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Providing public services continuously and without interruption is one of the most important forms of citizenship rights. Among these services, there is the provision of instrument and property registration services that should never be delayed. Sometimes the notary does not find the possibility to be serve the office. In these cases, the institution of an alternative of a notary has been established. Here, the question that arises is what is the proper legal structure of the institution of an alternative of a notary public? as a hypothesis, it should be said that identifying the necessary independence on the one hand, and drawing a clear competence is appropriate to the position of holding the registration services on the other hand, are the most important aspects of the legal structure that oversees the institution of an alternative of a notary public. our research show that the of Iran legal order, by a classic view of the notary system, insist on the implementation of the individual-based of a notary system by creating an inchoate overlap between the notary and its alternatives along with the lack of necessary independence, take an improper policy to meet the needs of citizens relate to registration services. On the other hand, the france legal order has established a right strategy of providing registration services to the society by identifying the cooperative notary system and creating a complete overlap in the jurisdiction of the notary and his alternative.

Abstract Smartphone addiction is a public health problem and is increasing globally. It is important to know the latest status of this phenomenon in different region of the world. This study aimed to investigate smartphone addiction in an Iranian student population. The participants were a random sample of Shahroud Schoolchildren Eye Cohort study in 2018. Smartphone addiction was measured by the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-sv) questionnaire. The prevalence and mean estimates were reported with 95% confidence intervals. The analysis of variance, t-test and multiple logistic regression were used for analysis of data. The mean age of 2682 participating students was 13.5 year with an age range of 10 to 15 year, and 1197 (44.6%) of them were girls. The mean SAS-sv score was 27.96 (95% CI: 27.36–28.58) for boys and 26.10 (95% CI: 25.34–26.80) for girls. This score follows a U-shaped pattern with a lower mean score observed at age 8. The Prevalence of smartphone addiction was 29.8% (95% CI: 28.1–31.5) in studied population. Compared to 10 year old students, smartphone addiction was higher in 14 (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1–2.7) and 15 (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5–3.8) years old students. Smartphone addiction was higher in boys (OR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.5–3.0; P value

Background: Prenatal and postnatal depression (PND) is associated with adverse outcomes for mother, fetus, andchild. The aim of study was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms.Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional and hospital-based survey of 2305 pregnant women and post-partumwomen (18-48 years) that was registered in the Babol Pregnancy Mental Health Registry (BPMHR) database from June2020 to March 2021. Two questionnaires, including demographics and depression, were analyzed in this study. Also, theEdinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess the depressive symptoms. Independent t test and theanalysis of variance were used to compare the means. Multiple logistic regressions were used to determine risk factors fordepressive symptoms.Results: According to the EPDS scale, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 19.8% in the pregnant womangroup in comparison with the postpartum period (11.6%). Risk factors for antenatal depressive symptoms were parity(women with parity ≥ 4 vs. 1 parity, ß=1.808, P=0.020), two groups of gestational age (gestational age ≤12 weeks vs.28 weeks, ß=1.562 P=0.030) as well as (gestational age 21-27 weeks vs. 28 weeks (ß=1.586, P=0.033), and high-riskpregnancy (high-risk vs. low-risk pregnancy, ß=1.457, P=0.003). For postnatal depressive symptoms, none of the factorswere a significant risk.Conclusion: Prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms should be screened, particularly for women in the first andsecond trimesters, with high parity, and those with a high-risk pregnancy, as recommended by the present study.

Background and Objective: Three-Stage Theory explains development of suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt. According to Three-Stage Theory, high levels of pain and high levels of hopelessness lead to suicidal ideation. Belongingness plays a protective role against suicidal ideation and individual's suicide capacity predicts suicidal attempt. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between pain, hopelessness, belongingness with suicidal ideation and attempt. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 224 patients hospitalized in psychiatric department of Shahid Yahya Nejad Hospital with suicidal ideation were selected through convenience sampling between March to August 2021. All participants completed suicidal attempt question of Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview, Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, Scale of Psychache, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Interpersonal Need Questionnaire and Suicidal Capacity Scale-3. Pearson's correlation, t-tests, hierarchical regression, analysis of variance and logistic regression were used to analyze the data and data were analyzed using SPSS software version 27. Results: There was a significant interactive effect between pain and hopelessness in predicting suicidal ideation (P< 0.01, t = 5.01). Additionally, belongingness and burdensomeness had significant interactive effects in predicting suicidal ideation (P< 0.01, t = 2.16). Pain and hopelessness accounted for 63.6% of the variance of suicidal ideation, while belongingness and burdensomeness explained 49.8% of variance in suicidal ideation. According to logistic regression, psychological pain (P

