Stephen S, and Murray, Christopher J L
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44. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
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Naghavi, Mohsen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert R A, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Charlson, Fiona J, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Cyrus, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dey, Subhojit, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Doku, David Teye, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Enayati, Ahmadali, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Finegold, Samuel, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Frank, Tahvi, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremichael, Delelegn Yilma, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Gillum, Richard F, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra L, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gouda, Hebe N, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Griswold, Max, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Parkash C, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, He, Fei, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Henry, Nathaniel J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, André, Karimi, Seyed M, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kieling, Christian, Kievlan, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lambert, Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Li Kappe, Darya, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Angela, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C D, Ma, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manguerra, Helena, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marczak, Laurie B, Markos, Desalegn, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohamed, Ibrahim Abdelmageem, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez, Julio C, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morozoff, Chloe, Morrison, Shane D, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Nasher, Jamal T, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ionut, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pereira, David M, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J, Pourmalek, Farshad, Purcell, Caroline, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Puja C, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Ruhago, George Mugambage, SA, Rizwan, Saadat, Soheil, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirude, Shreya, Shiue, Ivy, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Abhishek, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sligar, Amber, Smith, David L, Smith, Alison, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strong, Mark, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J S, Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Katie E, Thompson, Alex H, Thomson, Alan J, Thrift, Amanda G, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, van Boven, Job F M, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whetter, Brian, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Xueying, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
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45. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
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Barber, Ryan M, Fullman, Nancy, Sorensen, Reed J D, Bollyky, Thomas, McKee, Martin, Nolte, Ellen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abreha, Girmatsion Fisseha, Adane, Kelemework, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Agarwal, Sunilkumar, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alexander, Lily, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amo-Adjei, Joshu, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anderson, Benjamin O, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Astatkie, Ayalew, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atique, Suleman, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayele, Nebiyu Negussu, Azzopardi, Peter, Saleem, Huda Omer Ba, Bärnighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Baye, Kaleab, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Bose, Dipan, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Butt, Zahid A, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cecilio, Pedro, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Chew, Adrienne, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coggeshall, Megan S, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, De Leo, Diego, Del Gobbo, Liana C, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Enayati, Ahmadali, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fürst, Thomas, Faghmous, Imad D A, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, João C, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Franklin, Richard C, Frostad, Joseph, G/hiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gao, Wayne, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremichael, Mengistu Welday, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelaye, Amha Admasie, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gibney, Katherine B, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nicholas, Greaves, Felix, Griswold, Max, Guban, Peter Imre, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hakuzimana, Alex, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Hay, Simon I, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huntley, Bethany M, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Innos, Kaire, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, James, Spencer Lewis, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine, Johnson, Sarah C, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kerbo, Amene Abebe, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolk, Anneli, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Krohn, Kristopher J, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kumsa, Fekede Asefa, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lager, Anton Carl Jonas, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lorch, Scott A, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Marks, Guy B, Marquez, Neal, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Massano, João, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, McNellan, Claire, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengiste, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Mills, Edward J, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohanty, Sanjay K, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moses, Mark, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagata, Chie, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Negoi, Ionut, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Grant, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Osman, Majdi, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda W, Pakhale, Smita, Castillo, Elizabeth Palomares, Pana, Adrian, Papachristou, Christina, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paul, Vinod K, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Prakash, V, Purwar, Manorama, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quistberg, D Alex, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja C, Rawaf, Salman, Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago, Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nawal K, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Seid, Abdulbasit Musa, Seifu, Canaan Negash, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Shamsipour, Mansour, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sibamo, Ephrem Lejore Sibamo, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Sinke, Abiy Hiruye, Sinshaw, Aklilu Endalamaw, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Alison, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Moraes, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sun, Jiandong, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarajia, Musharaf, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Teeple, Stephanie, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thakur, JS, Thomson, Alan J, Tillmann, Taavi, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada, Miguel, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tura, Abera Kenay, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job F M, Van Dingenen, Rita, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wakayo, Tolassa, Waller, Stephen G, Walson, Judd L, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Watkins, David A, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Wen, Chi-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos, Zapata, Tomas, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
