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Golden trumpet (Allamanda cathartica) plants were observed to exhibit mottling and distortion symptoms on leaves. The genome of an associated begomovirus (Al-K1) was amplified by rolling-circle amplification, cloned, and sequenced. The viral genome consisted of two circular ssDNA molecules, and the organization of the ORFs was similar to those of DNA-A and DNA-B components of bipartite begomoviruses. The size of DNA-A (KC202818) and DNA-B (MG969497) of the begomovirus was 2772 and 2690 nucleotides, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that the DNA-A and DNA-B components shared the highest sequence identity with duranta leaf curl virus (MN537564, 87.8%) and cotton leaf curl Alabad virus (MH760452, 81.0%), respectively. Interestingly, the Al-K1 isolate shared significantly less nucleotide sequence identity with allamanda leaf curl virus (EF602306, 71.6%), the only monopartite begomovirus reported previously in golden trumpet from China. Al-K1 shared less than 91% sequence identity with other begomoviruses, and hence, according to the latest ICTV guidelines for species demarcation of begomoviruses, Al-K1 is proposed to be a member of a new species, and we propose the name "allamanda leaf mottle distortion virus" (AllLMoDV-[IN-Al_K1-12]) for this virus. AllLMoDV was detected in various golden trumpet samples from different locations by PCR with specific primers based on the genome sequence determined in this study. Our study provides evidence of the occurrence of a new bipartite begomovirus in a perennial ornamental plant in India.

Allamanda puberula is a native species of the Caatinga biome with ornamental and landscaping potential. However, its potential is little explored due to the lack of information about the biology of its seeds and propagation. In this context, a study was carried out in order to characterize the seeds and their potential to produce seedlings in different containers. The experiments were divided into two phases. The first consisted in the characterization of fruits and seeds by evaluating the number of seeds per fruit, their dimensions (length and width), the weight of a thousand seeds, the number of seeds kg-¹, the degree of moisture, germination and emergence. The second phase consisted in the production of seedlings in a nursery, evaluating the growth over the days after sowing (DAS) (15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS) and the effect of the type of container (trays and tubes) for the formation of the seedlings. The species A. puberula has small seeds and a significant number of seeds per fruit. Apparently, there is no physical impediment or type of dormancy that impairs the germination process of the seeds. Seedlings grown in tubes were better in terms of growth and allocation of biomass. However, the indication of the best cultivation container for A. puberula propagated via seeds will depend on the implantation project and the specific characteristics of the field. The characterization of A. puberula seeds showed satisfactory physiological potential for germination and complete seedling formation in the nursery, enabling success in obtaining seedlings through seminiferous propagation. Resumo Allamanda puberula é uma espécie nativa do bioma Caatinga com potencial ornamental e paisagístico. No entanto, seu potencial é pouco explorado devido à falta de informações sobre a biologia de suas sementes e propagação. Neste contexto, foi realizado um estudo de caracterização das sementes e seu potencial para produção de mudas em diferentes recipientes. Os experimentos foram divididos em duas fases. A primeira consistiu na caracterização dos frutos e sementes, por meio da avaliação do número de sementes por frutos, suas dimensões (comprimento e largura), peso de mil sementes, número de sementes kg-¹, grau de umidade, germinação e emergência. A segunda fase consistiu da produção das mudas em viveiro avaliando o crescimento ao longo dos dias após a semeadura (DAS) (15, 30, 45 e 60 DAS) e o efeito do tipo de recipiente (bandejas e tubetes) para a formação das mudas. A espécie A. puberula possui sementes pequenas e um significativo número de sementes por fruto. Aparentemente não há nenhum impedimento físico ou tipo de dormência que prejudique o processo germinativo das sementes. As mudas cultivadas em tubetes foram melhores em termos de crescimento e alocação de biomassa. Porém, a indicação do melhor recipiente de cultivo de A. puberula propagadas via sementes dependerá do projeto de implantação e das caracterísitcas específicas do campo. A caracterização de sementes de A. puberula demostrou potencial fisiológico satisfatório para à germinação e formação completa de plântulas em viveiro, possibilitando o sucesso na obtenção de mudas por meio da propagação seminífera.

This study presents ethanol's fabrication by fermenting the golden trumpet flower (Allamanda schottii L) with the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The changes in different parameters during fermentation were studied and optimized while producing the ethanol and the end product was subjected to emission test study by blending petrol and ethanol. The Allamanda floral substrate contains 65% polysaccharides. The strain S. cerevisiae was obtained in the form of baker’s yeast from a domestic shop. For 100 ml of slurry, the highest bioethanol yield recorded was about 18.75 ml via optimization of different culture conditions, including a 1:8 ratio for slurry preparation, maintained under 35 ⁰C, 5.5 pH, 72 h. old inoculum with a quantity of 3.75 g 100 ml−1, fermented for120 h. The highest yield of bioethanol was acquired under the addition of urea. This technique & design is capable of industrial-scale fabrication of bioethanol by using A. schottii floral substrates. This research was conducted to fabricate ethanol by fermentation (A. schottii L) floral substrate with S. cerevisiae. The optimum physiochemical parameters required to obtain the highest yield of bioethanol from A. schottii flower by fermentation was studied. The immobilization strategy with a cheap agricultural substrate and magnetic nanoparticles were also studied. The engine performance and emission studies were done with different blends of petrol and bio-ethanol.

Rice is the most staple cereal crop of Bangladesh and rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae oryzae (MoO) has become a major factor limiting rice yield in Bangladesh and throughout the world. Eight botanicals extracted both in water and ethanol namely Kalijira (Nigella sativa), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Ginger (Zingiber officinalis), Garlic (Allium sativum), Onion (Allium cepa), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica) and Aloevera (Aloe vera) were tested against MoO in vitro in the Mycology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. All the botanicals significantly reduced radial growth of the tested pathogen. Maximum mycelia growth inhibition of MoO was achieved with water extract of turmeric (1:1 w/v) and ethanol extracts of neem (1:4 w/v) with 86.57% and 92.62% mycelia growth inhibition at 14 DAI, respectively.

