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This experiment was curried out to evaluate the replacement value of anaerobically fermented/lyle treated and rodsted Delonix regia seed nieal in broiler diet. 180 day- old broiler chicks of the Hubbard breed were used for the experiment. The experimental period spanned 63 days. The birds were randomly allotted to six treatment groups designated as TT, TT, T and 7 respectively Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The data collected were on feed intake, body weight, body weight guin und feed conversion ratio. The results obtained showed that men body weight, mean bod weight guin, mean feed intake and mean feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected (P>0.05) al the starter phase of the experiment although birds fed the Delonix regia seed meal based diets performed better than those fed the control diet except in feed utilization. Mean feed intake, meu hody weight gain and mean feed conversion ratio were affected significantly (P

The test and slaughter policy of the federal government of Nigeria on contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in cattle is no longer feasible because it lacked the political will as a result, farmers tend to treat their cattle of the disease most which has been ineffective. herefore, the quest for a supportive clinical management protocol for CBPP in cattle aimed at enabling the cow regain its body condition in order to allow the farmer sell the cow for slaughter at a profit was the aim of this case report. A 6-year-old Bunaji cow weighing 350kg with history of not feeding well, lagging behind during grazing, difficulty in breathing, intermittent cough and bloat was presented. Physical examination was carried out and differential diagnoses which included contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mango choke, Pasteurellosis and tuberculosis were considered. After a careful scrutiny of the differentials, a tentative diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia which was confirmed by the Latex agglutination test (LAT) was arrived at. A supportive clinical management protocol was instituted with the sole aim of enabling the cow regain its body condition in order to allow the farmer sell the cow for slaughter at a profit. The protocol involved isolation of the cow and administration of 20% tetracycline long acting through a combination of conventional (intra-muscular) and non-conventional (intra-venous) routes of administration along with an anti-inflammatory agent and an appetite stimulant. Six days after the commencement of therapy, the observed clinical signs subsided greatly and the cow became apparently healthy. The study showed that, the protocol of administering 20%tetracycline long acting through a combination of conventional (intra-muscular) and nonconventional (intra-venous) routes along with an anti-inflammatory agent (dexamethasone) and an appetite stimulant (vit. B. complex) was effective and profitable to the farmer. The client was advised to sell the cow for slaughter after observing the 21- day withdrawal period of the drugs.

This paper presents the development and integration of a power control algorithm into the User Association Algorithm with Optimal Bandwidth Allocation (UAAOBA) to form a Hybrid Algorithm for User Association and Resource Allocation (HAUARA). The power control algorithm updates the transmit power of the Base Stations (BSs) towards a minimum transmit power that satisfies the minimum data rate requirement (1 Gbps) of the User Equipment UEs. The power update is achieved using the Newton Rhapson’s method and it adapts the transmit powers of the BSs to the number of their connected UEs. The developed HAUARA provides an optimal solution for user associations, bandwidth allocation, and transmit powers to UEs concurrently. This maximizes the network energy efficiency by coordinating the load fairness of the network while guaranteeing the quality of service requirement of the UEs. The network energy efficiency performance of the developed HAUARA is compared with that of the UAAOBA. The results show that the developed algorithm has network energy efficiency improvement of 12.36%, 10.58%, and 13.44% with respect to UAAOBA for increase number of macro BS antennas, pico BSs, and femto BSs, respectively. Also, the network load balancing performance of the developed HAUARA is compared with that of the UAAOBA. The results show that the developed algorithm has network load balancing improvement of 12.62%, 10.04%, and 10.34% with respect to UAAOBA for increase number of macro BS antennas, pico BSs, and femto BSs, respectively. This implies that the developed algorithm outperforms the UAAOBA in terms of network energy efficiency and load balancing.