ABSTRACT Introduction With the spread of COVID‐19, certain population groups, including pregnant women, were more susceptible than others. This disease can lead to postpartum complications, including mental disorders, in mothers. Few studies have investigated the impact of mindfulness‐based interventions on mental health, and the most effective counseling approach to promote mental health has not been identified. Objective This study aimed to determine the impact of online mindfulness‐based counseling on improving mental health among women with a history of COVID‐19 during pregnancy in Iran. Methods The present study was a quasi‐experimental design conducted on 100 women with a history of coronavirus infection during pregnancy referred to the Mother's Clinic of Yahya Nejad and Ayatollah Rouhani Educational‐Treatment Hospital, affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran, via convenience sampling. The women were randomly assigned to the intervention (mindfulness‐based counseling) and control groups. The intervention group received eight 45‐min weekly mindfulness‐based counseling sessions over 8 weeks. Data were collected via a demographic information questionnaire and the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire before and after the intervention, which were completed by both groups. Independent t‐tests and analysis of covariances (ANCOVAs) were used to compare the outcomes of the two groups. Results After controlling for confounding variables, the mean mental health scores before and after counseling were 29.42 ± 4.49 and 19.80 ± 3.88, respectively, in the intervention group and 26.26 ± 2.29 and 25.92 ± 2.15, respectively, in the control group. The mean mental health score in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (F = 266.7, p

Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated that excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) increases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to determine the effect of using health coaching on the prevention of GDM in overweight pregnant women. Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 64 eligible overweight women at 12–14 gestational weeks were randomly divided into 2 groups: the coaching group and the control group (usual care group). The intervention group received 8 weeks of the phone coaching program, which integrated GWG and physical activity to reduce the incidence of GDM. The Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) was used to assess physical activity during pregnancy. The occurrence of gestational diabetes was determined based on the 75-g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24–28 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was the incidence of GDM, and the secondary outcomes included physical activity, GWG, and neonatal and maternal birth outcomes. Results The incidence of GDM in the control and intervention groups was 24.1% and 22.6%, respectively. The relative risk (RR) was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.37–2.34; P = 0.887). The post survey results indicated that GWG decreased more considerably in the coaching than in the control group between pre-trial (T0) and post-trial (T1), (MD; -2.49 with 95% CI, -4.38 to -0.60; P

Abstract Background Psychological distress (PD) is a significant issue during pregnancy and postpartum, adversely affecting both children and mothers. This study aims to determine PD's prevalence and risk factors in a large Iranian population sample during pregnancy and postpartum. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Babol Pregnancy Mental Health Registry (located in the north of Iran) between June 2020 and March 2021. A total of 2305 women were included, with 1639 during pregnancy and 666 during postpartum. Psychological distress was assessed using the Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI-18), and data were analyzed using independent t-tests and multiple logistic regressions. Results The prevalence of psychological distress, defined by a cut-off score of BSI ≥ 13, was 19% during pregnancy and 15% during postpartum. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that high-risk pregnancy was the leading risk factor for psychological distress during the antenatal period (β = 1.776, P