In the present work, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) were fabricated using fabricated TiO2 photoanodes and natural dyes (Allamanda Blanchetti (AB) and Allamanda Cathartica (AC)) as the sensitizers. Initially, TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by sol–gel technique and a thin film of TiO2 was formed on the FTO substrate by Doctor Blade technique. Then, they were annealed at 400, 500, and 600 °C to act as the photoanode. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the prepared samples have tetragonal crystal structure with anatase and rutile phase. The average crystallite size was found to be 10–17 nm when the annealing temperature (TA) was increased from 400 to 600 °C. From UV–DRS analysis, the percentage of reflectance was found to starts at 315 nm. The bandgap analysis shows the transitions were indirect allowed and the bandgap value decreases from 3.6 to 2.8 eV when the TA increases from 400 to 600 °C. From the optical absorption spectra, the absorption of dye and dye-sensitized TiO2 was found to be in the visible region. From PL analysis, the emission peak intensity of Ti4+ was increasing with decrease in oxygen (O2−) vacancies with TA increases from 400 to 600 °C was noted. FESEM analysis shows the synthesized particles were spherical and from EDS the presence of Ti and O was confirmed. From FTIR analysis, the functional groups presented in the prepared extracts were confirmed. The Efficiency of DSSC was found to be 1.16 and 0.30% for AB sensitized TiO2 (400 °C) and AC sensitized TiO2 (400 °C) as photoanodes. From Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic (EIS) analysis, DSSC with AB + TiO2 shows low charge transfer resistance compared with AC + TiO2.

Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity from six Indonesian ornamental plants have been studied. Those plants are Yellow Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.), Bigleaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.), Crystal Anthurium (Anthurium crystallinum Linden & André), Kapok Bush (Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume), Siamese Calypha (Acalypha siamensis Oliv. Ex Gage), and Wishbone Flower/Bluewings (Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn). Extraction was carried out by maceration using ethanol as the extracting solvent. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was measured using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method. Based on the results obtained, Bigleaf Hydrangea has the highest yield and total phenolic content about 15.45% and 13.86 mg gallic acid/g dry powder respectively. Siamese Acalypha leaves have the highest antioxidant activity for all methods used namely DPPH, reducing power, and CUPRAC with a value of 180.45; 202,17; and 589.90 µmol trolox/g dry powder, respectively. This indicates that antioxidant activity is not only derived from phenolic compounds because Siamese Acalypha leaves which have lower total phenolic levels than Bigleaf Hydrangea leaves provide higher antioxidant capacity.

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused mainly by the pathogenic yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. The infection initiates with the inhalation of propagules that are then deposited in the lungs. If not properly treated, cryptococci cells can disseminate and reach the central nervous system. The current recommended treatment for cryptococcosis employs a three-stage regimen, with the administration of amphotericin B, flucytosine and fluconazole. Although effective, these drugs are often unavailable worldwide, can lead to resistance development, and may display toxic effects on the patients. Thus, new drugs for cryptococcosis treatment are needed. Recently, an iridoid named plumieridine was found in Allamanda polyantha seed extract; it exhibited antifungal activity against C. neoformans with a MIC of 250 μg/mL. To address the mode of action of plumieridine, several in silico and in vitro experiments were performed. Through a ligand-based a virtual screening approach, chitinases were identified as potential targets. Confirmatory in vitro assays showed that C. neoformans cell-free supernatant incubated with plumieridine displayed reduced chitinase activity, while chitinolytic activity was not inhibited in the insoluble cell fraction. Additionally, confocal microscopy revealed changes in the distribution of chitooligomers in the cryptococcal cell wall, from a polarized to a diffuse cell pattern state. Remarkably, further assays have shown that plumieridine can also inhibit the chitinolytic activity from the supernatant and cell-free extracts of bacteria, insect and mouse-derived macrophage cells (J774.A1). Together, our results suggest that plumieridine can be a broad-spectrum chitinase inhibitor.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of seed-borne fungal pathogens of jute and their control with plant extract. The experiment was carried out in seed pathology centre, Bangladesh Agricultural University to obtain relevant information about the health of jute seeds and find out the efficacy of extracts as seed-treater. Two varieties viz., Deshipat (Corchorus capsularis) and Tossapat (Corchorus olitorius) were selected for this study and jute seeds were collected from two different locations of Bangladesh. The major predominant identified fungi were Colletotrichum corchori, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium spp., and Botryodiplodia theobromae. Least seed-borne fungi were found in the variety of Tossapat. Low germination of seeds was found related to high prevalence of seed-borne fungal infections. Highest seed-borne infection was obtained in the variety of Deshipat. In this study, we evaluated some major plant extracts such as garlic clove (Allium sativum), neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), allamanda leaves (Allamanda cathartica L.) and marigold leaves (Tagetes spp.) for observing the action of these plant extracts on seed borne fungi of Jute. The study revealed that the extract of Garlic (Allium sativum), and Biskatali (Polygonum hydropiper) increased the germination of seeds and garlic (Allium sativum) extract was also found to be most effective in controlling the seed-borne infection among all the treatments. Although the inhibiting capacity of the extracts of Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.) and Biskatali (Polygonum hydropiper) was found to be similar and Biskatali extract was found to have the second position among all the treated plant extracts in inhibiting the growth of isolated fungal pathogens.

This study report the first record of Allamanda blanchetii Kunth in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. This species was collected from an upland forest in Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest. This occurrence adds new information about the distribution of this species and expands its range to Brazil, which is important for its conservation. We provide taxonomic information, distribution maps, conservation status assessment, photograps, and an identification key for the Allamanda L. species in the Atlantic Forest. Este estudo documenta o primeiro registro de Allamanda blanchetii Kunth para a Mata Atlântica, Brasil. Esta espécie foi coletada em Floresta Semidecídua Sazonal em brejos de altitudes. Esta ocorrência adiciona novas informações sobre a distribuição desta espécie e expande sua área de extensão que é importante para a sua conservação. Nós fornecemos informações taxonômicas, mapa de distribuição, avaliação do estatus de conservação, fotografias, e uma chave de identificação para as espécies de Allamanda L. para a Mata Atlântica.

O látex vegetal é excretado pelo sistema de defesa da planta, em resposta a estresses. Em certos casos, o látex pode apresentar toxicidade, mas sua utilização é viável, pois seus componentes podem possuir atividades biológicas variadas, como: antibacteriana; antitumoral; antioxidante; antifúngica, anti-inflamatório; larvicida, dentre outras. Diferentes famílias botânicas produzem látex, uma das principais e mais abrangente é a Apocynaceae. Diante dessa abrangência, torna-se necessário a realização de estudos sobre a aplicabilidade do látex. Deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo promover a busca por trabalhos científicos que descrevessem sobre o uso do látex das espécies: Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton; Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br; Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer; Hancornia speciosa Gomes; Himatanthus drasticus Mart.; Allamanda blanchetti A. DC. por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica. Os trabalhos científicos foram selecionados sob critérios de exclusão e inclusão, nas bases de dados: “Periódicos CAPES”, “Science Direct”, “Scielo”, “PubMed”,”Google Scholar” e “SciFinder” sob um intervalo de tempo de 37 anos (1984-2021), sendo utilizados trabalhos nos idiomas: inglês e português. Os resultados apontam que o látex das espécies, podem atuar como: antimicrobiano, anti-helmíntico, antitumoral, anticâncer, anti-inflamatório, quimioterapêutico, larvicida, inseticida, dentre outras atividades. Conclui-se que, o látex vegetal é uma fonte promissora para a síntese de fármacos, repelentes, cosméticos, e pode estimular pesquisas que visem a extração consciente de recursos naturais.