The rapid increase in data traffic caused by the proliferation of smart devices has spurred the demand for extremely large-capacity wireless networks. Thus, faster data transmission rates and greater spectral efficiency have become critical requirements in modern-day networks. The ubiquitous 5G is an end-to-end network capable of accommodating billions of linked devices and offering high-performance broadcast services due to its several enabling technologies. However, the existing review works on 5G wireless systems examined only a subset of these enabling technologies by providing a limited coverage of the system model, performance analysis, technology advancements, and critical design issues, thus requiring further research directions. In order to fill this gap and fully grasp the potential of 5G, this study comprehensively examines various aspects of 5G technology. Specifically, a systematic and all-encompassing evaluation of the candidate 5G enabling technologies was conducted. The evolution of 5G, the progression of wireless mobile networks, potential use cases, channel models, applications, frequency standardization, key research issues, and prospects are discussed extensively. Key findings from the elaborate review reveal that these enabling technologies are critical to developing robust, flexible, dependable, and scalable 5G and future wireless communication systems. Overall, this review is useful as a resource for wireless communication researchers and specialists.

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is one of the most promising technologies to enhance user experience in 5G and beyond. Despite the huge benefit anticipated, enabling D2D in cellular network has encounter some challenges, these challenges include peer discovery and synchronization, mode selection and interference management. However, resolving these challenges promises improved service delivery, spectrum efficiency and reduced latency amongst other gains. Attempts to enable D2D in both microwave and millimeter wave network gained some traction in recent years in a bid to enable wider coverage and utilization of the technology. Some of the research attempts, challenges and prosects are discussed in this paper.Keywords- Device-to-Device, Microwave, millimeter wave, Inter-cell Interference

Indoor wireless traffic increases exponentially. Radio over fibre technology has been used to provide broadband services in the access network. Plastic Optical Fibre (POF) has been considered as a promising waveguide to be used as backhaul link for indoor access network. The RoF system uses an improved POF cable as a backhaul. A photonic antenna is developed by integrating a microstrip patch antenna with an opto-electronic converter. A standard inset fed microstrip patch antenna used for the wireless transmission and reception is designed using CST software tool. A RoF communication system based on the developed POF is designed and simulated using Optisystem software tool. The Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the system in terms of Quality factor is evaluated. A maximum achievable POF cable length of 117 m for an On-Off Keying (OOK) transmission data rate of 1 Gbps with an acceptable Quality factor of 7.0 is obtained. When the developed RoF system was used to transmit 10 Gbps and 50 Gbps data, the achievable cable lengths reduced to 80 m and 63 m, respectively. Keywords— Plastic Optical Fibre, RoF, photonic antenna, and modal dispersion

Asphalt pavement in tropical countries like Malaysia faces severe distresses. Thus, the use of more resistant and stable asphalt mixtures on the surface layer like stone matrix asphalt concrete (SMAC) is encouraged. The performance-related properties of asphaltic concrete are highly influenced by the mixing process and the asphalt mixtures homogeneity and segregation are pivotal issues affecting asphaltic concrete production. Malaysian palm oil industry generates a large amount of waste palm fiber (WPOF) which are largely discarded. This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing WPOF as a stabilizer in SMAC and evaluates the influence of two different mixing processes (traditional and sequential) on its properties The SMAC mixtures were reinforced with various content of WPOF, 0–0.6% by weight of the total mix and evaluated for volumetric and mechanical properties. Several standard laboratory test methods were used to examine the mixtures: Marshall properties, drain down test, Cantabro, stiffness modulus, moisture damage test. The study revealed sequential mixing as a more viable mixing alternative for SMAC, as it shows lower drain down, air void, and optimum bitumen content with higher Marshall stability and voids in mineral aggregate values. While for the mechanical properties the sequential mixing shows higher moisture resistances, stiffness modulus, and less Cantabro loss for all mixture’s types compared to the convention blends. It was observed that the optimum WPOF dosage is 0.3% for both mixing processes, Though, the sequential mixing shows improved mechanical properties. These improved properties are probably due to improving coating and proper dispersion of mixing materials during the mixing process. In conclusion, utilizing WPOF as stabilizers improve SMAC mixtures properties whereas, the sequential process produces better properties even at marginally lower OBC and mixing time.