BACKGROUND: Body image concerns are accepted as a pervasive problem by a large segment of society. Problem-solving counseling is one of the practical counseling techniques that mainly focuses on improving people’s adaptability in stressful situations. We intend to determine the effectiveness of pubertal health group counseling based on problem-solving on body image concerns and anxiety in adolescent girls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A semi-experimental study will be conducted on 12–13 years old students in Babol (Mazandaran, Iran). One hundred people were determined as the final Sample size (50 people in each group) and will be selected to enter the study. A multistage sampling method will be used. The students of the intervention group will receive the necessary training in the problem-solving method regarding pubertal health, once a week for six weeks. Students in the control group will not receive education during the intervention period. Sociodemographic questionnaire, Littleton’s body image concern, and Zong’s anxiety will be used to evaluate students’ body image concerns and anxiety. Analyzes will be done by statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25 software and a significance level of 5% will be considered. Descriptive statistics and frequency percentage will be determined for classification variables. Median, range, and mean along with standard deviations (SD) will be calculated. The Chi-square test, Repeated Measures ANOVA and ANCOVA test will be used in this study. Percentage prevalence for each categorical variable is calculated with 95% confidence interval (CI). DISCUSSION: The effectiveness of counseling based on problem-solving has been reported in various studies on adolescent puberty health concerns and common adolescent mental health problems, hence its application on girls’ body image can be effective.

Abstract Background and Aims Pregnancy is a stressful experience, which can affect different aspects of a woman's life. Yet, women with a supportive network of friends and family may experience lower stress and improved self‐care behavior. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived stress and pregnancy distress with the self‐care of pregnant women, as well as the mediating role of social support. Methods This cross‐sectional study was conducted from February to May 2022 in Babol, Iran. A total of 157 pregnant women participated in the study. The participants completed five questionnaires, including a demographic and obstetric questionnaire, a Self‐care questionnaire, Perceived Social support (PSS), Perceived Stress Inventory (PSI), and Pregnancy Specific Distress. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis relationships among the variables. Results We found that Perceived stress (β = −0.221, p = 0.012β) and pregnancy distress (β = −0.203, p = 0.002β) had a negative and significant effect on the self‐care of pregnant women. Also, perceived stress (β = −0.429, p

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms/distress and posttraumatic stress (PTS) and associated factors among inpatients with COVID-19 before discharge from the hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two teaching referral hospitals in Babol, Iran from July to November 2020. The subjects were inpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 who were clinically stable. Before their discharge from the hospital, the patients completed three questionnaires: demographic data, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Primary Care Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Screen for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5. Results: The subjects were 477 inpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 including 40 (8.4%) admitted to intensive care units. Their average age was 60.5±17.9 years; 53.9% were female. Most had symptoms of significant psychological distress (96.0%) and PTS (8.1%) prior to discharge. A higher level of education (-0.18; standard error (SE) = 0.05; p < 0.001) was a negative predictor of psychiatric distress. The admission to intensive care units (0.86; SE = 0.08; p< 0.001) was a positive predictor of psychiatric distress. Conclusions: Most COVID-19 inpatients suffered significant psychiatric distress and PTS symptoms before discharge. Appropriate mental health crisis interventions are recommended for COVID-19 patients during hospitalization.

Abstract Background Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is one of the most important comorbidities in patients with hereditary bleeding disorders (HBD). The present study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA)-based interferon-free HCV antiviral regimens in patients with HBD. Patients and methods The present study was performed on the patients with HBD and CHC between 2015 and 2019. Sofosbuvir-based interferon-free regimens with or without ribavirin were prescribed to treat HCV infection. The main endpoint of the study was to determine the sustained virologic response (SVR), assessed 12 weeks after the completion of treatment. Results A total of 147 patients with a mean age of 41.1 years were enrolled in the study; 4.1% of them were co-infected with HIV, 25.2% had cirrhosis, and 76.9% of them were diagnosed with hemophilia A. HCV genotype-1 includes the largest number (68.1%) of patients. 46.3% of patients were treatment-naïve and others had a treatment history with interferon-based regimens. Out of 147 patients, 15 patients were lost to follow-up during treatment or for SVR evaluation or discontinued treatment. 132 subjects completed treatment and were evaluated for SVR, 12 weeks after the completion of treatment. All of the patients achieved SVR 12 (SVR rate: 100%, 95% CI 97.2–100%). Conclusion Hepatitis C DAA-based regimens are the effective treatments for CHC in patients with HBD, regardless of the treatment modifiers such as previous treatment experience, cirrhosis, HIV co-infection, and HCV genotype.