Seed health test was done in laboratory to determine the status of seed borne fungi on seeds of five tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) varieties viz. Manik, Ratan, Roma VF, Kopotakkho and Monirumpuri and their possible control by using plant extracts. A total of 4 genera of 3 species of fungi were recorded where Fusarium oxysporum was the most prevalent and predominant seed borne fungus (25.60%). Other three fungal species are Aspergillus sp. of Aspergillus flavus (21.70%) and Aspergillus niger (11.11%) and Cladosporium sp. (13.49%). Tomato seeds were treated with different plant leaf extracts namely Mahogany, Mehendi and Allamanda with different doses viz. 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 to control the seed borne fungi. In treated seeds, germination was ranged from 72-82% which was 68% in controlled condition. Among the doses of three botanicals, Mahogany, Mehendi and Allamonda extract @ (1:1 w/v) showed significant performance in controlling seed borne fungi and germination of tomato seeds. Among the three botanicals, Mahogany @ (1:1 w/v) was found the best treatment regarding percent reduction of seed borne infection.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(3): 403-410, December 2016

Five treatments viz. BAU-Biofungicide (Trichoderma spp.) as side dressing and seed coating, nematicide (Carbofuran 10G) and allamanda leaf extract as side dressing along with a control were tested against root-knot of Indian spinach caused by Meloidogyne incognita. The findings of the study revealed that the number of galls and the number of egg masses in the roots were significantly reduced by the application of all the treatments over control. However, chemical carbofuran 10G gave superior result as it had increased shoot and root length, fresh weight of shoot and root as well as number of leaf per plant correspondingly with the lowest galling incidence and egg mass development in Indian Spinach. The interaction effects of the treatments and the varieties, the BARI Indian Spinach 1 as side dressing with carbofuran (V1T3) gave the highest performances on the plant growth characters and reduction of galls and egg masses development by 95.65% and 96.33% over control as compared to the local variety (69.55% and 64.31%). Whereas, BAU-biofungicide (V1T2) also showed considerable effect to increase the plant growth parameters in correspondence with the reducing of gall incidence and egg masses by 79.74% and 77.78% over control in BARI Indian Spinach 1 as compared to the local variety (67.83% and 49.95%).

Medinilla magnifica Lindl., Mandevilla splendens (Hook.) Woodson, the hybrid Mandevilla × amoena ‘Alice du Pont’ (pink allamanda), and various species of Allamanda, such as A. cathartica L. and A. blanchetii A. DC. (purple allamanda), are grown in Sicily as ornamentals. After a frost in early December 2001, a sudden wilt of container-grown cuttings of these tropical species was observed in a plastic-covered production greenhouse, with ≈30% of M. magnifica plants and 70% of Mandevilla and Allamanda plants affected. Medinilla plants (≈35 cm high) had been rooted in trays and transplanted individually in 30-cm-diameter pots. Allamanda (recently rooted cuttings) and Mandevilla (well-established) plants showed symptoms ranging from a dark brown rot at the base of stems to a tan-to-brown rot of stem midsection, respectively. Tissues surrounding lesions were water-soaked and covered by gray mycelium. On Allamanda and Mandevilla plants, lesions extended rapidly to lateral branches, and to the petiole and midrib of leaves that became chlorotic and wilted. As stems were girdled, infected plants collapsed, although the roots appeared healthy. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. was consistently isolated from infected stem pieces surface-disinfested with 1% NaOCl for 1 min and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA, Oxoid). Morphology and size (6 to 8 × 8 to 12 μm, modal values 7 × 10 μm) of conidia produced on PDA matched those reported for B. cinerea (1). Dark, spherical, and irregularly shaped sclerotia (1 to 6 mm diameter, mean size 3.3 × 2.3 mm) were produced on PDA. Pathogenicity of a single-conidium isolate isolated from M. magnifica was confirmed using two inoculation methods. Twenty 3-month-old cuttings of M. magnifica and pink and purple allamanda were sprayed with a conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml in a 2% glucose solution). A 2% glucose solution was sprayed on 20 control plants. Plants were sealed in transparent plastic bags for 7 days at 15 to 24°C. Typical symptoms developed only on stems of inoculated pink and purple allamanda cuttings 7 days after inoculation. B. cinerea was reisolated from affected tissues. In a separate test, stems of 10 6-month-old plants of M. magnifica and pink allamanda were inoculated by inserting a 3-mm plug taken from 10-day-old sporulating colonies growing on PDA on a superficial cut made with a sterile scalpel. The inoculated wounds were sealed with Parafilm. Ten wounded but noninoculated plants were used as controls. Plants were kept in high humidity at 10 to 20°C. After 10 days, stem necrosis, leaf chlorosis, and wilt were observed on inoculated pink allamanda plants. On inoculated M. magnifica plants, necrotic lesions were observed on stems (45 to 70 mm long and 10 to 18 mm wide) covered by gray mycelium, but the stem was not girdled. B. cinerea was reisolated from infected tissues of inoculated plants to complete Koch's postulates. No lesions developed on noninoculated control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report from Italy of Botrytis blight on these species. The occurrence of frost may have predisposed these tropical species to infection by B. cinerea. Reference: (1) M. B. Ellis and J. M. Waller. No 431 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1974.

In this work, we explore the current knowledge about the phytochemistry and in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the extracts and, where appropriate, the main active components characterized and isolated from the Allamanda cathartica. Of the 15 Allamanda species, most phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies have focused on A. cathartica. These plants are used for the treatment of various health disorders. Numerous phytochemical investigations of plants from the A. cathartica have shown the presence of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, fatty acids, phospholipids, volatile compounds, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, lactones, and carbohydrates. Various studies have confirmed that extracts and active substances isolated from the A. cathartica have multiple pharmacological activities. The species A. cathartica has emerged as a source of traditional medicine used for human health. Further studies on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties and their mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy in the species of A. cathartica is recommended.

Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica L., family Apocynaceae) is native to Brazil and is a popular perennial shrub or vine ornamental in Taiwan. Plants showing severe mosaic, rugosity, and leaf distortion symptoms on leaves are common in commercial nurseries and private gardens. Examination of crude sap prepared from symptomatic leaves using an electron microscope revealed the presence of spherical virus particles with a diameter of approximately 28 nm. The virus was mechanically transmitted to indicator plants and induced symptoms similar to those incited by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The virus caused local lesions on inoculated leaves of Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor and systemic mosaic in Cucumis sativus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. glutinosa, N. rustica, and N. tabacum. On N. tabacum, necrotic ringspots developed on inoculated leaves followed by systemic mosaic. Tests of leaf sap extracted from naturally infected allamanda and inoculated indicator plants using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were positive to rabbit antiserum prepared to CMV. Viral coat protein on transblots of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reacted with CMV subgroup I specific monoclonal antibodies (2). With primers specific to the 3′-half of RNA 3 (1), amplicons of an expected size (1,115 bp) were obtained in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using total RNA extracted from infected allamanda and N. benthamiana. The amplified fragment (EMBL Accession No. AJ871492) was cloned and sequenced. It encompasses the 3′ part of the intergenic region of RNA 3 (158 nt), CP ORF (657 nt), and 3′ NTR (300 nt) showing 91.8–98.9% and 71.4–72.8% identities to those of CMV in subgroups I and II, respectively. Results of MspI-digested restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the RT-PCR fragment and the nucleotide sequence analysis indicate that the CMV isolate from allamanda belongs to subgroup IB, which is predominant on the island. To our knowledge, CMV is the only reported virus that infects allamanda and was first detected in Brazil (3), and this is the first report of CMV infection in allamanda plants occurring in Taiwan. References: (1) Y. K. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:1631, 2001. (2) H. T. Hsu et al. Phytopathology 90:615, 2000. (3) E. W. Kitajima. Acta. Hortic. 234:451, 1988.

The objective of this study is extraction and characterization to identify the chemical composition present in the leaves extract of Allamanda voilacea (Apocynaceae family) collected from Pollachi, Tamil Nadu. The extraction process is achieved by solvent extraction method using soxhlet apparatus, followed by characterization using gas-chromatography – (GC-MS) Gas-Mass spectrometry. Iso-propyl alcohol ((CH3)2-CH-OH) was used as a solvent in the extraction process. A total of 21 compounds were extracted from the leaves extract. The major compounds in the extract include Eticyclidine (23.96%), Alpha. Terpineol(17%),1,4-Methano-1H-indene, octahydro-4-methyl-8-methylene-7-(1-methylethyl)-,[1S(1.alpha.,3a.beta.,4.alpha.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.)] (10.96%), Endo-borneol (8.74%),.alpha.-ylangene (7.77%), Benzene,1-chloro-3,5-difluoro-(7.37%), 2,5-di-tert-Butylnitrobenzene (5.46%). Considering the properties of the above compounds, they can be used in perfume and drug industries.

Background: Different parts of Allamanda neriifolia (AN), Crinum latifolium (CL), and Bruguiera cylindrica (BC) are used in folk medicine to treat diarrhea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare possible antidiarrheal activity of the crude extracts from barks, stems, and roots of AL, CL, and BC in Swiss albino mice. Methods: Antidiarrheal activities of extracts were evaluated at three doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) and compared with Loperamide in a castor oil-induced diarrhea and charcoal meal test model in the Swiss albino mice. Results: The aqueous extract of CL and BC administered at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg showed 0%, 24.5%, 62.26% and 5.66%, 37.11%, and 62.26% diarrhea inhibition, respectively. This reduction in diarrheal episodes is significant, and maximum effect was observed at the dose of 400 mg/kg similarly in the alcohol extracts of both CL and BC. AN administered at the dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg showed 55.97%, 74.84% and 74.84% diarrhea inhibition, respectively. The aqueous extracts of AN, CL and BC were able to increase the percentage inhibition of the charcoal meal movement. Conclusion: The antidiarrheal effect of the AN extract, in contrast to CL and BC, against the castor oil-induced diarrhea model prove its efficacy in an extensive range of diarrheal conditions. (Int J Biomed. 2016;6(3):233-236.).

A study was conducted for assessing quality of 15 hybrid rice seed samples and management of seed borne fungal pathogens by three selected chemicals namely Bavistin (0.3%), Thiovit (0.3%) and Provax (0.3%) along with two botanicals such as: Garlic extract (Allium sativum) (1:1) and Allamanda leaf extract (Allamanda cathartica) (1:1) and a bio-control agent BAU-Biofungicide @ 3% (Trichoderma based preparation) at Seed Pathology Centre, MS Laboratory and Eco-friendly Plant Disease Management Laboratory of Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013-14. Collected seed samples were categorized by dry inspection as apparently healthy seed (35.7 to 85.7%), discolored seed (0.5 to 22.2%), spotted seed (0.7 to 8.1%), broken seed (0.4 to 44.3%), deformed seed (0 to 1.4%), insect damaged seed (0 to 4.9%), chaffy seed (0 to 1.1%), varietal mixture (0 to 7.2%) and inert matter (0 to 2.6%). In case of purity analysis, pure seed ranged from 92.86 to 100.00%, other seeds 0 to 7.14% and inert matter 0 to 2.59%. 100% pure seed was recorded in Agomoni, Jagoron, Gold, Suborno, Hira-1, Hira-2, Hira-4 and Hira-6 collected from Ispahani Agro. Ltd., BRAC, Lal Teer seed Co. Ltd. and Supreme seed Co. Ltd. Seed treatment with Allamanda leaf extract, Provax and BAU-Biofungicide increased germination, Vigor index and decreased prevalence of seed borne fungi. Among the treatments, biofungicide increased germination 54.39% in blotter method and 89.58% in tray method over control. In addition, BAU-Biofungicide increased up to 713.78% vigor index over untreated control. BAU-Biofungicide may be recommended for controlling seed borne fungal pathogens of hybrid rice in Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(2): 161-168, December 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509821090Os fungos são os principais micro-organismos associados às sementes, podendo causar danos, tanto na fase de campo, como também na pós-colheita e durante o armazenamento. Nesta última fase, a deterioração pode ocorrer pela ação específica de fungos, afetando a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. A utilização de extratos de plantas com propriedades antimicrobianas são alternativas ecológicas e promissoras para substituir a proteção promovida pela aplicação de fungicidas. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar a eficiência dos extratos de Allamanda blanchetti e Momordica charantia nas concentrações de 10, 100, 500 e 1000 ppm sobre a micoflora e germinação em sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum. As sementes foram coletadas em diferentes municípios do estado da Paraíba (Areia, Arara, Conde e Sobrado). Os lotes foram submetidos a testes de sanidade e de germinação. A avaliação da incidência de fungos foi feita a partir da visualização dos fungos através do método de papel de filtro. Utilizaram-se no teste de sanidade 100 sementes por tratamento, as quais foram imersas em 20 mL dos extratos por cinco minutos, em seguida incubadas em placas de Petri sobre dupla camada de papel de filtro. No teste de germinação utilizaram-se 200 sementes, distribuídas em papel germitest e germinadas à temperatura de 30 ± 2°C. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Constatou-se nas sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum os fungos: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium sp., Curvularia lunata, Nigrospora sp. e Cladosporium sp. Os extratos de Allamanda blanchetti e Momordica charantia nas concentrações de 500 e 1000 ppm causaram redução da frequência dos fungos. O extrato de Momordica charantia nas concentrações de 500 e 1000 ppm proporcionou o aumento na germinação e primeira contagem, além de reduzir o percentual de sementes mortas.

