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Background/aims Data are limited on the frequency of ‘consensus decisions’ between sub-specialists attending a neurovascular multidisciplinary meeting (MDM) regarding management of patients with extracranial carotid/vertebral stenoses and post-MDM ‘adherence’ to such advice. Methods This prospective audit/quality improvement project collated prospectively-recorded data from a weekly Neurovascular/Stroke Centre MDM documenting the proportion of extracranial carotid/vertebral stenosis patients in whom ‘consensus management decisions’ were reached by neurologists, vascular surgeons, stroke physicians-geriatricians and neuroradiologists. Adherence to MDM advice was analysed in asymptomatic carotid stenosis (ACS), symptomatic carotid stenosis (SCS), ‘indeterminate symptomatic status stenosis’ (ISS) and vertebral artery stenosis (VAS) patients, including intervals between index event to MDM + / − intervention. Results One hundred fifteen patients were discussed: 108 with carotid stenosis and 7 with VAS. Consensus regarding management was noted in 96.5% (111/115): 100% with ACS and VAS, 96.2% with SCS and 92.9% with ISS. Adherence to MDM management advice was 96.4% (107/111): 100% in ACS, ISS and VAS patients; 92% (46/50) in SCS patients. The median interval from index symptoms to revascularisation in 50–99% SCS patients was 12.5 days (IQR: 9–18.3 days; N = 26), with a median interval from MDM to revascularisation of 5.5 days (IQR: 1–7 days). Thirty patients underwent revascularisation. Two out of twenty-nine patients (6.9%) with either SCS or ISS had a peri-procedural ipsilateral ischaemic stroke, with no further strokes/deaths during 3-months follow-up. Conclusions The high frequency of inter-specialty consensus regarding management and adherence to proposed treatment supports a collaborative/multidisciplinary model of care in patients with extracranial arterial stenoses. Service development should aim to shorten times between MDM discussion-intervention and optimise prevention of stroke/death.

Structural MRI is a critical component in the pre-surgical investigation of epilepsy, as identifying an epileptogenic lesion increases the chance of post-surgical seizure freedom. In general practice, 1.5T and 3T MRI scans are still the mainstream in most epilepsy centres, particularly in resource-poor countries. When 1.5T MRI is non-lesional, a repeat scan is often performed as a higher-field structural scan, usually 3T. However, it is not known whether scanning at 3T increases diagnostic yield in patients with focal epilepsy. We sought to compare lesion detection and other features of 1.5T and 3T MRI acquired in the same patients with epilepsy.MRI scans (1.5T and 3T) from 100 patients were presented in a blinded, randomized order to two neuroradiologists. The presence, location, and number of potentially epileptogenic lesions were compared. In addition, tissue contrast and the presence of motion/technical artifacts were compared using a 4-point subjective scale.Both the qualitative tissue contrast and motion/technical artifacts were improved at 3T. However, this did not result in statistically significant improvement in lesion detection. Qualitatively, five patients had subtle lesions seen only at 3T. However, minor differences in image acquisition parameters between 1.5T and 3T scans in these cases may have resulted in greater lesion visibility at 3T in four patients. Based on a general linear model analysis, the presence of a focal abnormality on EEG was predictive of the presence of a lesion at 1.5T and 3T.Repeat MRI scanning of patients with focal epilepsy at 3T using similar scan protocols does not significantly increase diagnostic yield over scanning at 1.5T; the increased signal-to-noise ratio can potentially be better allocated for novel scan sequences in order to provide more clinical value.

Objective To compare the new intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) Abdi score to the Papile grading system of IVH for prediction of composite outcome of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). Methods In a cohort study, all preterm infants with IVH who were born ≤1,250 g and/or ≤ 28 weeks of gestation at birth were prospectively followed up in our neonatal follow-up clinic. All cranial ultrasounds of the included infants were reviewed by neuroradiologists who were blinded to the clinical data and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Cranial ultrasounds were graded according to the Papile scoring system and by calculation of the Abdi score. Results A total of 183 preterm infants met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 80 (44%) had the composite primary outcome of death or NDI (51 died, 29 survived with NDI). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting death or NDI was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81–0.93) for Abdi score and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.79–0.91) for Papile grading (p = 0.04). Abdi scores had higher specificity than Papile grade II at Abdi score 5 (63.9 vs. 39.2%; p Conclusion Abdi scores seem to be more specific than Papile grading system in predicting death or NDI by 3 years' corrected age.

Down syndrome (DS) is a clinical syndrome comprising typical facial features and various physical and intellectual disabilities due to extra genetic material on chromosome 21, with one in every 1000 babies born in the United Kingdom affected. Patients with Down syndrome are at risk of atlantoaxial instability (AAI). Although AAI can occur in other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, this position statement deals specifically with patients with DS and asymptomatic AAI. Atlantoaxial instability, also referred to as atlantoaxial subluxation, is defined as increased movement between the first (atlas) and second (axial) cervical vertebra joint articulation, the atlantoaxial joint. Atlantoaxial instability is reported to occur in 6.8% to 27% of the DS population, although this varies depending on the age of the patients whom you are screening. Less than 1% to 2% of these patients are then thought to later develop symptomatic AAI, although the natural history and progression of AAI is not well understood. The risks associated with AAI are neurological injury from excessive movement of the cervical vertebra impinging on and then damaging the spinal cord, although the risk of this during sporting activities is extremely rare. Clearly, physical activity and sports participation for patients with DS has many biological, psychological, and social benefits, and the Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine (FSEM), United Kingdom, wishes to promote safe physical activity and sport for all. The FSEM, United Kingdom, has therefore produced a statement regarding sport preparticipation screening for asymptomatic AAI in patients with DS.

This essay looks at both spiritual and secular "conversation guides" published during the Restoration era in order to argue that a primarily discursive and contingent tradition of courtly conversation converged with a primarily immanent and embodied Christian usage of the word in late seventeenth-century England. It was this process of convergence and the refined version of conversation that emerged from it that made possible the polite, progressive Whig social agenda of the eighteenth century.

A 68-year-old man was admitted with sudden onset of headache chest and neck pain, Q waves in the V1-V6 leads on his electrocardiogram, and elevated troponin levels. He previously had hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and bilateral cardiovascular events. The primary diagnosis was subendocardial infarction, and he was treated with systemic thrombolysis. A coronary angiogram showed three-vessel disease with 75% stenosis. Carotid duplex imaging showed >80% stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) bilaterally, a normal right vertebral artery (VA), and high resistance flow in the left VA. A three-dimensional contrast-enhanced computed tomography aortogram showed right-sided aortic arch (AA) (A and B), anomalous retroesophageal left subclavian artery (SA) (C), a diverticulumof Kommerell (DOK) at its origin (Cover) and a hypoplastic left VA (D) arising from left common carotid artery (CCA). He underwent right carotid endarterectomy and triple coronary artery bypass grafting a month later. Patient consent was obtained.