Objective: This study aimed to assess anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 outbreak among students aged 8 to 18 years and to determine related demographic and other related factors. Method: A descriptive and analytical cross sectional study was conducted through web-based data collection which included 348 students aged 8 to 18 years in the state of Mazandaran, Iran during the first peak of COVID-19. Demographic and Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS-P) questionnaires were used to collect the data. The statistical tests including independent sample t test, ANOVA as well as linear regression were employed. Results: The average age of the subjects was reported to be 12.2 ± 3.59 years. Age, father’s occupation, following COVID-19 related news, and also nervousness related to infection were predictors of anxiety (11%). Moreover, age, mother’s occupation, family communication and also the safety protocols practiced by the family were found to be predictors of depression in students (17%). A significant relationship was also found between the effect of quarantine on family communication and the anxiety and depression in students (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Demographic characteristics affect student mental health during the COVID-19 outbreak. Moreover, family preventive protocols can predict depression in students aged 8 to 18 years. Better preventive precautions encourage less anxiety and depression.

Abstract Drawings on artwork in the form of ancient symbolic motifs from prehistoric times to the present day have been illustrated in abstract and naturalized manner. These concepts have purposes such as magic, amulet, ornament, allegory, lived experience, narrative, and so on. The triple archetype is also considered as one of such original and symbolic motifs. In Iranian art this motif has preserved its essence over time and in various governmental, political and religious circumstances and has moved from one era to another and has advanced with the development of ethnic groups. The three constituent elements of such an archetype consists of plant (tree or flower), human and animal (cattle and birds) elements which include a central pattern and two symmetrically patterns appearing on the two sides of the central feature. The pivotal point is how the Holy Trinity evolved from the sacred space to the decorative space. This transition has been maintained in various ways and is still present in the context of contemporary Iranian art. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze 58 selected framed samples of Iranian paintings with an iconographic approach. These frames have been selected from Proto-Elamite to Contemporary with emphasis on the triple archetype on the Persian carpet which has 39 items. The results of the study show that traces of symbolism and sacredness are evident in the drawing of artifacts on the context of artworks, in spite of its ornamental decoration, the artist's and the audience's affection is evident. This attachment is the same aesthetic sense of the institutional in totemic symbolic objects. Notable in these trilogies are their gender, which some see as central to feminine and masculine motifs despite the disagreement of others. Research aims: 1. Achievement of the developmental stages of form and content of the trilogy with focus on the variable tree element in the application of motifs in Iranian art. 2. Investigation on the form and content of the transformation of the triple archetype with emphasis on the motif of the tree in Persian carpets. Research questions: 1. What is the reason for applying the triple archetype from the past to present in the daily life of the people? 2. What developments have occurred in term of form and content on the tree motif?

Introduction: A new pathological form of HCV named as occult HCV infection (OCI) has been recently characterized by the presence of HCV RNA in liver biopsy and/or peripheral blood mononuclear cell specimens (PBMCs) and the absence of detectable circulating HCV RNA in plasma samples. In this study, we investigated the presence of HCV RNA in PBMCs and plasma samples of 100 hemophilia patients with negative serum HCV RNA. Methods: One hundred hemophilia participants receiving IFN-free direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) regimens as a treatment of HCV infection participated in this study. PBMCs were separated with Ficoll before RNA extraction. The HCV genotypes of the positive specimens were also analyzed by RT-PCR assay. Finally, data analysis was performed by SPSS software. Results: Our data revealed that out of 100 hemophilia patients, three (3%, 95% CI: 0.006-0.085) were positive for OCI, showing a significant association between OCI and genotype3/drug regimens (p = 0.0203). There was no significant increase at ALT and AST levels in patients with OCI. Moreover, a genotype difference was observed between plasma and PBMCs samples of 1% (1/100) of patients. Conclusion: Generally, HCV genotyping in PBMCs along with plasma subtyping before beginning the therapy is vital due to the possibility of OCI detection.