Effect of mehogoni, mehedi and allamanda extracts were tested to control seed borne fungi of okra seeds collected from 6 companies of notunbazar in Mymensingh district. Prevalence of seed borne fungi was studied by blotter method in the Seed Pathology Center (SPC) and MS Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. The highest germination percentage was recorded from ACI seeds (88%), while lowest (70%) in BADC seeds. Six predominant fungal genera were identified. These species were Fusarium oxysporum (5.08%), Aspergillus flavus (4.50%), Aspergillus niger (6.50%), Colletotrichum dematium (4.67%), Rhizopus stolonifer (3.33%) and Penicillium spp. (3.00%). Germination percentage and fungal association varied from company to company. The germination was ranged from 70-95% and infections were recorded 0.80-6.1% in all the treated seeds. Mehogoni extracts at the rate of 1:1 showed best performance in increasing seed germination (96.00%) next to allamanda (70%). Vigour index of okra seeds were increased 19.14% over untreated seeds by the treatment of mehogoni seed extracts at the rate of 1:1. Mehogoniseed extract at the rate of 1:1 seemed to be adoptable at the farmer?s level as an organic management practice.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 628-640

Cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus spp., is an invasive fungal infection of the central nervous system, associated with high mortality, affecting mainly immunocompromised patients. Due to the development of resistance to the current therapy, there is an urgent need for less toxic and more effective antifungal agents. In this study, we describe the antifungal activity against Cryptococcus spp. of an aqueous seed extract from Allamanda polyantha (ASEAP) and two iridoids, plumieride and plumieridine, isolated from this extract with an antifungal activity. The capsule formation and the morphological alterations were evaluated using fluorescent microscopy. The cytotoxic activity was also investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ASEAP for Cryptococcus gattii were 70 and 36 µg/ml (for the R265 and R272 strains, respectively) and 563 µg/ml for Cryptococcus neoformans H99. ASEAP inhibited C. neoformans H99 capsule formation, an important virulence factor, and decreased the cell body size for both the C. gattii strains. H99 cells also presented morphological alterations, with defects in bud detachment and nuclear fragmentation. Plumieride and plumieridine presented higher MIC values than ASEAP, indicating that other compounds might contribute to antifungal activity and/or that combination of the compounds results in a higher antifungal activity.

The present study was cherished to investigate in vitro thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and antibacterial activities of Allamanda neriifolia and Aegialitis rotundifolia. Different types methanolic extracts of these two medicinal plants were tested for determining membrane stabilizing activity at a hypotonic solution and heat induce condition by comparing with reference standard acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/mL), where thrombolytic activity assessment was done by employing Streptokinase as standard drug. Finally, antibacterial activity was performed against Staphylococcus aureus as a Gram-positive (+ve) and Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as Gram negative (−ve) bacteria by using disc diffusion method. In case of membrane stabilizing studies, crude methanolic extracts of A. neriifolia at 10 mg/ml concentration, more importantly, showed 45.80% & 23.52% whereas 10 mg/ml concentration of A. rotundifolia more significantly (p < 0.01) produced 38.40% and 27.04% inhibition of hemolysis for both experimental conditions. Dose-dependently increased activity was found in the thrombolytic study where 10 mg/ml concentration of both A. neriifolia and A. rotundifolia more significantly (p < 0.01) showed 41.91% and 32.76% lysis of clot respectively by in vitro clot lysis assay method. Crude methanolic extracts of A. rotundifolia did not show any suitable antibacterial property against the test bacteria. However, the gram positive (+ve) bacteria also seemed resistant against A. neriifolia extract but this crude methanolic extracts was found to generate moderate antibacterial action against gram-negative (−ve) bacteria. The obtained results confirmed the presence of thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing activity for both plant extract along with moderate antibacterial activity for A. neriifolia Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The study was conducted to determine the specific chemical constituents of cattle urine and indigenous plant extracts. Chemical analysis revealed that the specific chemical composition i.e., chloride, sulphate, nitrite and phosphorus pentaoxide contents of fresh and fermented cattle urine were 1556, 364, 2.0, 26.8 and 4514, 252, 22.4, 7.49 mg l-1, respectively. The proximate chemical compositions of neem seed kernel extracts, mahagoni seed extracts and allamanda leaves extracts were analyzed and it was found to contain chloride (144, 55.4, 141 mg l-1), sulphate (51.1, 5.03, ˂4.0 mg l-1), nitrite (˂1.0, ˂1.0, ˂1.0 mg l-1) and phosphorus pentaoxide (413, 410, 49.5 mg l-1), respectively. Chloride and nitrite in fermented cattle urine (4514 and 22.4 mg l-1) was found extremely higher than in fresh cattle urine (1556 and 2.0 mg l-1). There was numerically higher difference in sulphate and phosphorus pentaoxide concentrations in fresh cattle urine (364, 26.8 mg l-1) compared to fermented cattle urine (252, 7.49 mg l-1).These results revealed that indigenous plant extracts of neem seed kernel, mahagoni seed and allamanda leaves contents chloride, sulphate and nitrite were extremely lower than in both fresh and fermented cattle urine but there were great difference in phosphorus pentaoxide concentration (413, 410, 49.5 mg l-1) in both fresh and fermented cattle urine (26.8, 7.49 mg l-1) composition. It was evident from this study that as the fermented cattle urine contained higher concentration of chloride and nitrite can be considered as a good means of insect pest management.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do extrato de uma planta nativa da caatinga (Allamanda blanchetti) no controle do fungo Alternaria brassicicola quanto à indução de mecanismos de resistência em mudas de couve-manteiga e ação fungitóxica diretaEm condições de casa de vegetação, as mudas de couve-manteiga foram pulverizadas com os extratos de A. blanchetti extraídos a quente e a frio, nas concentrações 0, 100, 500 e 1000 ppm. Avaliações da severidade da doença foram realizadas a 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 e 10 dias após a inoculação. Peroxidases foram analisadas em cinco tempos, quais sejam, 0, 24, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a pulverização das mudas com os extratos. Além disso, fora avaliado também a capacidade dos extratos a quente e a frio a 0, 100, 500 e 1000 ppm em inibir a germinação dos esporos de A. brassicicola. As concentrações de 1000 ppm dos extratos a quente e a frio foram as mais eficientes no controle da doença. O extrato de A. blanchetti induziu aumento da atividade de peroxidase às 24 horas após a aplicação dos tratamentos e promoveu inibição da germinação dos esporos de A. brassicicola. Estes resultados indicam o potencial de A. blanchetti no controle de A. brassicicola, tanto pela ação direta quanto pela ativação de mecanismos de defesa. ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the extract from a native plant from caatinga (Allamanda blanchetti) in the control of the fungus Alternaria brassicicola, concerning to induction of resistance mechanisms in seedlings of kale and direct fungitoxic action. Under greenhouse conditions, the seedlings of kale were sprayed with extracts from A. blanchetti extracted at hot and at cold at concentrations of 0; 100; 500 to 1000 ppm. Analysis of disease severity were performed at 5; 6; 7; 8; 9:10 days after inoculation. Peroxidases were analyzed five times 0; 24; 72; 120, and 168 hours after spraying the seedlings with the extracts. Furthermore, the capacity of the hot and cold extracts was also evaluated at 0; 100; 500, and 1000 ppm to inhibit the germination of spores of A. brassicicola. The concentrations of 1000 ppm of the hot and cold extracts were more effective in controlling the disease. The extract of A. blanchetti induced an increase in the peroxidase activity at 24 hours after treatment application and promote inhibition of germination of spores of A. brassicicola. These results indicate the potential from A. blanchetti to control A. brassicicola, both by direct action and the activation of defense mechanisms.

