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This study aimed to characterize the aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AlClPc) encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CN) and apply it in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on multispecies biofilm composed of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, and Candida albicans to analyze the antimicrobial activity and lactate production after treatment. Biofilms were formed in 24-well polystyrene plates at 37 °C for 48 h under microaerophilia. The following groups were evaluated (n = 9): as a positive control, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX); phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a negative control; 2.5% CN as release vehicle control; the dark toxicity control of the formulations used (AlClPc and AlClPc + CN) was verified in the absence of light; for aPDT, after 30 min incubation time, the photosensitizers at a final concentration of 5.8 × 10–3 mg/mL were photoirradiated for 1 min by visible light using a LED device (AlClPc + L and AlClPc + CN + L) with 660 nm at the energy density of 100 J/cm2. An in vitro kit was used to measure lactate. The biofilm composition and morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by quantifying colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL) of each microorganism. Bacterial load between groups was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α = 0.05). A lower lactate dosage was observed in the aPDT AlClPc + CN + L and CHX groups compared to the CN and AlClPc groups. The aPDT mediated by the nanoconjugate AlClPc + CN + L showed a significant reduction in the viability of S. mutans (3.18 log10 CFU/mL), L. casei (4.91 log10 CFU/mL), and C. albicans (2.09 log10 CFU/mL) compared to the negative control PBS (p 0.05). The aPDT mediated by the nanoconjugate AlClPc + CN + L was efficient against the biofilm of S. mutans, L. casei, and C. albicans.

Background: Laser irradiation modifies the topography and composition of dentin surface aiming to increase the retention of bonded posts. Objective: To assess the effect of dentin irradiation with ...

Metalloproteinase-inhibiting agents, such as chitosan, can prevent collagen degradation in demineralized dental substrates, thereby improving the adhesive interface. This study evaluated the bond strength (BS) and chemical and morphological characterization of the adhesive interface after applying chitosan solution to demineralized dentin.The 80 third molars were selected. Forty teeth underwent caries induction using the pH cycling method. The teeth were divided according to the treatment: distilled water (control) and 2.5% chitosan solution. The surfaces were restored using adhesive and composite resins. Half of the specimens in each group were aged, and the other half underwent immediate analyses. The teeth were sectioned and underwent the microtensile bond strength test (µTBS), and chemical and morphological analyses using energy-dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Data analysis was performed using 3-way analysis of variance.For µTBS, sound dentin was superior to demineralized dentin (Chitosan treatment improved bond strength both immediately and after aging, even in demineralized dentin.

Brazil has become the epicenter of coronavirus disease, and the Sao Paulo State has the worst scenario. This study evaluated the effect of the COVID-19 in dentists of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. A self-administered web-based survey with 33 multiple-choice questions was sent to dentists. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the 302 valid responses. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, McNemar and Wilcoxon tests (α = 0.05). Most of the participants aged until 34 years (61.6%) and were female (74.5%). They reduced work to less than 20 h per week. Monthly remuneration was reduced (86.8%). Personal protective equipment at the office was changed (p

Aim: To evaluate the influence of the biomodification of erosive lesions with a chitosan nanoformulation containing green tea (NanoCsQ) on the clinical performance of a composite resin. Methods: The study was performed in a split-mouth, randomized and double-blinded model with 20 patients with 40 erosive lesions. The patient’s teeth were randomized into two groups (n=20) according to the surface treatment: 1) Without biomodification (control), and 2) Biomodification with NanoCsQ solution (experimental). The lesions were restored with adhesive (Tetric N-bond, Ivoclar) and composite resin (IPS Empress Direct, Ivoclar). The restorations were polished and 7 days (baseline), 6 months, and 12 months later were evaluated according to the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) modified criteria, using clinical exam and photographics. Data were analyzed by Friedman’s and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results: No significant differences were found between the control and experimental groups (p=0.423), and also among the follow-up periods (baseline, six months, and 12 months) (p=0.50). Regarding the retention criteria, 90% of the restoration had an alpha score in the control group. Only 10% of the restorations without biomodification (control) had a score charlie at the 12-month follow-up. None of the patients reported post-operatory sensitivity. Conclusion: The NanoCsQ solution did not negatively affect the performance of the composite resin restorations after 12 months.