Background: Hemophilia is a well-known bleeding disorder with worldwide distribution. Replacement therapy, using plasma-derived or recombinant coagulation factors, comprises a gold standard regimen for the treatment. Regardless of the advancements made in viral inactivation methods in the production of plasma-derived coagulation factors, the possibility of transmission of new viral infections remained as a noticeable concern yet. The aim of the current study was to investigate the status of parvovirus 4 (PARV4) in severe hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease (vWD), and healthy control. Materials and Methods: In the current case-control study, 76 patients with hemophilia and vWD and 60 individuals from their family members entered the study. Nested PCR used to determine the presence of PARV4 in study subjects (76 cases). To characterize the PARV4 genotype, positive samples subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: PARV4 genome detected in 11 (14.47%) patients with bleeding disorders. Among whom, nine patients (14.75%) were with severe hemophilia A and two (13.33%) patients with vWD. Only five healthy controls (8.33%) were positive for PARV4. All PARV4 sequences were found to be genotype 1. Conclusion: PARV4 infection in patients with hemophilia and vWD was higher than the control group. While detection of PARV4 DNA in patients with bleeding disorders may not necessarily reflect a clinical urgency, future investigations are needed to define the clinical significance of PARV4. It seems the detection of the virus immune signature of PARV4 infection, particularly in the context of acute and persistent infections, needs to focus on cellular and tissue targets.

Not long after the discovery of the Halilud (Jiroft) civilization, much research has been done on this civilization and the study of the structure of motifs on recent works. Given the lack of written information and sufficient historical evidence from this civilization and its place in the history of ancient Iranian art, articles on the subject can be a good source of inspiration and inspiration. , Our knowledge, technical know-how, and so on. The motifs used on the works are an important part of ancient Iranian art. The motifs of pottery, and many of which are decorated with very beautiful themes, have always been at odds with the worldview, symbolic concepts, and cultural connections of societies in times past. The purpose of this research is to study the visual structure of decorative motifs (technical knowledge of aesthetics) on the found works of Jiroft civilization and to question their aesthetic quality. As well as studying the visual structure of the motifs used on the works, we can reveal the visual sensibilities of the creators of these works on the beautiful, the principled and precise application of aesthetic elements (technical knowledge) such as rhythm, symmetry, balance, proportion, concentration, balance and so on. The stone artifacts of Jiroft civilization are widespread and it is important to note that the people of this civilization, in addition to the functional aspects of everyday life, use various motifs (geometric, human, plant, animal, thematic and symbolic) on these works. They have tried to satisfy their aesthetic needs. The method of data collection in this article is library studies and field research through objective observation and research method is descriptive and analytical. It seems that the origin of the visual elements, abstract ideas, and realistic images is derived from the surrounding nature and mythological rituals of the field, along with the sensitive and aesthetic mind of the artists emanating from their culture. Engraving on these containers has been a means of conveying the message in pre-historic times and has been used by artists as the most appropriate canvas for displaying the message and human knowledge. The questions of this study are: 1. What are the elements and qualities of the technical (visual knowledge) used in the design and composition of the decoration of the containers and what are the visual communication techniques associated with the Harylrud stone containers? What is the semantic relationship between the form and content of the motifs in these works? Objectives: 1) To study the visual and visual structure of the motifs in the works of this civilization 2) To analyze the relationship between form and content used in the works of this civilization

In Iranian paintings, the element of nature, particularly trees are reflected abundantly and was considered as the pillar and foundation of existence, the connection between earth and sky the basis of the universe. Moreover, the mentioned symbol was a sign of birth, growth, development, death, resurrection, stable existence and immortality. The role of the tree has been used in the historical monuments of the Islamic period. One of the beautiful structures of the Safavid period is the Chehelsoton Palace. The issue under study is the presence of the tree motif in the mentioned structure and its role and purpose. The research approach is qualitative and data analysis is accomplished via a descriptive-analytical manner. Data and information is collected from library sources, online sources, as well as field observations. The findings of the research indicate that in the paintings of the Chehelsoton Palace of Isfahan, about 110 wall paintings decorated with the tree motif are identified. Further understanding of the occurrence of the tree designs, necessitated this research. The role of the tree is mostly inspired by the tangible nature and the actual trees located in the garden of this mansion that are drawn and painted in various manners (elm, sycamore, cypress, blossom and fruit trees). Likewise, the motifs do not only bestow a purely decorative aspect due to their proximity and relationship between human beings and other elements, but also behold a thematic and conceptual aspect. Research aims: 1. A study and analysis of tree designs in the paintings of Chehelsoton Palace in Isfahan in terms of form and content. 2. A reflection on the effective sources in designing the tree motifs of the Chehelsoton Palace. Research questions: 1. What is the role and position of the tree motif in the paintings of the Chehelsoton Palace from a structural and thematic point of view? 2. What was the basis and approach of the artist in designing the various tree motifs?