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- 2017
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46. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
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Reitsma, Marissa B, Fullman, Nancy, Ng, Marie, Salama, Joseph S, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Aleman, Alicia V, Ali, Raghib, Al Alkerwi, Ala'a, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa Mohammad, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Asayesh, Hamid, Atnafu, Niguse Tadela, Azzopardi, Peter, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu, Ana Cristina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Bell, Brent, Bello, Aminu K, Bensenor, Isabela M, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Biryukov, Stan, Bolt, Kaylin, Brenner, Hermann, Butt, Zahid, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Chen, Honglei, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Cornaby, Leslie, Dai, Xiaochen, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dansereau, Emily, Davletov, Kairat, Dayama, Anand, Degfie, Tizta Tilahun, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dimtsu, Balem Demtsu, Doyle, Kerrie E, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fischer, Florian, Friedman, Joseph, G/hiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gall, Seana L, Gao, Wayne, Gillum, Richard F, Gold, Audra L, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hankey, Graeme, Harb, Hilda L, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Husseini, Abdullatif, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Islami, Farhad, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kasaeian, Amir, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef S, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Krohn, Kristopher J, Krueger, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G Anil, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Alexander, Leinsalu, Mall, Li, Tong, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick, Liu, Shiwei, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Lopez, Alan D, Ma, Stefan, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Mekonnen, Alemayehu Berhane, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Morawska, Lidia, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nagel, Gabriele, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Nguyen, Quyen, Nguyen, Grant, Oh, In-Hwan, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, PA, Mahesh, Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Patil, Snehal T, Patton, George C, Pedro, Joao, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Refaat, Amany H, Reinig, Nickolas, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rodriguez, Alina, Roman, Yesenia, Roth, Gregory, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Salomon, Joshua A, Sanabria, Juan, de Souza Santos, Itamar, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Sawyer, Susan, Saylan, Mete, Schaub, Michael P, Schluger, Neil, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Shaikh, Masood Ali, She, Jun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Singh, Jasvinder, Singh, Virendra, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Stranges, Saverio, Subart, Michelle L, Swaminathan, Soumya, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tymeson, Hayley, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Violante, Francesco Saverio, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Wen, Chi-Pan, Werdecker, Andrea, Wilson, Shelley, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Lin, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Penpeng, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zipkin, Ben, Murray, Christopher J L, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, and Gakidou, Emmanuela
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- 2017
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47. Educational level and the risk of mental disorders, substance use disorders and self‐harm in different age‐groups: A cohort study covering 1,6 million subjects in the Stockholm region.
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Li, Baojing, Allebeck, Peter, Burstöm, Bo, Danielsson, Anna‐Karin, Degenhardt, Louisa, Eikemo, Terje A., Ferrari, Alize, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Lundin, Andreas, Manhica, Hélio, Newton, John, Whiteford, Harvey, Flodin, Pär, Sjöqvist, Hugo, and Agardh, Emilie E.
- Subjects
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MENTAL illness , *SUBSTANCE-induced disorders , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *BULIMIA , *EDUCATIONAL attainment , *PROPORTIONAL hazards models - Abstract
Objective: To investigate the associations between low education and risk of mental disorders, substance use disorders and self‐harm in different age‐groups. Methods: All subjects in Stockholm born between 1931 and 1990 were linked to their own or their parent's highest education in 2000 and followed‐up for these disorders in health care registers 2001–2016. Subjects were stratified into four age‐groups: 10–18, 19–27, 28–50, and 51–70 years. Hazard Ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were estimated with Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Low education increased the risk of substance use disorders and self‐harm in all age‐groups. Males aged 10–18 with low education had increased risks of ADHD and conduct disorders, and females a decreased risk of anorexia, bulimia and autism. Those aged 19–27 years had increased risks of anxiety and depression, and those aged 28–50 had increased risks of all mental disorders except anorexia and bulimia in males with Hazard Ratios ranging from 1.2 (95% CIs 1.0–1.3) for bipolar disorder to 5.4 (95% CIs 5.1–5.7) for drug use disorder. Females aged 51–70 years had increased risks of schizophrenia and autism. Conclusion: Low education is associated with risk of most mental disorders, substance use disorders and self‐harm in all age‐groups, but especially among those aged 28–50 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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48. Does a history of cannabis use influence onset and course of schizophrenia?
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Allebeck, Peter, primary, Gunnarsson, Tove, additional, Lundin, Andreas, additional, Löfving, Sofia, additional, Dal, Henrik, additional, and Zammit, Stanley, additional
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- 2023
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49. Supplemental Table 1 from Cannabis Use and Incidence of Testicular Cancer: A 42-Year Follow-up of Swedish Men between 1970 and 2011
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Callaghan, Russell C., primary, Allebeck, Peter, primary, Akre, Olof, primary, McGlynn, Katherine A., primary, and Sidorchuk, Anna, primary
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- 2023
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50. Supplementary Figure 1 from Subtype-Specific Risk of Testicular Tumors among Immigrants and Their Descendants in Sweden, 1960 to 2007
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Beiki, Omid, primary, Granath, Fredrik, primary, Allebeck, Peter, primary, Akre, Olof, primary, and Moradi, Tahereh, primary
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- 2023
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