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The primary mission of the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) is to provide protected, sustained, and networked light tactical mobility to the Joint forces, capable of worldwide deployment across the full spectrum of military operations and mission profiles under all weather and terrain conditions. The JLTV will be transportable over long distances within any theater of operations through numerous lift assets and options, from sealift and amphibious shipping to airlift (both fixed and rotary wing) and low velocity aerial delivery. It will provide mobility to reconnaissance units and direct fire in support of combat maneuver, with substantial payload for personnel, equipment, and supplies. The JLTV will support command, control, and communication in both stationary and on-the-move modes, enabling interoperability with Joint and Coalition forces in decentralized operations over extended ranges in complex and dynamic operational environments. System Description: the JLTV Family of Vehicles is comprised of two variants based upon a common automotive platform, a two-seat Combat Support Vehicle (CSV) and a four-seat Combat Tactical Vehicle (CTV), as well as a companion trailer. The two-seat CSV variant has a payload capacity of 5,100-pounds. The four-seat CTV variant has a payload capacity of 3,500-pounds. Variants may be further equipped with multiple mission package configurations, such as the CSV Shelter Carrier and the CTV Heavy Guns Carrier., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images.

The Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) is an air-to-ground weapon designed to attack a variety of targets during day, night, and adverse weather conditions. JSOW enhances aircraft survivability by providing the capability for launch aircraft to standoff outside the range of most target area surface-to-air threat systems. The JSOW launch-and-leave capability allows several target kills per aircraft sortie. The common JSOW variant nomenclature is JSOW-A (Baseline), JSOW-A-1, JSOW-B (BLU-108), JSOW-C (Unitary), and JSOW-C-1 (Network Enabled Weapon Moving Maritime Target Capability). The JSOW program developed a Baseline weapon for use against fixed, area targets. The JSOW Baseline variant includes a kinematically efficient airframe and integrated Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System capability, and a BLU-97/B submunition payload. The JSOW-A-1 configuration carries a BLU-111 warhead and is being marketed by Raytheon to FMS customers. The JSOW-B variant incorporates the Sensor Fuzed Weapon submunition (BLU-108) into the baseline vehicle. The JSOW-B variant provides a standoff delivery capability against massed armor and land combat vehicles. Production of the JSOW-B is deferred. JSOW-C and C-1 variants both use the Unitary lethal package, termed Bomb Royal Ordnance Augmented Charge, which is produced by BAE Systems. The BROACH incorporates an advanced multi-stage warhead, which allows the warfighter to attack blast/frag sensitive and hardened point targets. JSOW-C uses an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker with embedded Autonomous Targeting Acquisition software, increasing accuracy and lethality. The IIR affords the mission planner precise aimpoint selection and target discrimination. An anti-tamper/anti-spoofing capability was inserted in the guidance electronics unit with FY 2006 production. The JSOW-C-1 adds a weapon data link and seeker upgrade to attack moving maritime targets in addition to the JSOW-C stationary land target mission set., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images.

The UH-60M Black Hawk Helicopter (UH-60M Black Hawk) serves as the Army's utility helicopter for the current and future force and is in line with the Army's Modernization Strategy, the National Military Strategy, and the National Defense Strategy. The UH-60M Black Hawk is a digital networked platform with greater range and lift to support maneuver Commanders through air assault, general support command and control, and aeromedical evacuation. Full rate production for this new-build helicopter began in 2007. The UH-60M Black Hawk, with the integrated Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC) Mission Equipment Package (MEP) kit, provides day/night and adverse weather emergency evacuation of casualties. The integration of the MEDEVAC MEP onto the UH-60M changes the nomenclature to HH-60M., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images.

The AH-64E Apache New Build (AH-64E New Build) is the heavy attack helicopter of the current and the future force. It is a twin engine, four blade, tandem seat attack helicopter with 30-millimeter ammunition, 2.75-inch rockets, laser & Radio Frequency Hellfire missiles. AH-64E is the Army's network-centric, multi-role weapon system within the Future Modular Force (FMF). It will provide the capability to simultaneously conduct (or quickly transition between) close combat, mobile strike, armed reconnaissance, security and vertical maneuver missions across the full spectrum of warfare from Stability and Support Operations to Major Combat Operations when required in day, night, obscured battlefield and adverse weather conditions. AH-64E will enable the Joint Air/Ground Maneuver Team to dominate the battle space by providing air-ground synergy through real-time Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) information and responsive precision fires. AH-64E will be linked to Joint and Combined Arms Air/Ground Maneuver Teams via Enhanced Digital Communications, Unmanned Aircraft Systems Data Links and Joint Networking waveforms., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images.