Chemical composition of temporary cements interferes in the bond strength and quality of the bond interface of glass fiber posts to root dentin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different temporary cements on the bond strength of fiberglass posts and resin cement. Thirty-two maxillary central incisor roots were standardized at 15 mm length. The root canals were prepared with Reciproc R50 and filled with a R50 single cone and AH Plus. Ten mm of filling material was removed with a heated Schilder condenser, leaving 5 mm of apical filling material. The roots were randomly distributed into 4 groups (n = 8). In the control group, the root canal was prepared with a standard drill according to the post diameter (DC #1, FGM, Joinville, Brazil), irrigated with 5 mL of distilled water and immediately received the fiberglass post cemented with self-adhesive resin cement. For the other groups, cores were made with temporary intraradicular retainers cemented with different temporary cements: methacrylate-based resin (Bifix Temp - Voco), calcium hydroxide-based (Provicol - Voco) and zinc oxide-based - eugenol-free (Relyx Temp NE - 3M). After 7 days, mechanical removal of the temporary retainers, preparation, irrigation of the root canal and cementation of the fiberglass post were performed, following the same protocol that had been performed in the control group. The roots were sectioned to obtain 3 slices per root third. The most cervical section of each third was used for the push-out test and failure pattern analysis, while the most apical section was subjected to analysis of the adhesive interface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The BS data were compared between groups using the two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test. The failure pattern results were expressed in percentage and compared between groups using the chi-square test and the material adaptation data at the bond interface were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner tests. The results showed higher BS in the cervical third, with a higher value in the control group (10.8 ± 0.94) and Bifix Temp group (9.78 ± 0.71), with no statistically significant difference between these groups (P .05). The middle and apical thirds showed no statistically significant difference (P .05). As regards the type of failure, a higher percentage of mixed adhesive failures was observed for all groups. Analysis of the adhesive interface by SEM showed that the temporary cement Bifix Temp showed greater adaptation at the bond interface. It was concluded that the methacrylate-based resin temporary cement showed the highest bond strength values and best adaptation to root dentin than the zinc oxide-based and calcium hydroxide-based temporary cements.

Introduction: This study evaluated the impact of CO2 laser treatment and acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) on enamel demineralization and biofilm formation, using in vitro and in situ designs. Methods: Demineralized enamel slabs were distributed among 8 groups: placebo, placebo + continuous CO2 laser, placebo + repeated CO2 laser, placebo + ultrapulsed CO2 laser, 1.23% APF, APF + continuous CO2 laser, APF + repeated CO2 laser and APF + ultrapulsed CO2 laser. In the in vitro study, 15 enamel slabs from each group were subjected to a pH-cycling regimen for 14 days. In the cross over in situ design, 11 volunteers wore palatal appliances with demineralized enamel slabs for 2 periods of 14 days each. Drops of sucrose solution were dripped onto enamel slabs 8×/day. Biofilms formed on slabs were collected and the colony-forming units (CFU) of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus were determined. Results: For both in vitro and in situ studies, there was no significant difference between treatments (P>0.05). However, all treatments increased microhardness of demineralized enamel (P0.05) or Lactobacillus (P>0.05) counts between groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that APF gel combined with the CO2 laser, regardless of the pulse emission mode used, was effective in controlling enamel demineralization, but none of the tested treatments was able to prevent bacterial colonization.