In this paper, the Quasi Lumped Element Resonator Antenna is reviewed. It is composed of Lumped elements. Lumped Elements are passive components whose size across any dimensions should be small to make it a lumped element. The various researches that have been done to come about the various types of basic building blocks of the lumped element are staged in this write up. This review is towards accomplishing the derivation of the component elements used in the design of the Quasi Lumped Element Resonator Antenna. These elements are the interdigital capacitor, inductor and pad capacitors. The pertinent formulae for determining each one of them were all expressed in this review. The formula for calculating the resonance frequency of the Quasi Lumped Element Resonator Antenna was expressed in this review. The equivalent circuit model for the lumped elements were all reviewed and presented. This review brings about how the lumped elements are involved in the design of the Quasi Lumped Element Resonator Antenna.

Radio waves are attenuated by atmospheric phenomena such as snow, rain, dust, clouds, and ice, which absorb radio signals. Signal attenuation becomes more severe at extremely high frequencies, usually above 10 GHz. In typical equatorial and tropical locations, rain attenuation is more prevalent. Some established research works have attempted to provide state-of-the-art reviews on modeling and analysis of rain attenuation in the context of extremely high frequencies. However, the existing review works conducted over three decades (1990 to 2022), have not adequately provided comprehensive taxonomies for each method of rain attenuation modeling to expose the trends and possible future research directions. Also, taxonomies of the methods of model validation and regional developmental efforts on rain attenuation modeling have not been explicitly highlighted in the literature. To address these gaps, this paper conducted an extensive literature survey on rain attenuation modeling, methods of analyses, and model validation techniques, leveraging the ITU-R regional categorizations. Specifically, taxonomies in different rain attenuation modeling and analysis areas are extensively discussed. Key findings from the detailed survey have shown that many open research questions, challenges, and applications could open up new research frontiers, leading to novel findings in rain attenuation. Finally, this study is expected to be reference material for the design and analysis of rain attenuation.

[EN] The importance of wireless path loss prediction and interference minimization studies in various environments cannot be over-emphasized. In fact, numerous researchers have done massive work on scrutinizing the effectiveness of existing path loss models for channel modeling. The difficulties experienced by the researchers determining or having the detailed information about the propagating environment prompted for the use of computational intelligence (CI) methods in the prediction of path loss. This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic literature review on the application of nature-inspired computational approaches in radio propagation analysis. In particular, we cover artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy inference systems (FISs), swarm intelligence (SI), and other computational techniques. The main research trends and a general overview of the different research areas, open research issues, and future research directions are also presented in this paper. This review paper will serve as reference material for researchers in the field of channel modeling or radio propagation and in particular for research in path loss prediction., This work was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education, Federal Government of Nigeria, Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND), Institutional Based Research (IBR) Fund, 2018.

The problem of load imbalance in HetNets among wireless access technologies is addressed in this article. A two-step strategy algorithm was adopted in this work, which considers both load and bandwidth. The first step is a randomized algorithm based on the Monte Carlo scheduling strategy while the second step was a load leveling algorithm that used the brute force method to classify the load on access technologies as average, below average and above average. The obtained results when compared to those of Least Connected Algorithm (LCA) performed better. The results achieved a global load balancing fairness of 0.9119 which was 12.37% better than LCA. The significance of the achieved result translates to better resource utilization among the wireless access technologies and better Quality of Service (QoS) for users. Keywords : two-step strategy, load balancing, least connected algorithm, quality of service, Monte Carlo algorithm