Patriot, the centerpiece of the Army's air defense forces, is an extremely capable, long range, low-to-high altitude air defense missile system, which provides air defense of ground combat forces and high-value assets. Patriot is designed to cope with enemy defense suppression tactics that may include Tactical Ballistic Missiles (TBM), cruise missiles, anti-radiation missiles, and advanced aircraft employing saturation, maneuver, sophisticated Electronic Countermeasures (ECM), and low radar cross-section. Patriot air defenses will be integrated into the overall area air defense plan in support of the combatant commanders mission that can include other short-range, low altitude forward area and Joint assets for a theater of operations based upon the threat. The Patriot system can conduct multiple simultaneous engagements in all weather conditions and hostile ECM environments against high performance Air Breathing Threats (ABT) and TBMs with a high probability of target kill. System deployment is by Fire Unit (FU) at the battery-level, organized within a battalion. Each FU consists of an Engagement Control Station (ECS), one Radar Set (RS), an Electric Power Plant, and up to 16 Launching Stations (LS). The Patriot RS is a multi-function phased array radar, which performs a variety of surveillance, acquisition, and guidance tasks and is controlled by the ECS which provides the human interface for control of automated operations. The M902 LS (Configuration 3), with Enhanced Launcher Electronics System, supports the Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) missile as well as providing backwards compatibility with the PAC-2 missile variant. At the battalion level, command and control is exercised through the Information and Coordination Central, and associated communications equipment, including the Communications Relay Group. Both the FU and battalion have dedicated support, communications, and maintenance vehicles., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images.

The Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) AIM-120 program provides for the acquisition of the most advanced all-weather, all-environment medium range air-to-air missile system in response to United States Air Force, United States Navy, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and other allied operational requirements through 2024. The system is an active radar guided intercept missile with inherent Electronic Protection capabilities for air-to-air applications against massed penetration aircraft and is designed to replace the AIM-7 Sparrow. The AIM- 120D, planned to be fielded in FY 2014, will have improved accuracy via Global Positioning System aided navigation, improved network compatibility, and enhanced aircrew survivability via a two-way datalink capability., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images.

The E-2D Advanced Hawkeye Aircraft (E-2D AHE) is a carrier based, all weather, multi-mission aircraft. The E-2D AHE mission is to provide premier airborne Battle Management Command and Control and Surveillance as part of the Naval and Joint Integrated Air and Missile Defense architecture including the Naval Integrated Fire Control- Counter Air capability. The centerpiece of the E-2D AHE is the APY-9 radar system. This radar system is designed specifically to provide significantly enhanced surveillance detection and tracking capability against advanced threat aircraft and cruise missile systems in the overland, littoral, and open ocean environments. Maritime surveillance is also maintained in the open ocean scenarios. The E-2D AHE will provide early warning of hostile threats and provide the force with the right data to prosecute any engagement. Key capabilities along with the radar include the Identification Friend or Foe system and Electronic Support Measures for surveillance and combat identification, advanced mission processing capability to integrate all on-board sensor data and off-board information into a coherent tactical picture, and communications, data link, and sensor netting systems to share information across the battlespace. These capabilities allow the E-2D AHE to provide a significant contribution to execution of other mission areas such as Strike, Combat Search and Rescue, and Homeland Defense. As a part of the E-2D AHE modernization effort, the Navy also invested in integrating a full glass cockpit and full Communication Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic Management capability. The glass cockpit will also provide the capability for the pilot or copilot to perform tactical mission functions., Selected Acquisition Report-SAR. The original document contains color images. RCS: DD-A&T(Q&A)823-364

The "Afghan experience' for those who serve overseas can be vastly different from the one about which the American public sees, hears, and reads. The same can be said for those who do the writing and reporting. It is comparatively simple to travel to Afghanistan, observe and interview selflessly-serving patriots at work, and write a blog or an article about the challenges ISAF and the coalition faces; it is quite another to be intimately involved in a mission extending over many months. It's easy to watch; it's tough to "do." This article attempts to bridge that gap. As one of the many who have mentored, assisted, trained, and fought with the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), I hope to provide some perspective to the stories in the paper or blogosphere. From mid-2008 through 2009, I commanded all the ANSF mentors and trainers in the Western Provinces of Afghanistan, in an area about the size of Mississippi, and served as the senior US officer west of Kabul and north of Kandahar.

In a joint project, the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) and Naval Service Warfare Center- Dahlgren Division combined ECBC's Decon Green(Registered) technology with Dahlgren Decon's microemulsion-based solid peracetyl borate formulation expertise to develop a broad-spectrum, easy-to-mix, all-solid, CB, dry decontaminant concentrate (DDC) requiring only water for its reconstitution, and use at temperatures above freezing. The same DDC composition is also suitable for use below freezing down to -35 degrees C (-31 degrees F) via its dissolution in a purposely designed, antifreeze-solvent-water mixture, "cold-weather kit". Development of this DDC restores the capability for all-weather decontamination formerly provided by the discontinued DS2 decontaminant, while providing the additional capability for biological agent decontamination-an attribute historically lacking in DS2., The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