Comparative efficacy of BAU-Biofungicide (2%), a product of Trichoderma harzianum, Garlic (Allium sativum) clove extract (5%), Allamanda(Allamanda cathartica) leaf extract (5%), Bion (25ppm), Amistar (0.1%) and Tilt 250EC (0.1%) were evaluated for eco-friendly managementof diseases of rice cv. BRRI Dhan-49 under field and laboratory conditions from July,2013 to March,2014. The field experiment was carriedout following Randomised Complete Block Design and the laboratory experiments were done following Completely Randomized Design.Brown spot, Narrow brown leaf spot, Bacterial leaf blight and Sheath blight were recorded in the field. The lowest incidence of brown spotand narrow brown leaf spot was observed in plots treated with BAU-Biofungicide and that of bacterial leaf blight was observed in plots sprayedwith Allamanda leaf extract. In case of sheath blight, the lowest incidence was observed in BAU-Biofungicide sprayed plots. The highest grainyield (3680.34kg/ha) was recorded in plots sprayed with BAU-Biofungicide which is 40.56% higher over control. The highest seed germination(%) was recorded when seeds were treated with Garlic clove extract (89.29%) followed by BAU-Biofungicide (87.30%). The prevalence ofseed-borne fungi was investigated by blotter method. The identified seed-borne fungal species were Bipolaris oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum,Fusarium moniliforme, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Maximum reduction of seed-borne infection of pathogenswas obtained by treating seeds with BAU-Biofungicide (2% of seed weight).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.11977 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 80-88

This work evaluated some phytochemical constituents and radical scavenging activity of the flower samples of Allamanda carthica, Delonix regia, Hibiscus rosasinensis, Plumeria rubra and Tercoma stans . Methanol extracts of different flower samples were used for the phytochemical analysis. The result obtained showed that Tercoma stans has the highest yield (14.45%) followed by Hibiscus rosasinensis (12.36%), Delonix regia (11.36%), Allamanda Cathartica (10.11%) and Plumeria rubra (8.99%) while the preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening showed that alkaloid was absent in all the extracts. The methanol extracts of the five flower samples indicated the presence of flavonoids and saponins in significant quantities. With the exception of Allamanda Cathartica and

Golden Trumpet (Allamanda neriifolia) was investigated through antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities. Ethanol extracts of plant’parts: leaves, stems, roots, buds were used, which resulted in the most highlighted qualification of buds. Phytochemical identification of buds’extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids. Flavonoids possibly are flavanes or chalcones.

Pollen germination forms one of the most important stage post pollination prior to fertilization. This is essential for proper seed setting and seed development. In vitro pollen germination test is the most reliable way of assessing the pollen viability. In the present study pollen grains of seven genera under Apocynaceae family namely, Allamanda, Alstonia, Catharanthus, Nerium, Plumeria, Thevetia and Tabernaemontana were tested in some basic cultural media, such as Brewbaker’s media, 6% Glucose solution, 4% Calcium Nitrate solution and 3% Boron solution. Alstonia pollen grains exhibited highest percentage of germination rate in all the cultural media. Glucose and Brewbaker’s media is found to be highly suitable for efficient pollen germination in all the genera. Boron solution is effective for germination of pollen grains of tree species. In vitro pollen germination can be easily carried out in laboratories. These results can be utilised in plant breeding programmes to improve cultivar and varieties. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i3.11074 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(3) 2014: 146-153