The two dimensional monolithic microwave integrated circuits (2D MMIC) are mainly implemented in a planar fashion and use microstrip design based technology. At microwave frequency and above, they would require a large amount of passive circuitry therefore occupying a great deal of space (area). Furthermore the 2D MMIC is associated with some disadvantages ranging from the use of very thin substrate which makes it less reliable, to very delicate substrate due to the use of via-hole technology, coupling issue and high cost due to large area it occupies. To solve these problems a three-dimensional multilayer technique 3D MMIC was used. The design of the 3D MMIC is based on coplanar waveguide (CPW), in this design the signal is protected by the two grounds on both side, the circuit becomes more compact, cost-effective and with improved performance. This research work was aimed at the design, modelling and investigation of a GaAs based multilayer compact 3D MMIC transmission line. Different transmission lines were designed and modelled using Agilent’s Advanced Design System (ADS) and their Sparameters were extracted using Electromagnetic (EM) simulator momentum.

Energy efficient routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an important area of research due to energy limitations. It is therefore important to maximize the limited energy so as to increase the network lifetime of the WSN. In this paper, a modified energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol (mEEMRP) in a 200 m2 field is presented. This protocol is based on a technique that involves balancing load between communication management (CM) nodes during the multi-hop routing of aggregated data to the base station (BS), where the residual energy (RE) levels of CM nodes are considered as well as the distance between neighboring CM nodes. Simulation results showed that mEEMRP yielded a 1.77% improvement over energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol (EEMRP) in terms of network lifetime. More so, the proposed mEEMRP also improved the energy consumption and the number of packets received at the BS by 4.83% and 7.41%, respectively.Keywords: Routing protocol, Multi-hop routing, Network lifetime, mEEMRP, EEMRP

This study was conducted in order to compare two advanced technique used in establishing landslides susceptibility maps. The study considers a method of landslides analysis using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to check the occurrence of landslides in the study area through the establishment of a landslides susceptibility map based on the causative factors of landslides in the area. To further check and validate the process, it was compared with a more recent approach that is the soft computing (machine learning) technique. After the comparison, the enhanced analytical hierarchy process performed wonderfully well but not better than the machine learning method of analysis. Using the AHP methods, it was able to identify rainfall precipitation to be the major trigger mechanisms while 12 other conditioning factors were also identified. From the results obtained, it was observed that a good portion of the study area can be said to be susceptible to landslides. The analysis suggested that though the slides were fully triggered by rainfall precipitation, other factors such the geological and hydrological conditions facilitate the rapid occurrences of the phenomenal landslides in the study area. Validation was carried out by comparison of obtained results with inventories.

Heterogeneous deployment of access points is considered as a promising technique for improved network performance in 4G networks. While the heterogeneity of the network results in reduced cell sizes thereby improving network coverage, inter-cell handover process becomes more complex and frequent. Therefore, the different velocities and angles of movement of the mobile users leads to excessive scanning process between neighboring cells and poses an inherent delay in the handover decision. In this paper, we present a modified handover decision algorithm whereby pedestrians and motorcyclists access the same small cell thereby reducing the scanning for different target small cells. Signal to interference plus noise ratio was considered to mitigate neighbor cell interference and introducing mobility vector prediction to accurately execute handover process. Probability of unnecessary handover and network throughput were used as metrics.

This paper presents the novel structural analysis of ball-on-sphere system using bond graph technique. The structural analyses carried out are controllability and observability of the system. To achieve these analyses, the system was modelled using bond graph modelling technique. In the modelling procedures, the various subsystems, storage elements, junction structures, transformer elements with appropriate causality assignments and energy exchange that make up the ball-on-sphere system were identified and modelled. The structural controllability and observability properties of the system were carried out on the developed causal bond graph model of the system based on bond graph rules. From the structural analyses, it was established that the developed model was controllable and observable.