Radar imaging is an area of tremendous interest as radar-based systems are perhaps the only all-weather, long range remote sensing systems. However, radar's continued utility and application in wide-ranging areas is fundamentally dependent on the ability to produce high-quality, artifact-free imagery. To date, the use of radar to identify and image moving objects remains of great interest. It is well known that motion in the scene gives rise to mispositioning or streaking when target motion is not properly addressed. Many techniques have been developed to handle moving objects, but these techniques typically make use of the start-stop approximation, in which a target in motion is assumed to be momentarily stationary while it is being interrogated by a radar pulse. A new linearized imaging theory that combines the spatial, temporal and spectral aspects of scattered waves has been developed. This thesis studies the performance of this new imaging scheme. It also shows that the behavior of the imaging system is dependent on the aperture geometry and choice of radar waveforms transmitted., The original document contains color images.

Throughout history, successful military leaders have recognized that weather conditions on the battlefield can play a significant role in determining the victor. For this reason, the United States maintains and equips several different types of military units that are tasked to provide dedicated weather support to operational commanders. These units use a variety of types of sensors with differing capabilities to collect current weather conditions on the battlefield. In support of the commander's Concept of Operations (CONOP), United States military doctrine dictates that, as a part of general military campaign planning, a Meteorological and Oceanographic (METOC) collection plan be developed. This collection plan should specify the allocation of all weather sensing sources within the operational theater and throughout all phases of the military operation. This paper describes a methodology for creating a robust METOC collection plan in support of any given military campaign plan that deploys air, land, maritime, and special operations component weather sensing equipment in a way that maximizes expected detection of operationally significant weather conditions over the largest area possible for a given set of available weather sensors., The original document contains color images.

For defense purposes there is a need for all-day, all-night, all-weather vision systems to enable the performance of observation and identification tasks. In the ATHENA National Technology Project of the Dutch Ministery of Defense we developed a combined intensified and thermal imaging device for observation, target detection and navigation in conditions with low visibility. We also investigated the operational deployability of this system. The ATHENA system produces an image of which the colour representation can be adapted to the conditions and the task. A natural colour setting can be used for navigation and surveillance purposes, whereas a false colour setting is more appropriate for the detection of camouflaged targets. Image registrations made during field trials clearly show the operational benefits of the ATHENA system in conditions with shadows, smoke and camouflage. For terrain containing both natural and man-made details, the system produces an image representation that is more informative than the combination of the individual input images. The combination of increasing availability of multispectral imaging systems, progressive digitalization and miniaturization, increasing processing power, and steadily decreasing system costs indicates favorable marketing prospects., The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white. Text in Dutch.

This volume (II) is the report of the Critical Capabilities and Enabling Technologies panel of the Defense Science Board 2006 Summer Study on 21st Century Strategic Technology Vectors. The Capabilities Panel was charged to do the following: (1) examine the operational missions that the U.S. military might be called upon to perform in support of emerging national security objectives; (2) identify new operational capabilities that would be needed to successfully accomplish those missions; and (3) identify the critical science, technology, and other related enablers of the desired capabilities. The panel looked to the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) for help in identifying operational missions. The missions highlighted in the QDR are as follows: defeat terrorist networks, prevent acquisition and use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), defend the homeland, and shape nations at strategic crossroads. To these missions the panel added stability, security, transition, and reconstruction (SSTR) operations. This addition was made based on the belief that SSTR operations will be an important mission in the future, just as they are today in Iraq and Afghanistan. The decision to concentrate on the missions highlighted in the QDR, with the addition of SSTR, forces this study away from an examination of conventional warfare and toward more nontraditional missions and capabilities. Following an introductory chapter, chapters 2-3 explain the methodology used by the panel to examine the five selected missions and the process by which the most important capabilities, their enabling technology areas, and the constituent technologies that underpin them were identified. Chapters 4-7 examine each of the capabilities in greater detail, making judgments and recommendations on how the department can best achieve the desired capabilities. Chapter 8 discusses technology push as it relates to capability achievement. The report concludes with a summary of its key findings and recommendations.

Our long-term goal is to contribute to our understanding of processes in the upper ocean and lower atmosphere through the conception, development, and application of novel microwave, acoustic, and optical remote sensing techniques. The objectives of this effort are to determine the extent to which Doppler radar techniques are useful for nearshore remote sensing applications. Of particular interest are estimates of surf zone location and extent, surface currents, waves, and bathymetry. To date, optical (video) techniques have been the primary remote sensing technology used for these applications. A key advantage of the radar is its all weather day-night operability., The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

Introduction: The 354 FW directs operations, training, and support for F-16CG and A/OA-10 precision weapons systems. They also oversee operations and training for Air Liaison Officer (ALO) and Tactical Air Control Party (TAC-P) combat teams that support ground operations through the lethal application of airpower. The 354 FW provides expeditionary combat ready forces for worldwide employment across the full spectrum of air and space operations. To facilitate this mission, Eielson Air Force Base (Eielson) operates range combat training facilities that are some of the finest in the world. The backbone of these facilities is the Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation (ACMI) system that was installed on US Army rangelands that comprise Eielson AFB's range facilities. The continued efficient and reliable operation of this range facility and training program is of vital importance to Eielson AFB's mission. Description of the Proposed Action: The proposed action will result in upgrades to the existing trails and target array pads that comprise the Oklahoma Impact Area and related facilities. The proposed project would transform the existing earthen trails and target array pads into all weather roads and pads. Material for the proposed project would be obtained by mining gravel from Delta Creek and placing it on the existing trails. Approximately 796,200 cubic yards of gravel would be required to complete the project.