The question that weighed on the criminal protection of legal rules, the philosophy of criminalization of some behaviors and justify the imposition of punishment on the violators of values. Governments have always tried to express in the name of acceptable opinion, to justify their criminalization. Answering about the philosophy of criminalization is also important for the Disturbing crimes in criminal procedure process, that the subject of this article. The investigation revealed that any crime disturb in the process of the criminal procedure benefit differents rules and principles of the criminalization. It can be considered the justification of criminal intervention, "The harm principle" in most cases of these crimes and "The public interest" & "The moralism" principles in the limited extent and in other instances of crimes, The Jurisprudential rule of "prohibition of help on Esm and Odwan". At the same time the rule of "La zarar" can not be used as a basis for the criminalization. The research method used is descriptive-analytic.

Objectives: The associations between emotional skills encompassed in emotion regulation model and psychopathology were examined by investigating its ability to modify the emotion-mediated association between other emotion regulation skills and psychopathology. Methods: A total of 465 students were selected using proposal sampling method. Data were collected using Emotion Regulation Skill Questionnaire (ERSQ) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Data were analyzed using bootstrapping-enhanced mediation analysis that considered the ability to modify emotions as a mediator, psychopathology as dependent, and other emotional skill as independent and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: A significant negative correlation was established between emotional skills and psychopathology in a range from 0.13 (bodily perception of sensations) to 0.31 (modification) (ρ=-0.31, P˂0.01). The total effect for the variables of clarity, understanding, acceptance and tolerance, confrontation, self-support, attention, and sensation was significant at P0.05), and modification between these three skills and psychopathology exerted a complete mediating effect. The direct impact of emotional clarity, acceptance and tolerance, confrontation, and self-support was significant. Thus, emotion modification between the skills of emotional clarity, acceptance and tolerance, confrontation, and self-support with psychological disturbance had partial mediating effects. Discussion: The ability to modify emotions is the pathway through which other emotional skills might exert their influence on the mental health.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SRT that was performed in 4-6 year-old Persian-speaking children. The SRT is a nonword repetition task that assesses phonological working memory and was designed by Shriberg in 2008. Methods: The present research was a non-experimental study with a methodological design. The content validity of the task was evaluated by 15 speech language pathologists (SLP). The Lawshe coefficient was acceptable, and therefore without changing the number and phonological structure of the nonwords, the SRT was performed by 140 normal children in two groups (4-5 and 5-6 years old) that were selected randomly from 10 kindergartens of Tehran. To assess the test-retest reliability, the SRT was performed at one-week intervals. Finally, to determine the differential validity of the SRT, the task was performed in 30 children with speech sound disorders (SSD) that had been selected from speech and language clinics of Tehran. SPSS software version 21 was used to determine the Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and T-test. Results: The CVR coefficient of the SRT was between 0.57 and 1. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the total score was 0.83, and the Pearson correlation coefficient between successive runs was 0.87(P

Adjuvants are chemicals, microbial components, or mammalian proteins that enhance the immune response to vaccine antigens. Reducing vaccine-related adverse effects and inducing specific types of immunity has led to the development of numerous new adjuvants. Adjuvants in experimental and commercial vaccines include aluminum salts (alum), oil emulsions, saponins, immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), liposomes, microparticles, nonionic block copolymers, derivatized polysaccharides, cytokines, and a wide variety of bacterial derivatives. The mechanisms of action of these diverse compounds are different. Factors influencing the selection of an adjuvant include animal species, specific pathogen, vaccine antigen, route of immunization, and type of immunity needed. In this paper we review the current adjuvant types, structure and mechanism of action and their application in the design and production of animal and human vaccines to provide a source for students and researchers in related fields .

