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Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a severe delayed-onset iatrogenic movement disorder caused by dopamine receptor-blocking agents [Waln and Jankovic, 2013]. TD is a major side effect of long-term use of conventional or typical antipsychotics that can be debilitating and, in most cases, persistent [Margolese et al. 2005]. The aimless and uncontrollable movement seen in TD may involve the mouth, tongue, jaw, trunk and extremities. TD affects about 20% of individuals treated with neuroleptics [Kane and Smith, 1982]. In Nigeria, the prevalence of TD is 27% among psychiatric patients on antipsychotics [Gureje, 1989], while among other Africans and Asians, the prevalence of TD is 24% and 17.2%, respectively [Pandurangi and Aderibigbe, 1995]. Risk factors for TD include increasing age, female gender [Correll et al. 2004], alcohol and drug abuse, mood disorder and diabetes mellitus [Bhidayasiri and Boonyawairoj, 2011; Tarsy and Baldessarini, 2006]. In Asia and Africa, female gender is not a risk factor in TD, though long-term hospitalization and older age are associated with TD [Pandurangi and Aderibigbe, 1995]. The condition is associated with reduced quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and increased cost of healthcare [Ascher-Svanum et al. 2008; Rosenheck, 2007]. TD may be a potentially irreversible condition with most treatment modalities having less satisfactory outcome which may require complex dosing, have their own adverse effects and use for long periods that may not be desirable [Lerner et al. 2015; Waln and Jankovic, 2013]. Various treatments have been used including the use of clozapine and quietiapine [Emsley et al. 2004], dopamine-depleting agents like tetrabenazine and amantaidine [Aia et al. 2011; Kenney and Jankovi, 2006], gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) agonists like valproate and clonazepam [Aia et al. 2011; Aladed et al. 2011] and anticholinergic medications such as trihexyphenidyl [Fernandez and Friedman, 2003]. Less commonly studied agents which might be effective include pyridoxine [Waln and Jankovic, 2013]. Pyridoxine has been used experimentally in the past two decades [Lerner et al. 2015], with a number of case reports [Lerner and Liberman, 1998, 1999] and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study [Lerner et al. 2007]. A Cochrane review concluded that pyridoxine may be beneficial in reducing the severity of TD, but further studies are needed because of the limited number of existing studies and short follow-up periods [Adelufosi et al. 2015]. Here we present a case demonstrating the beneficial effect of pyridoxine in reducing the severity of TD in a patient with schizophrenia after clozapine had moderate effect on the movement disorder.

Bu tez, bazı lineer olmayan Schrödinger denklemlerinin (NLSE) Lie simetrileri, optik ve diğer solitonları, korunum kanunları (Cls) ve modülasyon kararsızlık analizi (MI) araştırması ile ilgilidir. Bazı NLSE'lerin koyu, parlak, koyu parlak veya kombine ve tekil soliton çözümlerinin varlığı için detaylı bir analiz sunuyoruz. Ayrıca, bazı lineer olmayan kısmi diferansiyel denklemlerin (NLPDE) soliton çözümleri ve korunum kanunları incelenmiştir. Bazı NLPDE'ler için, topolojik, topolojik olmayan, hiperbolik, fonksiyon, tekil ve periyodik soliton çözümlerinin varlığı için detaylı bir analiz sunuyoruz. Doğrusal olmayan modelleri incelemek için yedi farklı entegrasyon şeması yani; karmaşık zarf tahmin yürütme hesaplaması, sinüs-Gordon açılım yöntemi (SGEM), Riccati Bernoulli alt-ODE (RBSO), değiştirilmiş F-genişlemesi, genelleştirilmiş tanh, genelleştirilmiş projektif Riccati denklemi, Jaccobi eliptik fonksiyonu tahmin yürütme hesaplaması ve belirsiz katsayı yöntemleri kullanılır. Bazı lineer olmayan modellerin lineer olmayan kendiliğinden eşleşmesi (self-adjointliği) ile ilgili problem önceki yıllarda incelenmemiştir. Bu tezde, bazı lineer olmayan model için bu problemi çözüyoruz ve lineer olmayan kendi kendine eşleşme koşulunu sağlayan diferansiyel yerine koyma metodunun açık bir formunu buluyoruz. Sonra bu gerçeği, modeller tarafından kabul edilen klasik simetrileri kullanarak ve Ibragimov'un oluşturduğu genel Cls teoremini kullanarak bir dizi korunmuş vektörler inşa etmek için kullanırız. Ayrıca, lineer kararlılık analizi kavramını kullanarak bazı NLSE'lerin MI'larını araştırdık. Elde edilen sonuçların fiziksel yorumlarını göstermek için bazı şekiller çizilmiştir. This thesis deals with the investigation of Lie point symmetries, optical and other solitons, conservation laws (Cls) and modulation instability analysis (MI) of some of nonlinear Schrodinger equations (NLSEs). We present a detailed analysis for the existence of dark, bright, dark-bright or combined and singular soliton solutions of some NLSEs. Furthermore, the soliton solutions and Cls of some nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs) are investigated. For some of the NLPDEs, we present a detailed analysis for the existence of topological, non-topological, hyperbolic, function, singular and periodic soliton solutions. Seven different integration schemes are used to study the nonlinear models, namely; the complex envelope ansatz, sine-Gordon expansion method (SGEM), the Riccati Bernoulli sub-ODE (RBSO), modified F-expansion, the generalized tanh, generalized projective Riccati equation, Jaccobi elliptic function ansatz and the undetermined coefficient methods. The problem on nonlinear self-adjointness of several nonlinear models has not been studied in previous time. In this thesis, we solve this problem for several nonlinear models and find an explicit form of the differential substitution satisfying the nonlinear self-adjoint condition. Then we use this fact to construct a set of conserved vectors using the classical symmetries admitted by the models and by invoking the general Cls theorem due to Ibragimov. Moreover, we investigate MI of some NLSEs by using the concept of linear stability analysis. Some figures are plotted to show the physical interpretations of the obtained results. 128

Restudy of the large deeply-buried pots from the Kano area using ethnoarchaeological information provides potential modern analogues for their manufacture and use. While today similar large pots are used for a variety of purposes, these buried pots are viewed as ritually-significant by locals, because of their special context. Informants cite a number of ritual reasons why pots may be buried and these, plus other archaeological evidence of pots buried at socially-significant locations, suggest that the Kano pots were deeply buried for ritual purposes, and not simply abandoned.