Objective This study investigated whether a sample of anterior resin composite restorations could be differently evaluated in different centers of evaluation by clinical and lay evaluators. Methods Anterior resin composite restorations on high-quality intraoral digital photography were evaluated using FDI criteria (1-5 score) by pairs of clinical and lay evaluators in Brazil (BR), France (FR), Peru (PE), and the United States of America (USA). Scores were allocated as maintenance (1, 2, 3), repair (4) and replacement (5) when comparing clinical evaluators and, as acceptable (1, 2, 3) and unacceptable (4, 5) when comparing clinical vs. lay evaluators and lay vs. lay evaluators. The Chi-square test compared the frequencies of scores among the centers. Results The frequencies of maintaining, repairing, or replacing anterior resin composite restorations given by clinical evaluators varied depending on the evaluation center. BR and PE showed the highest frequencies for repair and replacement, while FR and USA showed the highest frequencies for maintenance. The comparison of frequencies of anterior resin composite restorations accepted or unaccepted by the clinical vs lay evaluators in the same centers showed a significantly higher frequency of acceptable dental restorations coming from clinical evaluators. Comparison between lay evaluators from different centers showed significant higher frequency of unacceptable dental restorations by BR, compared to other centers. Conclusions In the evaluation of anterior resin composite restorations, the maintenance, repair, or replacement trends can vary among different centers. The unacceptable rate came more frequently from lay than from clinical evaluators. Lay evaluators from different centers differed significantly. Clinical Significance Clinical and lay evaluators in distant evaluation centers can present different trends when assessing anterior resin composite restoration. Multicenter evaluations can help to understand such differences and it is important because clinical decision-making based on scientific evidence comes from clinical studies done in different research centers.

Morphology study of root canal systems is essential for a correct diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of root canal treatment. This study aimed to analyse the dental anatomy of the lower anterior teeth, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Lower anterior teeth were classified in terms of type, number and location of root canals, evaluating the bilaterality of anatomical occurrences and determining whether the gender and age influence the findings. We analysed 749 CBCT of patients attending the School of Dentistry for different reasons. Spearman's correlations and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to analyse data (α = 0.05). There was no significant correlation between gender (male and female) and anatomy of the canals 33 (P = 0.162), 32 (P = 0.815), 31 (P = 0.708), 41 (P = 0.422), 42 (P = 0.382) and 43 (P = 0.063). There was a significant correlation between age and anatomy of the canals 33 (P = 0.045), 32 (P = 0.033), 31 (P = 0.022), 41 (P = 0.000), 42 (P = 0.037) and 43 (P = 0.037). There was no significant correlation between gender and patients' age (P = 0.325). There was no anatomical difference between the bilateral pairs (right and left homologous teeth) (P > 0.05). The most common anatomical configuration was single-canal teeth (85.29%), followed by the configuration in which one canal leaves the chamber, divides into two and unite again (12.88%). Anatomy of the lateral incisors and lower canines does not change with the gender of patients. However, as age rises, single canals and the incidence of division into two canals ending in a single foramen also increases.

To evaluate the influence of the pre-treatment with 2.5% nanoparticulate chitosan (2.5% NanoChi) solution on eroded dentin before the restorative dental treatment. The sample consisted of 22 patients (age between 33 and 52 years) with shallow or medium erosion lesions located in two homologous teeth. The teeth were randomly assigned according to dentin treatment: with 2.5% NanoChi and without with chitosan (control). The NanoChi were applied immediately after acid etching. The teeth were restored with Single Bond Universal (3 M) and Charisma resin (Kulzer). Analyzes were done using modified USPHS (retention, secondary caries, marginal adaptation, and sensitivity) and photographic (color, marginal pigmentation, and anatomical form) criteria at 7 days (baseline) and 1 year. Population demographics, Kaplan–Meier estimates and log-rank test (Mantel–Cox) were calculated for 1 year (α = 0.05). No significant difference was found in the survival rates between groups (p > 0.05) at 7 days and 1 year after treatment. After 7 days, 100% of the restorations were scored as Alpha on all criteria. After 1 year, 91% of the NanoChi restorations were scored as Alpha and 9% as Charlie for the retention, marginal adaptation, and anatomical form criteria, while 86% of the control restorations (without NanoChi) received the Alpha score and 14% received the Charlie. Secondary caries, sensitivity, color, and marginal pigmentation criteria were scored as Alpha in 100% of the restorations. The biomodification of eroded dentin with 2.5% NanoChi did not influence the survival of the restorations after 1 year. The application of 2.5% NanoChi on eroded dentin did not increase failures of resin restorations after 1 year and it can be used as a pre-treatment solution.