"n Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional regulation training group therapy, based on Dialectical Behavioral Therapy(DBT) and Cognitive Therapy, on improving emotional regulation and distress tolerance skills and relapse prevention in addicts . "nMethod: In a quasiexperimental study, 39 patients with the diagnosis of opioid dependence based on DSM-IV criteria were randomly assigned in to two experimental and one control groups. The experimental groups took 10 ninety-minute sessions of group therapy. The subjects were evaluated using the Opiate Treatment Index (OPI), General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), and Distress Tolerance and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales prior to the start of treatment, and at the sixteenth session. The control group did not take group therapy and was merely treated with naltrexone. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and ÷ 2 test . Results: Scheffe test showed that both emotion regulation training and cognitive therapy were more effective than naltrexone increasing distress tolerance, emotion regulation enhancement, and decreasing the amount of drug abuse, health improvement, social functioning, somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression enhancement(P

"n Objective : "n "nThe major objective of this study was to determine the means and 95% confidence interval of normal 6 years old children's motor-verbal skills. Based on the results of this study we could develop a measure to diagnose abnormal motor skills. In addition, in this follow-up study, we compared the first-graders' motor-verbal skills to their own skills one year earlier. "nMethod: In this follow-up study, the development of motor-verbal skills was studied in 220 normal readers in the first-grade after 1 year. We administered naming speed test and word and phrase repetition to assess motor-verbal skills. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistic and paired t-test. "nResults: The mean of the 6 years old first-graders' speed naming was 87 words per 100 second. In addition, means and standard deviations of word and phrase repetition were 8.41(2.92) and 6.51(1.73) respectively. In addition,, paired t-test showed a significant difference between naming speed, word and phrase repetition first-grade and 5 years old children score(naming speed: t=10.95, p

"nObjective: The purpose of this study is to examine the factor structure, internal consistency, and construct validity of preschool, first and second grade versions of Berkeley Parenting self-efficacy scale. "nMethod: The subjects were 317 mothers: (102 mothers of preschool children, 111 mothers of first grade children and 104 mothers of second grade children) who were randomly selected from schools in Tehran. They completed Berkeley parenting self-efficacy and Rotter `s locus of control scales. Factor analysis using the principle component method was used to identify the factor structure of parenting self-efficacy scale. Cronbach`s alpha coefficient was used to identify the reliability of parenting self efficacy scale. "nResults: Results of this study indicated that the cronbach`s alpha coefficient was 0.84, 0.87, 0.64 for preschool, first grade and second grade versions respectively. Based on the scree test ,,factor analysis produced two factors of maternal strategy and child outcome, and it also produced the highest level of total variance explained by these 2 factors. The Parenting self-efficacy scale was negatively associated with measure of locus of control(r=-0.54 for the preschool version, -0.64 for the first grade version and -0.54 for the second grade version). "nConclusion: Due to relatively high reliability and validity of preschool, first and second grade versions of Berkeley Parenting Self-Efficacy scale, this scale could be used as a reliable and valid scale in other research areas

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional regulation training group therapy, based on Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and Cognitive Therapy, on improving emotional regulation and distress tolerance skills and relapse prevention in addicts.In a quasiexperimental study, 39 patients with the diagnosis of opioid dependence based on DSM-IV criteria were randomly assigned in to two experimental and one control groups. The experimental groups took 10 ninety-minute sessions of group therapy. The subjects were evaluated using the Opiate Treatment Index (OPI), General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), and Distress Tolerance and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales prior to the start of treatment, and at the sixteenth session. The control group did not take group therapy and was merely treated with naltrexone. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and χ2 test.Scheffe test showed that both emotion regulation training and cognitive therapy were more effective than naltrexone increasing distress tolerance, emotion regulation enhancement, and decreasing the amount of drug abuse, health improvement, social functioning, somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression enhancement (P