U.S. servicemembers train and operate in all weather (e.g., wind, rain, snow, cold) and geographic (e.g., mountain, desert, ocean) conditions. Prolonged and/or intense exposures to cold can significantly degrade the health, well-being, and operational effectiveness of servicemembers and their units. The U.S. military has developed extensive and effective countermeasures against threats associated with training and operating in cold environments. Reports of cold weather injuries are routinely surveilled by the Army Medical Surveillance Activity (AMSA). This report summarizes frequencies, rates, and correlates of risk of cold injuries among active duty members of the U.S. Armed Forces during the period July 1999 to June 2004., Pub. in Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR), v10 n5, p1-20, September/October 2004. Analysis by Jamease R. /Kowalczyk.

The United States Army is transforming into a lighter force while simultaneously becoming involved in a growing worldwide spectrum of joint operations. The problem is that future warfare may not permit the marshalling of large fixed-wing air armadas to wage strategic air campaigns. Thus, the central research question is: Can Army attack aviation achieve strategic effects? Using a table of typical theater strategic targets and desired effects derived from current joint doctrine and the principles of effects-based operations, the capabilities of the Army's attack aviation were tested. Additionally, two case studies, Operation Earnest Will and Operation Allied Force (Task Force Hawk), provided historical examples of independent Army attack aviation deployments in direct support of a theater commander's strategic objectives. With its unique abilities of observation, instant battle damage assessment, precision weapons employment with the AGM-114 Hellfire missile, and in the case of Operation Earnest Will, rapid deployment, the Army s attack aviation can have decisive effects on many theater strategic targets. Army attack aviation does have weaknesses, such as doctrinal traditions, weather capability, range, and enemy air defense vulnerability, but none of these weaknesses restrict its employment in a strategic role.

Lack of pilot vision and the resulting poor situational awareness has been a major limiting factor for unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) in terms of capability and safety. Tactical situation assessment includes evaluating such critical factors as weather, conflicting traffic, targets/threats and their locations, and perceiving spatial relationships to maintain formation or guide the aircraft through approach, landing, and subsequent terminal area operations. Obviously, this tremendously important capability represents a challenge for future UAV systems to operate in consonance with manned aircraft in both Federal Aviation Authority (FAA)-controlled airspace and military theaters where traditional visual flight rules (VFR) procedures are the norm. This paper describes AFCST Phase I program results, namely, prioritized future UAV capability goals and associated sensing requirements. AFCST sensor design drivers are also briefly discussed.

The E-2C Hawkeye is the U.S. Navy's all-weather, carrier-based airborne early-warning (AEW) aircraft. Additional missions for which the E-2C is used include surface surveillance coordination, strike and interceptor control, search and rescue guidance, and communication relay. It is an integral component of the carrier air wing. The basic E-2C model is a relatively old design, having joined the fleet in the early 1970s. However, it has been improved several times, and the most current version, the Hawkeye 2000 (HE2000) now in production, represents the fifth E-2C model. The current production model adds a sensor networking system known as cooperative engagement capability (CEC), which provides all members of the network (ideally all members of the carrier battle group) with a real-time combined radar/identification friend or foe (IFF) picture of the tactical air environment. Northrop Grumman Corporation (NGC) is under contract to deliver 21 of these aircraft to the Navy. The first of these aircraft was delivered in October 2001, and the final one is scheduled to arrive in 2006.

This paper explores the possibility of applying multi-sensor information fusion technology to the development of smart aircraft. This technology integrates information from multiple sensors and extracts tactical information to detect, track and identify time critical targets at any time, in any place and under all weather conditions. Such target information will help the war fighter avoid fratricide and deploy weapon systems for surgical strike. Finally, the smart aircraft helps the war fighter establish air superiority in the air, on the land and at sea. The architecture of a smart aircraft includes the pilot and flight crew, vehicle interface unit, multi-sensor correlation processor, multi-sensor image fusion model, multi-sensor track fusion model, multiple target identification fusion model and multiple sensors such as: Radar, CNI, EW, IFF Visual, Electro Optic and IR. The multi-sensor track fusion model computes a fused track from the sensor trackers. A Multiple Target Identification Fusion model creates integrated target identifications from identification of multiple targets. Similarly, a Multi-Sensor Image Fusion model creates an integrated target image from multiple sensor images. In traditional aircraft, the pilot and crew extract tactical information from a huge amount of multi-sensor information. This processing is time consuming and subject to human error. A future smart aircraft with Multi-Sensor Information Fusion technology will have access to accurately correlated fused information. Fused information assists the pilot and crew to detect, track and identify targets more rapidly and accurately. Such platforms are truly smart aircraft., The original document contains color images.