Background Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) has high oxidative power allowing for the control of biofilms, especially when the photosensitizer is administered in an appropriate release vehicle. This study aimed to develop/characterize the ClAlPc encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs), and evaluate its antimicrobial properties against S. mutans biofilms. Methods CSNPs were prepared by ion gelation, and characterization studies included particle size, polydispersion index (IPd), zeta potential, accelerated stability, absorption spectrum and ClAlPc quantification. The S. mutans biofilms were formed in bovine dentin blocks at 37 °C for 48 h under microaerophilic conditions. 8 μM ClAlPc was combined with a diode laser (InGaAlP) at 660 nm and 100 J/cm2. The aPDT toxicity was verified by dark phototoxicity. The antimicrobial activity was verified by CFU/mL and biofilm was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The number of viable bacteria was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α = 0.05). Results The characterization revealed that the ClAlPc nanoparticles were found in nanometer-scale with adequate photophysical and photochemical properties. The aPDT mediated by ClAlPc + CSNPs nanoconjugate showed a significant reduction in the viability of S. mutans (1log10 CFU/mL) compared to the negative control (PBS, p 0.05). SEM revealed change in biofilm morphology following the treatment of bacteria with aPDT ClAlPc + CSNPs. Cells were arranged as single or in shorted chains. Irregular shapes of S. mutans were found. Conclusion ClAlPc nanoparticles are considered stable and aPDT mediated by ClAlPc + CSNPs nanoconjugate was effective against S. mutans biofilm.

Root-filled teeth that received fiber posts most frequently fail at the adhesive interface between resin cement and dentin. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of Er:YAG laser and/or sodium ascorbate (SA) on bond strength, microhardness of dentin, and penetration depth of cement into dentinal tubules. Forty-eight bovine incisor roots were endodontically treated, post spaces were prepared and equally divided into four groups (n = 12): G1-distilled water (control); G2-10% SA (10 min); G3-Er:YAG laser (150 mJ/4 Hz/40 s), and G4-Er:YAG laser + 10% SA. Glass fiber posts were cemented and roots sectioned into slices. In the first slice, the push-out bond strength (MPa) and failures were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The second slice was subjected to microhardness test (KHN) and CLSM to assess the cement penetration. ANOVA and Tukey test were used for bond strength and microhardness data and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests for the cement penetration (α = .05). The SA-treated samples had higher bond strength (10.02 ± 5.45a), similar to Er:YAG laser (9.91 ± 4.62a) and Er:YAG laser + SA (8.09 ± 4.07a). The least values (P .05) were found on control (4.02 ± 2.39b). Significant differences were observed on root thirds (P .05): cervical middle apical. There was a predominance of adhesive failures. The microhardness test revealed no differences between groups (P .05). The experimental groups (G2, G3, and G4) had highest penetration into dentinal tubules when compared to the control (G1). Dentin pretreatments with Er:YAG laser or SA improved bond strength of cement-post-dentin interfaces; however, no synergistic effect of both treatments combined was observed.

This in vitro study aimed at evaluating the influence of Nd:YAG irradiation and chlorhexidine (CHX) application on immediate and long-term bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to dentin. Thirty fragments of dentin were randomly divided into three groups according to the treatment to be applied to the dentin surface prior to applying the self-etching adhesive system (n = 10): CHX:2% CHX application (60 s); Nd: YAG (100 mJ/20 Hz for 20 s); and NT: no treatment. The adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray) was applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and composite resin restorations were made on the dentin. After 24 h, at 37 °C, the resin-tooth blocks were sectioned perpendicular to the adhesive interface in the form of sticks (0.8 mm2 of adhesive area), and randomly subdivided into two groups according to the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test periods: immediately or 6 months after storage in distilled water. The data were reported in MPa and submitted to two-way ANOVA for randomized blocks, followed by Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). The group irradiated with an Nd:YAG laser presented the lowest bond strength means, regardless of the μTBS test period (24 h or 6 months) (p 0.05), nor did time influence bond strength (p > 0.05). Immediate and long-term bond strength was negatively affected by Nd:YAG irradiation, a condition not observed with 2% CHX solution application.

