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Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate newly delivered mothers’ status of bonding to their babies, their status of experiencing depression following delivery.and associated factors. Methods: The study was descriptive and sectional-type; and performed in a public hospital between February 1 and April 1 2015. Sample of the study was composed of 150 women who approved to participate in the study during this time interval. Participant information form. Mother to Infant Bonding Scale and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used as data collection tools. Data were collected by face-to-face interview technique. Kruskal Wallis. Mann-Whitney U, student-t test and correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: It was found that mean score of women from mother-to-infant bonding scale was 1.13±1.81.mean score from depression scale was 8.12±4.85 and 16.7% of the women were within the risk group for depression. A statistically significant difference was detected between mother to infant bonding status of women in the study and their status of willingness at last pregnancy (p0.05). There was a significant difference between women’s status of getting support from their spouses during the pregnancy and experiencing depression (p

Hazelnut is the one of most strategical crops for Turkey as the country is responsible for about 70% of world's hazelnut trade and two-thirds of world's hazelnut production in recent years. Moreover, the crop is the only source of living for about 400.000 farmers in the country. Especially, the economy of Black Sea region is contingent upon hazelnut. Due to soil structure and land conditions of high lands on Eastern Black Sea, any other crop cultivation is almost impossible, so it can be stated that Eastern Black Sea region is totally subject to hazelnut. When calculated in terms of producers, traders, industrialists and exporters hazelnut economy bears upon around 8 million people in Turkey. Due to great importance of hazelnut sector for Turkish economy, governments encouraged hazelnut production for a long time in the country. Price support and guaranteed purchases were the chief policies implemented for a long time, however these policies brought adverse outcomes such as the expansion of hazelnut land. The expansion caused excess supply, moreover, the expansion overreached the main production region and spread over the flat land. By virtue of the high yields in flat land, significant supply surplusses were performed and the hazelnut stocks were used uneconomically. Substantial economic losses came in sight and furthermore the expansion of hazelnut in flat land caused the alleviation concerning the production of other economically substantial crops. Later on, the governments enacted laws aspiring to restrict hazelnut cultivation areas by giving compensation for uprooting hazelnut, however all the attempts failed. In other words, policies implemented in Turkey in the past has been insufficient in solving the problems of hazelnut sector. It is clear that hazelnut policy of Turkey has important effects not only on country's internal markets but also on world hazelnut markets due to the country's major role in hazelnut production. As many scientific studies verify, a decrease or increase in hazelnut production of Turkey has influence in price determination. Therefore, a comprehensive hazelnut policy is a necessity for Turkey. The purpose of this study is to determine the latest global trends in hazelnut production and trade, to unearth the importance of hazelnut economy for Turkey, to observe the current situation of hazelnut production and trade in Turkey, and to emphasize the problems of the sector in the country. Statistics used in the study was acquired from Food and Agriculture Organization, Turkish Statistical Institute, Black Sea Exporters Union and Turkish Exporters Assembly. Relevant literature was also appealed. The study not only reveals the present state of hazelnut sector but also proposes policies both for reconstructing the hazelnut sector of Turkey and for competitive trade. A new support system, acceptable compensation for uprooting, new production methods increasing yield, enlarging hazelnut processing industry by government incentives and subsidies, diversification hazelnut products, effective marketing, going beyond classical markets by exploring new ones and increasing organic hazelnut production are the prescribed policies of the study which will give way to reconstruction and competitive trade. © Peter Lang GmbH. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. Frankfurt am Main 2017. All rights reserved.

Background: Male-factor infertility plays a role in approximately 50% of infertile couples. In at least 30% of cases, repeated standard semen analyses of the male partner of an infertile couple reveal normal results. When diagnostic work-up of the female partner is also normal, they are classified as idiopathic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of sperm nuclear DNA fragmentation in a population of infertile men with normal standard semen parameters and to compare their results with those from men who had abnormal semen parameters, as well as with a control group of fertile men. Methods: Semen samples were obtained from 202 infertile men and 30 fertile donors. Standard semen analysis was performed according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Flow cytometry has been extensively used to study sperm DNA fragmentation and the results are expressed as the percentage of sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI). Results: Of the 202 patients, 48 (23.8%) had normal standard sperm...

Key words Urinary diversion, anal sphincter, continence

Tobacco as a crop discovered four centuries ago, has first been used as a plant in religious celebrations. After the discovery of America and after its arrival to Europe, tobacco has come to the fore worldwide. Tobacco has been of the important export items for many countries such as China, Brazil, India, United States of America (USA) and Argentina. However, since tobacco has been introduced to Ottoman Empire, Turkish tobacco has gained a good reputation with its high quality in world markets. The aim of this study is to give information about the dimensions of cigarette consumption, tobacco economy in the world and in Turkey and also to show the importance of tobacco production and trade for producer countries. This study also proffers suggestions to policy makers about tobacco production in Turkey. © 2009, INSInet Publication.