Each year in the United States, approximately 300 people are struck by lightning; and of these, approximately 100 die of their injuries (mortality rate approximately 30%). In nonmilitary populations and settings, lightning injuries occur most often in the summer among people who are outdoors during afternoon and early evening hours. Activities commonly associated with lightning injuries include waiting under trees, camping, jogging, participating in water sports, golfing, working around farm or construction equipment, and using telephones. In approximately one-third of lightning injury incidents, there are two or more victims. Episodes of multiple casualties from single lightning strikes provide insights into the nature and scope of the risk in military settings. On 17 July 2001, 31 soldiers were injured by a single lightning strike. The injured soldiers were members of a dental reserve unit from Tennessee and a signal battalion from Fort Gordon, Georgia. Injuries included abnormal cardiac rhythms, tingling and numbness of arms and legs, and possible tissue damage. A television that was plugged into a generator was considered a contributing factor. On 31 May 2001, four soldiers were injured, one critically, when they were struck by lightning at Fort Carson, Colorado. The strike occurred at mid-afternoon among soldiers who were caught in a hailstorm while training. Military members work, train, conduct operations, and recreate outdoors-year round and in all weather conditions. In turn, they often confront thunderstorms and lightning. This report documents frequencies, rates, trends, and correlates of risk of lightning-related injuries of US servicemembers during a 3-year surveillance period., Pub. in Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR), v7 n7, p1-12, August 2001.

This article illustrates how acquisition programs are adapting to a military industrial base that is undergoing reform-induced change. In search of the best suppliers for combat optical and sensing equipment, this program office successfully made use of foreign suppliers to develop and manufacture a new generation of equipment. The Army has embarked on a modernization program to ensure that it will continue to prevail in future conflicts. The formidable task of its implementation falls to the Army's acquisition managers, who must excel in what is indisputably a hostile environment. Already shrinking limited resources, fierce competition from other programs, and problems arising from unanticipated developments require product managers to be vigilant, creative, and innovative. Of late, a new feature has been added to the landscape to render the environment even more challenging -- the mergers and acquisitions by and of the major defense contractors. This diminishes an already limited industrial base for key components and technologies essential to win in future hostilities. In the vanguard of this modernization effort is the second-generation forward looking infrared FLIR), charged with ensuring that our forces will "own the night" in future conflicts. As we equip the Army's premier warfighting platforms with an unparalleled day-and-night combat capability, the program manager (PM) FLIR is facing and successfully meeting these challenges. A key element of the acquisition strategy to improve the tank and infantry vehicle and scout sights includes foreign comparative testing programs. These effective efforts have allowed us to develop sources for the most critical components, obtain funding to qualify them, and ultimately award production contracts for two of the most technologically challenging components: the Standard Advanced Dewar Assembly II (SADA II -- the "eye" of the FLIR, and its associated 1-W linear (OWL) drive cryogenic cooler., Published in Acquisition Review Quarterly, p167-176, Fall 2001. Prepared in collaboration with Camber Corporation, Huntsville, AL.

Infrared imaging has demonstrated itself as a vital aspect of modern weapons Systems. Infrared (IR) imaging has the potential to play an equally important role in commercial applications in medicine and transportation. Automobiles equipped with infrared imaging capabilities have been envisioned for the near future. This technology has the potential to tremendously improve personal safety by enabling good vision at night and under adverse weather conditions. Infrared imagers in automobiles may also be an enabling technology for "intelligent super-highways". However, IR imaging systems currently used by the military are too costly for consumer applications. This necessitates the development of inexpensive, uncooled infrared imaging systems that possess high detectivity for night vision applications. This research investigated the integration of semiconducting YBaCuO into micromachined thermal isolation structures to produce uncooled infrared detectors. Various detector structures were developed including a self-supporting structure where the 300 to 400-nm-thick thin film YBaCuO thermometer was held above the substrate by its electrode arms producing a detector with very low thermal mass (as low as 2.3 nI/K) while maintaining an absorption of 30%. Also dual microcavity detectors were developed for to produce a relatively flat spectral response over a large optical bandwidth.

The Army requires a method of deploying a GPS Pseudolite to several hundred or thousand feet altitude to provide augmented GPS signals. To meet this need Carolina Unmanned Vehicles, Inc. is developing the Helikite Elevated Platform (HEP), consisting of a small tethered blimp mounted in a special Carrier that allows operation by a single person. It can be towed by a HMMWV or other small vehicle. HEP may also be used for Differential GPS support to enhance areas such as helicopter all weather navigation. Other payloads can include video cameras, COMINT/SIGINT receivers, jammers or communication equipment. The project will provide an improved capability for the military and civilian agencies for continuous low cost elevation of a variety of payloads to several thousand feet, with minimum manpower, training and investment., Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white. Topic A00-134.