The aim of this research was to evaluate the fractions obtained from the leaf, stem and roots of Allamanda schottii, Pohl, Apocynaceae, responsible for the cytotoxicity, using several cell lines. Cytotoxicity was correlated with the season the part of the plant, and the major compounds were assessed. The ethanol extracts of leaves, stems and roots obtained at dif- ferent seasons were evaluated in the human erythromyeloblastoid leukemia cell line (K562). Subsequently the ethanol extracts and dichloromethane fractions collected in winter were evaluated in mouse fibroblast cell line (Mus musculus) (L929), cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human pre-B leukemia (Nalm6), as well as K562 cell line. The compounds plumericin, plum- ieride and ursolic acid isolated from ethanol extracts of the stems were evaluated in the same cell lines, as well as on breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7), and Mus musculus skin melanoma cell line (B16F10). The chromatographic profiles of the dichloromethane fractions were obtained by high performance liquid chromatography. The results revealed that the season during which A. schottii was collected, and the part of the plant analyzed, influence the cytotoxicity on the K562 cells tested. On the other hand the dichloromethane fractions, mainly from the stems and roots, are responsible for the cytoxicity on the cells tested. These results may be associated with the seasonal variation of plumericin in these parts of the plant. This information is in accordance with the HPLC analysis. The results clearly show the potential for the phytotherapeutic use of this species, and suggest that the cytotoxic activity observed may be due to the presence of plumericin, or to minor com- pounds not yet identified. The seasonal influence on the production of secondary metabo- lites was verified. Keywords: Allamanda, Chromatography, Iridoids, K562 and Nalm6 cells, Plumericin

This research aims to analyze the effect of the extract from a native plant from Caatinga, Allamanda blanchetti, in the induction of resistance mechanisms in a sugarcane variety smut-susceptible. Initially, it carried out a phytochemical analysis to know the main plant compounds used in this study. Diverse chemicals content in ethanolic extract from A. blanchetii were detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Flavonoids, were more abundant compounds following by terpenes, stereroids and saponins. Under greenhouse conditions the sugarcane plants, SP-791011 (smut-susceptible), were sprayed with extracts from A. blanchetti extracted at cold at concentrations of 1000 ppm and acilbenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (100 mg/L). Leaves were collected at 0, 24 and 48 hours after spraying and used in the RT-PCR analysis for to identify the defense gene expression. Change in gene expression were observed in the different treatments, especially in the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. The extract of A. blanchetti induced an increase in the glucanase expression and was more effective than ASM inducer. SNPR1 gene show increased in the two treatment. The results indicate that A. blanchetti extracts was able to activate the resistance mechanism as observed in resistant plants. This paper is the first report about the use of Caatinga natural plant extracts inducing resistance genes against Sporisorium scitamineum in sugarcane susceptible genotype.

Thirty six rice seed samples of varieties BR6, Pajam and Joya were collected from Parshuram upazila, Feni district of Bangladesh and nine seed-borne fungi were detected from these seed samples. The identified fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme, Bipolaris oryzae, Alternaria padwickii, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Nigrospora oryzae. Five different plants extracts viz. garlic, allamanda, neem, chirata and bishkatali with two dilutions (1:1 & 1:2) were tested for seed treatment. Garlic extract (1:1) dilution found best for three varieties which successfully reduced seed-borne infection and also increased seed germination up to 68.39% over control. Neem (1:1) and chirata (1:1) extracts also increased seed germination up to 66.09% and 67.81%, respectively. Based on the present study, it may be concluded that among the five plant extracts with two dilutions (1:1 & 1:2), garlic (1:1) is most effective in controlling seed-borne fungal flora of rice followed by neem (1:1) and chirata (1:1) extract.

Allamanda leaf extract (Allamanda cathertica) was made in water at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) as well as in a number of less polar to highly polar solvents like methylene chloride, benzene, chloroform and ethyl acetate at their boiling point, that means, at refluxing temperature (40 ± 2 °C). Methylene chloride, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water extracts were applied to determine their growth inhibition against Phomopsis vexans, Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. Results of these extracts showed that refluxing methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Allamanda were statistically similar for inhibition of mycelial growth of all fungi tested. But effect of 50% ethanol extract is different; it inhibited 100% mycelial growth of P. vexans, P. capsici and F. oxysporum; 83.33% of R. solani and 88.63% of S. rolfsii. Effort was also made to find out the compound in Allamanda to be responsible for such antifungal activity. Thin layer chromatograph...

Five plant extracts viz. garlic tablet, allamanda tablet, neem leaf extract, bishkatali leaf extract and zinger rhizome extract were assessed as seed treating agents against seed-borne pathogens of jute. Farmers’ seeds carry seed-borne fungi and their prevalence varies in varieties and locations. Garlic tablet was effective in controlling seed-borne fungal infection; consequently the seed germination was high. The effect of allamanda tablet was similar to that of garlic tablet. Neem leaf extract was able to reduce seed-borne fungi but the other three extracts were not effective in controlling seed-borne infection. The performance of garlic tablet was similar to that of Vitavax-200. A significant increase in seedling vigor was also observed over untreated control after garlic treatment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v22i1-2.16461 Progress. Agric. 22(1 & 2): 1 – 10, 2011

Objectives The objective of the study was to evaluate Allamanda blanchetii extractives for antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. Methods The plant extractives were evaluated for their phenolic content and their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay was conducted to identify cytotoxic potential of the extractives. The test samples were also involved in thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activity assays to evaluate their abilities to promote clot lysis and to stabilize erythrocyte membrane under hypotonic and heat induced conditions. The extractives were involved in disc diffusion assay to measure their ability to give zones of inhibition in cultured bacterial medium. Results In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 40.50 ± 0.32 μg/ml) where as, in brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the hexane soluble fraction revealed the highest cytotoxic activity with LC 50 value of 0.78 ± 0.74 μg/ml. While evaluating the thrombolytic activity of the extractives, the chloroform soluble fraction showed 32.50 ± 0.63% of clot lysis. This fraction at 1.0 mg/ml concentration also inhibited 46.74 ± 0.73% and 41.33 ± 0.59% of haemolysis of RBCs induced by hypotonic solution and heat as compared to 71.90% and 42.12% by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. In disc diffusion assay, the extractives of A. blanchetii revealed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. Conclusion Further chemical and bioassay guided investigation on violet Allamanda must be conducted for isolation, identification and characterization of the bioactive constituents.