This paper analyzed the conventional one-vehicle look-ahead convoy with the view to improve the overall operation of the system. A vehicle was first modelled from first principle taking the effect of aerodynamic drag into consideration to mitigate the effects of disturbance. The proposed vehicle model was used to develop the improved topology of two-vehicle look-ahead and rear-vehicle convoy. To maximize the operating region of the convoy system, constant headway time (CHT) policy was utilized for the inter-vehicular spacing. Homogeneous vehicle convoy was assumed and it was compared with the conventional one-vehicle look-ahead to ascertain the improvement achieved. It was observed that the proposed model provides 5 m of inter-vehicular spacing with no chattering over the period of 80 s. The control vehicle's speed depends on the neighboring vehicles speeds with an improvement in reduction on acceleration and jerk of 0. 0213 ms−2 and 0.02109 ms−3 respectively.

Long term radio frequency electromagnetic fleld (RF EMF) exposures due to Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) frequencies were investigated in this study. 158 Swiss Albino mice in unrestrained conditions were used as surrogate and divided into four groups. The average peak fleld strength generated and measured inside the cages placed at a far fleld from the antennas is 0:6 £ 10 i3 mW/cm 2 , and the speciflc absorption rate at 0.9GHz and 1.8GHz is 2:33 £ 10 i3 W/kg and 1:97 £ 10 i4 W/kg, respectively. Three samples of the mice chosen at random each from sham and exposed groups in week 4 and subsequently biweekly basis were taken for haematology and histopathology tests. The complete blood count result shows that haematological parameters of both the sham exposed and exposed mice were within the normal range of mice in the control group. A statistical analysis was conducted to determine whether difierences observed between the experimental groups were signiflcant. The histopathology examination on some internal organs shows that spleen and bone marrow of the mice were normal for all the three experimental groups, while a sign of tissue degeneration and in∞ammations were observed after 8 weeks of exposure on the brain

The farming systems of Zone II of the Niger State Agricultural Development Project (NSADP) were surveyed in September 2000. All the nine Local Government Areas (LGAs) covering three ecological zones of the zone were covered in the selection of villages for the group and individual interviews with farmers in the administration of questionnaires. Farms were visited and assessed for extent of damage caused by insect, weeds, vertebrate and avian pests as well as diseases. Weeds of economic importance in the zone were Striga hermonthica (Del) Benth; Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour) Clayton; Ageratum conyzoides L.; Cyprus rotundus, C. distans and Commelina benghalensis L. Maize streak virus, rice blast and groundout rosette were the damaging diseases of maize, rice and groundnut, respectively. Bush fowl, Quelea sp. and monkeys were the most serious avian and vertebrate pests, respectively. Farmers' management practices for these pests were documented. Short- and long-term solutions to these problems are to be...

Problem statement: Inadequate knowledge of electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones and increased usage at close proximity, created a lot of skepticism and speculations among end users on its safety or otherwise. Approach: In this study, near field electromagnetic field radiation measurements were conducted on different brand of mobile phones in active mode using a tri-axis isotropic probe and electric field meter. Results: The highest electromagnetic field exposure was recorded when the mobile phones are at outgoing call mode and backing the probe, which is higher in comparison to ICNIRP guidelines for exposure to general public. Conclusion: According to this finding, some mobile phones electromagnetic field radiation were found to be lower than the ICNIRP guidelines while some were far above the guidelines. Electromagnetic field intensity however, depends on the mode of operation and proximity of the mobile phones to the end user; hence it is safer to use mobile phones at SMS mode.

One hundred and twenty day-old Hubbard broiler birds were used to study the effects of anaerobic fermentation and lyle treatment of Delonix seed meal on the performance of starter broilers. The experimental period spanned 5 weeks. The birds were divided into four treatment groups of three replicates each using complete randomized design. The anaerobically fermented and lyle treated Delonix seed meal (AFLTDSM) was used to replace groundnut cake (GNC) at 0%, 5% and 7.5% level. Untreated raw Delonix seed meal (URDSM) was also used at 5% level in order to evaluate its effects on starter broiler performance. The four treatments were designated as T , T , T and T respectively. Parameters evaluated were mean body 1 2 3 4 weight, daily body weight gain, mean feed intake, mean feed conversion ratio as well as apparent nutrient digestibility. The results showed that mean body weight, daily body weight gain, mean feed intake and mean feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected (p>0.05) by the substitution of GNC with AFLTDSM in the diets. However, apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE) and Nitrogen free extract (NFE) were significantly affected (p 0.05) by the inclusion of Delonix seed meal in the diets. It wa s concluded that AFLTDSM could be used as a substitute for GNC in starter broilers diet without any significant effect on the performance of the birds.