The Army has around 97,000 "medium tactical wheeled vehicles" (about 57,000 5-ton trucks and 41,000 2-1/2-ton trucks) in its fleet. The M939 accounts for more than half its 5-ton trucks. The truck is used to carry personnel or pull equipment under all weather and road conditions, including rain, snow, ice, unpaved roads, sand, and mud. The active Army uses formal and informal programs to train 5-ton truck drivers. The formal program is aimed at military personnel whose official primary occupation will be "88M Motor Transport Operator"-or truck driver. The program lasts 6 weeks and is taught in schools at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, and Fort Bliss, Texas. Fort Leonard Wood trains about 90 percent of all 88M students. Fort Bliss for the most part trains the "overflow" of students that Fort Leonard Wood cannot accommodate. The formal instruction program calls for about 1 week in the classroom and 5 weeks of hands-on training. Students who complete the program do not immediately receive a license to drive a 5-ton truck; they are licensed at their next duty station after undergoing additional training and testing there. The Army Transportation Center and School at Fort Eustis, Virginia, is responsible for the content of the instruction program used by the formal training schools. It aligns under the Army Training and Doctrine Command at Ft. Monroe, Virginia., Report to Congressional Reqesters.

This report identifies and surveys the state of the art in enabling technologies supporting the major components of autonomous mobile robot design. The object of this effort is to determine to what extent ongoing industry and university programs can support the development of "lobster-sized," land based autonomous robots capable of traversing terrain consisting of vertical obstacles, canyons, and diverse surface textures in all-weather conditions. Particular attention is placed on path planning with limited a priori knowledge and primitive sensors. Ideas on how to conduct 3D path planning of complex outdoor environments are discussed. Following the evaluation and survey, the report recommends areas requiring further research., The original document contains color images.

The Air War Over Serbia (AWOS) featured the first concerted use of a new class of precision aerial weapons, which use Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) signals for guidance. These weapons allow all-weather employment and offer the technical capability to execute rapid reaction attacks against emerging targets. This raises the question of whether or not all-weather, rapid reaction attacks will be a viable option for future air commanders. Pertinent background information on GPS-guided weapons covers their technical strengths and weaknesses. The development of rapid reaction attack capabilities in Operation Desert Storm and AWOS is detailed, emphasizing the lessons from flexible targeting operations conducted in AWOS. The three functional components of a rapid targeting capability using GPS-guided weapons are analyzed, with critical tasks identified and discussed. Postulated operations should center on a dedicated rapid targeting cell, with the ability and authority to approve attacks, re-task sensor and attack assets, and generate precise target coordinates. Accountability for combat effects will shift from the attacking aircrew to the cell planners. Use of GPS-guided weapons eliminates the need to disseminate target imagery to attacking aircrew, and reduces workload. This capability is a viable option for future commanders, if we choose to pursue it.

Accurate measurement of angular motion of spinning bodies with on-board sensors has long been recognized as a daunting task. Recent advances in magnetic sensor technologies have yielded devices small enough, rugged enough, and sensitive enough to be useful in systems that make high-speed, high-resolution measurements of attitude relative to magnetic fields when these sensors are installed on free- flying bodies., Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

The F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet is the United States Navy's new long-range, multi-mission, all-weather strike fighter. As part of its multi-mission role, the Super Hornet will be used as an aerial refueling aircraft. The pilot of the aircraft to be refueled must fly in formation, driving the fuel probe of the aircraft into the fueling basket. The F/A-18 E/F operational evaluation (OPEVAL) reported excessive cockpit noise while flying in formation, receiving fuel from an F/A-18 E/F tanker (Figure 1). The noise levels have been described to be loud enough to allow aircrew to miss aural tones and/or radio/intercommunications system (ICS) transmissions during aerial refueling and close-in formations. Excessive noise has been found to compromise communications because of inadequate speech signal-to-noise ratio at the ear (Mozo & Murphy, 1997a)., Viewgraphs.

This document is the final report for the Airfield Ground Safety (AGS) program under Air Force Research Laboratory-Rome contract number F30602-97-C-0333. The system developed under AGS, called the Ground Safety Tracking and Reporting System, uses multisensor data fusion from in-pavement inductive loop sensors to address a critical problem affecting out nation's airports: runway incursions. GSTARS is an effective, low-cost solution that provides aircraft and ground vehicle detection, classification (including aircraft type), and origin/destination tracking in all weather and visibility conditions. The system is currently installed at MacDill Air Force Base and provides increased situation awareness and tracking of ground traffic to air traffic controllers in the Tower, and to base Operations and Base Command. GSTARS is based on inductive loop technology coupled with advanced signal processing and predictive networking techniques that provide airport surface traffic surveillance.