Allamanda leaf extracts were made by three organic solvents hexane, methanol and ethyl acetate having different polarities. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the refluxing extracts showed each of them contained considerable number of different compounds. By observing Rf value of these extracts it was confirmed that the compounds present in different extracts are not same and two of them (methanol and ethyl acetate) extracts were distilled to remove solvent for bioactivity test. In growth inhibition test, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of allamanda inhibited mycelial growth of Phomopsis vexans. Ethyl acetate extract at 0.2% and 0.3% concentration inhibited 100% mycelial growth of Phomopsis vexans while methanol extract was not effective in suppressing growth rather it arrested temporarily the growth of Phomopsis vexans. Eggplant seeds treated with ethyl acetate extract in blotter produced higher percentage of seed germination (85.00%) and healthy seedlings (88.36%) and lower percentage of dead seed (15.00%), and rotten seed (5.89%) than those treated with methanol extract. In most cases, seed quality was improved with the increasing of concentration of ethyl acetate extract. It may be summarized that higher amount of antifungal compounds were present in ethyl acetate extract in purified form where methanol also have some compounds that inhibited partially growth of Phomopsis vexans.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14814 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 199-203 2012

Anthracnose is an economically important disease that can cause 10 to 80% yield reduction in the market with its typical symptoms of dark spots, sunken necrotic tissues and concentric rings of acervuli on fruits. One of the important methods to control the disease is by using antifungal agents derived from plant. Preliminary study indicated that the extracts of Allamanda species have the potential to be developed as the target agent. Five Allamanda species were extracted and screened for antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by using poison agar technique. The three chloroform extracts of A. blanchetti, A. cathartica ‘Alba’ and A. cathartica ‘Jamaican Sunset’ exhibited potent inhibitory effects and suppressed the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides by up to about 70%. Further study by bioautography-guided fractionation of the extracts led to the isolation and identification of tetracyclic sesquiterpene plumericin as the antifungal agent. The structural determination of the compound was carried out by interpreting the IR, MS, 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR spectral data.

Seeds of rice were treated with Garlic ( Allium sativum ) clove extract @ 1:0, 1:1, 1:2 dilutions in water, allamanda ( Allamanda cathartica) leaf extract @ 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 dilutions in water and Provax-200 @ 0.3% for controlling seed borne fungi, where the seed samples of three rice varieties viz. Katharee, Gutee Aus and Kalijira were collected from farmer’s storages of Bangladesh. The seed germination under control ranged from 64 to 77%, where treatments resulted up to 100% germination. The identified seed borne fungi of rice were Bipolaris oryzae, Curvularia oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme, Nigrospora oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp ., where prevalence of Bipolaris oryzae (7.5%) and Fusarium moniliforme (8.3%) were the maximum. All the treatments significantly reduced the seed borne fungi up to 100% over the control, where Provax was found best and was statically similar to garlic (1:1) extract against seed borne pathogen of rice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11064 The Agriculturists 2012; 10(1): 46-50

Studies were conducted in the Seed Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University to evaluate some indigenous plant extracts on the incidence of Bipolaris sorokiniana of wheat and seed germination. Seed treated with plant extracts reduced the incidence of Bipolaris sorokiniana . The lowest incidence was counted (12.33%) in seeds treated with Burmuda grass extracts (1:2 W / V ). While the highest seed germination (99.60%) was recorded in seeds treated with this grass extract followed by 99.33% germination in seeds treated with Neem leaf extract (1:2 W / V ), 98.00% with nut sedge grass rhizome extract (1:2 W / V ), 87.67% with Allamanda leaf extract (1:2 W / V ). Comparatively the lowest incidence of Bipolaris sorokiniana (14.00%) was observed in seeds treated with Neem leaf extracts (1:2 W / V ) followed by 14.50% in seeds treated with Nut sedge grass rhizome extracts (1:2 W / V ), Black cumin seed extracts (15.20%) and Allamanda leaf extract (24.00%).

The present research work was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of twelve plant extracts viz. Neem (Azadirachta indica), Bishkatali(Polygonum hydropiper), Nishinda (Vitex negundu), Allamonda (Allamanda cathertica), Acasia (Acacia auriculiformis), Tulsi (Ocientific tenuiflorum), Mehendi (Lmetawsonia alba), Datura (Datura metel), Bishkochu (Alocasia fornicate), Black cumin (Nigella sativa), Garlic (Allium sativum), Mehogoni (Swietenia macrophylla) @ 1:10 along with two fungicides Provax and Nativo @ 0.2% as check against Magnaporthe oryzae Pathotype triticum which is responsible for wheat blast disease at Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University and Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh-2202. This experiment was conducted in two phases viz. laboratory and pot experiment. In the laboratory experiment, the efficacies of plant extracts were evaluated by the measurement of percent inhibition of radial mycelial growth of M. oryzae Pathptype triticum. The highest percentage of mycelial inhibition (93.75%) was recorded in case of four plant extracts namely Tulsi, Mehendi, Datura and Garlic followed by Black cumin seed extracts (90%) at 10 days after inoculation, where as Allamonda leaf extract showed lowest percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (7.5%). On the basis of in vitro test five plant extracts were selected to conduct pot experiment to evaluate the disease incidence and severity, and some yield contributing parameters in treated and control plants. Minimum percentage of disease incidence and severity were recorded in case of Garlic clove extract ( 16.28 and 3.5) treated plants and the Mehendi leaf extract treated plants showed highest % of disease incidence and severity (66.0% and 68.0%). Garlic clove extracts also showed best performance for yield contributing parameters namely ear length (9.20 cm), number of ear/pot (13.25), number of healthy ear/pot (13.0), number of total and healthy spikelets/ear (34.20 and 33.40),number of total and healthy grains/ear (23.00 and 21.80) and weight of 1000 total and healthy grains/pot (56 and 52 gm) followed by Black cumin, whereas Mehendi leaf extract treated plants showed lowest value for all the yield contributing parameters among the plant extracts used in this experiment. Both in in vito and pot experiment Garlic extract showed best performance and it might be used for the eco-friendly management of blast disease and increase the yield of wheat. [Fundam Appl Agric 2018; 3(2.000): 422-433]

Allamanda calcicola Souza-Silva & Rapini, an overlooked new species endemic to the limestone outcrops along the Sao Francisco River Basin, in south-western Bahia and northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, is described and illustrated. It was confused with A. martii and A. schottii, two species from eastern Brazil, which (along with A. polyantha) form a different complex of closely related species. However, A. calcicola is more closely related to A. puberula, another species from the semi-arid region of Brazil.

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 in Guam to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on field dodder control and to describe glyphosate dose–response curves on selected ornamental plants grown with and without dodder infestation. Visual quality of dodder-free plants decreased with increasing dose of glyphosate. The most sensitive species was king's mantle, whereas the most tolerant was hibiscus. The values for the effective dose for a 10% reduction in visual quality (ED10) of glyphosate were 800, 280, 1,250, 370, 590, 830, 660, and 170 g ai/ha for dodder-free croton, allamanda, hibiscus, paper gardenia, ixora, duranta, schefflera, and king's mantle, respectively. However, dodder-infested plants were less tolerant to glyphosate because of the confounded stress from both the parasite and herbicide. Field dodder parasitizing ornamental plants could be adequately controlled on all ornamental species at a dose of about 140 g/ha of glyphosate. Nomenclature: Glyphosate, N-(phosphonometh...