A field experiment was conducted during the 2002 and 2003 cropping at Badeggi lowland to determine the effect of pre-rice planting of cowpea, mucuna, and cassava on the yield of rice crop. Cowpea and mucuna produced a mean biomass of 1.27 and 2.15 t/ha, respectively. The mean grain yield of cowpea was 825.5 kg/ha, while cassava yielded 4.0 t/ha. In the first year of the experiment, pre-rice legumes and N-fertilizer significantly affected grain yield and panicle/m2. The highest grain yield was obtained when rice was grown after cowpea with application of 30 kg/ha to rice. In the second year, only the plant height was significantly affected by pre-rice cropping and N-fertilizer application. However, rice yield obtained after cropping of cassava with N-application of 90 kg/ha to rice was higher than the yield obtained on rice grown after legumes. Economic analysis showed a positive economic benefit across the different rice production systems, although the marginal rates of return were higher when r...

A field experiment was conducted during the 1994 and 1995 wet seasons on the research farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru (11°11'N, 0.7°E 680 m) located in the northern Guinea Savannah ecological zone of Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three levels of nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 KgN/ha) in the main plot and ten periods of weed removal/infestation in the sub-plot. The productivity of both maize and rice was enhanced by increased application of nitrogen fertilizer in both years in all the plots that were kept weed free from the initial 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) up to harvest. Weed infestation for the initial 3 WAS enhanced the productivity of these crops. However, there was no significant response of nitrogen application in the plots that were kept weed-free for only the initial 3 WAS and those weeds infested throughout the crop cycle.

Field experiments were conducted in the Nigerian savanna during the 1994 and 1995 wet season toassess the influence of nitrogen application on weed interference, and determine the critical period of weed competitionin a maize/rice intercrop. Treatments were laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Three levels of nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 kg/ha) were assigned to the main plot, and ten periods of weed interference to the sub-plots. In both seasons, N-application resulted in significant increases in grain yields of maize and rice in the plots that were kept weed-free for 6 weeks and more. Uncontrolled weed growth resulted in 83.03% and 93.85% reductions in average grain yield of maize and rice respectively. Weed control for 9 weeks after sowing at 120 kgN/ha gave the best crop yields. However, it is recommended that for resource-poor farmers, rather than keeping plots weed-free for long periods, n-application of 60 kg/ha in combination with a weed-free regime of 6 weeks after sowing will be ad...

Effects of electromagnetic field exposure due to Wi-Fi frequency were presented. A total of 72 unrestrained Swiss albino mice were used as surrogate and were divided into two groups of sham exposed and 2.46 GHz exposure group. The exposure duration was for 7 h/day, 7days/week for 4 consecutive weeks. Thermographic pictures of both groups were taken to obtain the body temperature of the mice before and after the exposure. A Signal generator was connected to an omnidirectional antenna to generate average field strength of 1.1 × 10-3 mW/cm2 and specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.82 × 10-4 for the exposure purpose. A statistical analysis performed shows a significant difference at α = 0.05 for the temperatures before and after exposure. The mice body mass was found to decrease with prolonged exposure in the 2.46 GHz exposure group. This however, is contrary for mice in sham exposed group. The death rate for exposure group was found to be 28% as compared to 6% of the sham exposed group. Key words: Electromagnetic exposure, radio frequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF), thermography, far field, radiation.