Phase shift devices with low insertion losses (<2 dB) are required for novel, high performance RF apertures. Examples of these architectures include RF lenses, and quasi-active. Wideband, two dimensional planar array subassemblies with embedded true time delay is an enabling technology for an affordable space based radar reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) system that provides unprecedented world wide. continuous, all weather, high resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) maps and ground moving target indications (GMTI). Successful development and application of this technology can reduce the number of transmit/receive modules required for large, wide band, two dimensional space based radar active, electronically scanned aperture (AESA) antennas by an order of magnitude over conventional, current technology. While industry continues to concentrate on developing affordable transmit/receive modules, this technology dramatically reduces the number of modules required, with associated reductions in power and weight. Although true time delay techniques have been developed using current technology, these approaches are too heavy and costly to support the affordability requirements for a constellation of satellites. This final report describes the risk reduction effort performed to develop a concept utilizing micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) to implement embedded true time delay in planar array subassemblies.

PURPOSE. The objective of this Coastal Engineering Technical Note is to describe the Near-Real-Time (NRT) coastal data acquisition and processing capabilities that have been developed by the Prototype Measurement and Analysis Branch (PMAB) of the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory. These capabilities aid in data quality control and provide internally recorded and NRT wave, water-level, and current data products to Corps of Engineers (CE) sponsors. CE open-coast, inlet and harbor projects utilize the Prototype Measurement Analysis System (PMAS) for monitoring in support of design and operational engineering tasks. PMAS consists of coastal oceanographic sensors and instrumentation, communication equipment. and a relational database management system (McKinney and Howell 1996). Figure 1 is a schematic representation of PMAS. In the figure, solid lines represent NRT data access. The term sensors may refer to NRT directional wave gauges (DWG-1s) (Howell1992, 1993) or single pressure sensors. The term RTU refers to a Remote Transmission Unit which consists of the following: (a.) An all-weather, protective housing. (b.) Cable connections linking an RTU to sensors for transferring data into the RTU. (c.) Data storage hardware and software; and telecommunication hardware and software. (d.) Transferring data out of the RTU (via radio or telephone line). The Automated Real Time Tidal Elevation System (ARTTES) provides offshore water level information to survey vessels and dredges using direct measurements coupled to a predictor correction processing program (Lillycrop et al. 1991). The dashed lines going to NOAA/NDBC (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration / National Data Buoy Center) and DWG-ls indicate that data are received and inserted into PMAS but not in NRT mode. Data from NOAA/NDBC are received monthly.

The long-term goal of this research is to demonstrate a prototype, lightweight, low power and low-cost passive millimeter wave (PMMW) imager that is capable of supporting Naval Special Warfare (NSW). PMMW wave imaging technology will provide NSW the capability to perform operations under severe fog/smoke conditions, and to perform concealed object and through-wall imaging. Clothing, wood, sheetrock and other construction materials are transmissive to the long wavelengths of millimeter wave radiation, allowing for the imaging of objects concealed behind them. A PMMW imaging system will provide day/night all weather vision capabilities under a variety of operations. This supports a Special Operations Command (SOCOM) Technology Development Objective for enhanced vision capabilities and supports the mission areas of combating terrorism and direct action for rescue operations. The objective of the program's initial phase is to assess the feasibility of a hand held passive millimeter wave imaging device for counterterrorism and adverse weather operational support. The objective of the second phase of the program is to fabricate and demonstrate a prototype antenna coupled microbolometer array for PMMW imaging. An antenna coupled microbolometer array will provide a lightweight, low power, and low-cost PMMW imaging sensor. The initial device will be a prototype device and will be integrated into an existing testbed (lens and data acquisition)., See also ADM002252. Prepared in collaboration with Nichols Research Corp., Arlington, VA and Intelligent Machine Technology, Irving, TX.

The Apache Longbow helicopter is designed to conduct precision attacks in adverse weather and on battlefields obscured by smoke, automatically engage multiple targets, and provide fire-and-forget missile capability. The Apache Longbow configuration consists of a modified airframe, a fire control radar, and a new Longbow (radio frequency) Hellfire missile. The Army plans to upgrade the entire fleet of 758 Apache helicopters to the Apache Longbow configuration but outfit only 227 with the radar and a more powerful 701C engine. The remaining 531 non-radar-equipped Apache Longbows will be equipped with the less powerful 701 engine, even though they will be reconfigured to accept the radar and upgraded 701C engine. In its fiscal year 2000-2005 program plan, the Army has proposed a reduction in the number of Apaches that will be converted to the Apache Longbow configuration. The April 1994 Apache Longbow's operational requirements document (ORD) prescribes performance capabilities required for the system's survivability and lethality. These capabilities include meeting the vertical flight requirement, carrying the Longbow Hellfire missile, and passing target data when in line of sight and not in the line of sight. For the Apache Longbow, the Army has identified performance objectives (desired capabilities) and performance thresholds (minimum capabilities). The Army designated selected thresholds as key performance parameters., Report to the Secretary of Defense.

