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D‐limonene is a widely used flavouring additive in foods, beverages and fragrances due to its pleasant lemon‐like odour. This study aimed to investigate the effects of D‐limonene on the central nervous system when subjected to chronic restraint stress in rats for 21 days. Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups: i) control, ii) D‐limonene, iii) restraint stress, iv) restraint stress+D‐limonene and v) restraint stress+fluoxetine. Following the induction of restraint stress, the sucrose preference test, the open field test, the novel object recognition test and the forced swimming test were performed. The levels of BDNF, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and caspase‐1 were measured from hippocampal tissue using the ELISA method. Sucrose preference test results showed an increase in consumption rate in the stress+D‐limonene and a decrease in the stress group. The stress+D‐limonene group reversed the increased defensive behaviour observed in the open‐field test compared to the stress group. In the novel object recognition test, the discrimination index of the stress+D‐limonene group increased compared to the stress group. BDNF levels increased in the stress+limonene group compared to the stress group. In contrast, IL‐1β and caspase‐1 levels increased in the stress group compared to the control and decreased in the stress+limonene group compared to the stress group. In this study, D‐limonene has been found to have antidepressant‐like properties, reducing anhedonic and defensive behaviours and the impairing effects of stress on learning and memory tests. It was observed that D‐limonene showed these effects by alleviating neuroinflammation induced by chronic restraint stress in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The long-term effects of COVID-19 started to be reported and it was referred to as long-covid syndrome for cases lasting longer than 12 weeks, while the pandemic was continuing in the world. The most prominent expression of longcovid syndrome was its symptoms on the nervous system. These effects were called "brain fog" due to long covid syndrome. In this study, we aimed to examine the neurocognitive effects in participants who had illness with COVID-19. Methods: For this purpose, 36 participants of similar age group who had COVID-19 within 12 weeks of their diagnosis, as well as 35 participants who had not been diagnosed with COVID-19, were included in the study. In this study, an auditory task prepared to test the orientation effect called Simon effect was applied to the participants. EEG recordings were taken simultaneously. During the task, event-related potentials were recorded on the recordings of all participants. Results: In the behavioral results of the study, there was no difference in the test success rate between the groups. However, the patient group showed an increase in task completion and reaction times compared to the control group. In the event-related potential recordings, almost all wave amplitude and latency were the same for the two groups in congruent stimulus presentation. On the contrary, a significant difference was observed between N2 amplitude and latencies in incongruent stimulus presentation. However, P3 Δt in the covid group increased compared to the control group. The increase in reaction time in the covid group observed in our study results was also confirmed in electrophysiologic measurements. Conclusion: The results showed that COVID-19 decreased the inhibitory process during the formation of attention and preparation of response to stimuli. COVID-19-induced brain fog occurred in the pre-processing steps of attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents seven cases of dermatologic reactions following COVID-19 vaccination, including herpes zoster infection, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, herpes labialis, and urticaria. While these reactions may be associated with COVID-19 vaccination, continued vaccination is advised as it remains the most effective measure against severe COVID-19 infection, despite the potential for cutaneous adverse effects.

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