The experiment was designed to study the effect of replacing groundnut cake (GNC) in the diet of broilers with graded levels of cooked Flamboyant seed meal (CFSM) as a protein source. The experimental diets were designated as T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4 having 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% level of inclusion of CFSM respectively. One hundred and twenty day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were used for the experiment. The chicks were divided into four treatment groups each with three replicates. Parameters measured included body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and nutrient digestibility. The effect of the replacement on carcass characteristics was also evaluated. Results showed no significant (P>0.05) difference across the treatments at the starter phase for all the parameters evaluated except for feed intake, body weight and nutrient digestibility. At the finisher phase, there were significant (P 0.05) difference was observed amongst the carcass parameters except the thigh and breast. It was concluded that broilers can tolerate CFSM up to 20% level of inclusion without any adverse effect on their performance. Keywords: Broilers, carcass characteristics, cooked flamboyant, digestibility, growth, nutrient.

Five improved maize varieties including the local check (TZ SR - Y) were evaluated for their tolerance to Striga hermonthica in order to identify the most suitable, high yielding and adapted varieties for use in striga-infested areas at the Mokwa experimental station of the National Cereals Research Institute. The varieties were planted in plots consisting of four rows and the data were collected from the two inner rows. The striga emergence count at 12 weeks after sowing (WAS) along with the grain yield showed significant differences among the varieties. With the exception of the local check, variety ACR 94 TZE comp 5-w significantly out-yielded all the other varieties under investigation.

Thermographic measurements were performed on Mus musculus (Swiss albino mice) exposed to non-ionizing electromagnetic field (EMF) of 2.14 GHz Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) downlink frequency to determine thermal effect. Sham-exposed mice samples show consistent transient increase in daily mean body temperature. The mice samples were expected to experience a rise in body temperature when exposed to UMTS signal. However, the exposed samples show a gradual decrease in mean body temperature pattern for the first 10 days and then settled at a lower mean body temperature range until day 21. In conclusion, the thermographic measurement results did not demonstrate a significant thermal effect mediated by 2.14 GHz EMF exposure at 1 V/m, with highly variable individual response of the mice samples to the exposure observed in both groups. Actual thermal effects might have been masked by the thermoregulatory mechanism or other factors, or the exposure level applied was too low to produce any observable thermal effect. The measurement results also support that mice rarely survived when their body temperature dropped below 33.3°C of hypothermia endpoint temperature.

An experiment was conducted using 120 day-old Hubbard broiler birds to evaluate the effects of anaerobic fermentation and lyle treatment of Delonix regia seed meal on the performance of finisher broilers. Four treatment diets designated T1, T2, T3 and T4 were compounded with T1 representing 0% anaerobically fermented and lyle treated Delonix seed meal, T2 represents 5% untreated raw Delonix seed meal, while T3 and T4 represent 5% and 7.5% anaerobically fermented and lyle treated Delonix seed meal respectively. Experimental design used was the completely randomized design. Results showed that the treatments did not significantly (p>0.05) affect body weight and feed conversion ratio but significantly (p 0.05), while crude protein, ether extract and Nitrogen Free Extract digestibility were affected (p 0.05) significantly. It was concluded that anaerobic fermentation followed by lyle treatment of Delonix regia seed meal makes it suitable for use as a substitute for groundnut cake in finisher broiler diet. Keywords: Delonix seed meal, finisher broilers, lyle treatment, anaerobic fermentation

No Abstract.International Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Systems Vol. 1 (4) 2007: pp. 373-377

Rapid development in the field of telecommunication industries and the lagging phase to which the exposure assessment results, calls for immediate intervention by scientist and engineers. In order to respond to public outcry, who are daily exposed to various sort of electromagnetic field radiations, a critical look on the electromagnetic field exposure guidelines and assessment of its effectiveness revealed that the guidelines are conservatives and are based only on short-term immediate health effects. In order to accommodate for the unforeseen, a lower limit of 1 w/kg instead of 4 w/kg of the SAR is recommended with a safety margin of 100 for occupational and 10 for the general public. Possible solutions to the gap identified were also provided.