The introduction of GPS guided munitions (GGMs), including JDAM and JSOW, promises to have a profound, force-multiplying impact on the Joint Force Commander's (JFC) ability to deliver "precision" operational fires. The JFC's use of these new weapons however, will present several challenges which must be solved prior to wide scale GGM deployment. The all-weather standoff characteristics of GGMs dictate a change in weapons employment accountability. Additionally, the accurate, mensurated target coordinates on which GGMs rely will require the JFC to forge a more robust relationship with supporting theater and national agencies. This paper examines the impact that the deployment of GGMs will have on the JFC, analyses the recent "Silent Fury" C4ISR experiment, and makes recommendations to improve organizational processes prior to wide scale GGM initial operational capability.

The Air Force is investigating the use of imaging laser radar systems as autonomous guidance systems on future precision guided munitions. The Air Force's Wright Laboratory is currently testing a 1.06 micron wavelength laser radar (ladar) at Eglin Air Force Base. Since laser radiation can be susceptible to propagation problems through weather, quantitative understanding of these effects is important to the development of this weapon system. Ladar image degradation, in the form of target dropouts and false returns, was evaluated in various weather conditions. Statistical analysis of the images presented expected degrees of degradation according to visibility and rain fall rate. Apparent system noise masked much of the ladar response to weather. It accounted for a dropout percentage of a maximum of 12% of the target, and a false return percentage up to 1 % of the area viewed. Visibility generally less than 2 kilometers, and rain rates greater than 4 millimeters per hour were required to generate dropouts and false returns from the ladar above the system noise level. Heavy rain with rates up to 6.8 inches per hour, and thick fog with visibility down to 200 meters caused the highest percentages of dropouts and false returns. Image degradation showed a generally exponential relation to visibility and those graphs were fitted with best-guess exponential curves. However, dropouts and false returns indicated a strong linear correlation with rain rate. For the heaviest rain, correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.90, respectfully, were computed. Best fit linear functions were fitted to the rain rate data.

This report consists of world weather and climate extremes that have been extracted from various sources. The report contains discussions covering the measurement of various meteorological elements, measurement practices, and instrumentation. All extremes are presented in terms of their location and date and, where supportive information is available in the professional literature, detailed discussions of the extreme event are provided. The elements covered in this report include surface air temperature, precipitation (rainfall, snowfall and hail), wind, thunderstorms, air pressure, solar radiation, dew point temperature and fog. The report contains five maps. There is one each for the worldwide extremes of temperature, precipitation, and other elements. The remaining two maps show U.S. state extremes for monthly temperature (absolute maximum and absolute minimum) and precipitation (maximum monthly and maximum 24-hour).

In July 1995, a new endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flew over Bosnia to surveil and provide all-weather reconnaissance and image-gathering in an operational (i.e., conflict) environment. Representing a new capability for the Department of Defense (DoD), this UAV represented, above all, a departure from DoD's usual way of doing acquisition business. The study documented in this report was completed in support of RAND research on Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) programs for the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The effort was conducted from July until December 1996 and documents research on the Medium Altitude Endurance (MAE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ACTD program, also known as the Predator UAV. Specifically, RAND was tasked to examine two questions: (1) what were the overarching lessons learned from the Predator ACTD? and (2) Which lessons can be generalized and applied to other ACTD programs? In this analysis, we closely detail the Predator ACTD and also document the important demonstration and transition issues from the project that can be applied to other ACTDs. The intent of this work is to improve the ACTD process and the transition of ACTDs to formal acquisition programs. This report should be of interest to those involved in acquisition, program offices, and ACTD programs.

The Army established the MWO program to enhance the capabilities of its fielded weapon systems and other equipment and correct any identified operational and safety problems. Modifications vary in size and complexity. For example, for a modification to the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, the Army is adding the driver's thermal viewer to improve visibility during night-time and all-weather conditions, the battlefield combat identification system to reduce the potential for friendly fire casualties, and the global positioning receiver and digital compass system to improve navigation. In contrast to this major modification, the Army is adding updated seat belts to its fleet of High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles to improve safety., Report to Congressional Committees.

With the rapid development of science and technology, the global positioning system appeared in April, 1993, when the United States sent the last satellite into orbit and declared that the GPS constellation of 24 satellites was finally deployed. This system, gradually perfected and mature, has been widely applied in aviation, aerospace, sea voyage, geodesy, land navigation as well as in various military and civil projects. Featuring global coverage, all-weather operation, high cost-efficiency of user equipment and capabilities of providing high precision data, including location, velocity and time, GPS and differential GPS were successfully applied in the navigation system test flights as location and velocity references., Trans. of Proceedings of CSAA 11th Conf. of Flight Mechanics and Flight Test (China) n8 1994. (China Astronautics and Missilery Abstracts, v3 n1 p1-12 1996.