To assess the effect of Er:YAG and diode lasers on the shear bond strength (SBS) of adhesive systems to bovine dentin submitted to bleaching with a high concentration agent. One hundred and twenty bovine dentin fragments were used. Fragments were distributed into 12 groups (n = 10) considering the bleaching (present or not), surface post-treatment (untreated, Er:YAG laser or diode laser) and adhesive system (total-etching or self-etching). Specimens received two applications of 38% hydrogen peroxide. Er:YAG laser (2940 nm, 200 mJ, 4 Hz) and diode laser (980 nm, 1.5 W) were applied for 15 s on bleached dentin surface. Restoration was performed with resin using split matrix. Specimens were submitted to SBS test and data (MPa) were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). SBS of bleached specimens decreased in comparison with non-bleached (p

Introduction: This study evaluated the impact of CO(2) laser treatment and acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) on enamel demineralization and biofilm formation, using in vitro and in situ designs. Methods: Demineralized enamel slabs were distributed among 8 groups: placebo, placebo + continuous CO(2) laser, placebo + repeated CO(2) laser, placebo + ultrapulsed CO(2) laser, 1.23% APF, APF + continuous CO(2) laser, APF + repeated CO(2) laser and APF + ultrapulsed CO(2) laser. In the in vitro study, 15 enamel slabs from each group were subjected to a pH-cycling regimen for 14 days. In the cross over in situ design, 11 volunteers wore palatal appliances with demineralized enamel slabs for 2 periods of 14 days each. Drops of sucrose solution were dripped onto enamel slabs 8×/day. Biofilms formed on slabs were collected and the colony-forming units (CFU) of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus were determined. Results: For both in vitro and in situ studies, there was no significant difference between treatments (P>0.05). However, all treatments increased microhardness of demineralized enamel (P0.05) or Lactobacillus (P>0.05) counts between groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that APF gel combined with the CO(2) laser, regardless of the pulse emission mode used, was effective in controlling enamel demineralization, but none of the tested treatments was able to prevent bacterial colonization.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a final rinse with 0.2% chitosan solution on the adhesion in roots filled with gutta percha and an epoxy resin based sealer. Thirty extracted human maxillary canines selected to ensure specimen standardization were used in the study. After the coronal portion of each tooth was removed, the roots were instrumented and irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Roots were distributed into 3 groups according to the final rinsing solution (n = 10): 0.2% chitosan, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or 1% NaOCl. The canals were irrigated with 5 mL of each solution for 5 minutes and then filled with gutta percha cones and the resin based sealer. Ten roots in each group were prepared, sectioned, and submitted to push-out testing. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Tukey test (P0.05). In the push-out test, final irrigation with chitosan (mean, 0.37 [SD, 0.12] MPa) or EDTA (0.38 [0.11] MPa) resulted in significantly greater bond strength of the sealer to the root canal (P0.05) than did irrigation with 1% NaOCl (0.13 [0.04] MPa). The cervical third had greater bond strength than the other thirds (P0.05). Adhesive failure was the most frequent type in all groups. A final rinse with 0.2% chitosan or 17% EDTA resulted in greater bond strength of root fillings to the root canal than did 1% NaOCl.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the child’s salivary cortisol levels, clinical performance and marginal adaptation of restorations after selective removal of necrotic dentin in primary teeth using Er: YAG laser irradiation. Methods: A double-blind clinical study was performed in children at 7-10 years. Children who had at least 2 teeth with carious lesions involving the occlusal and proximal surfaces of primary molars counterparts were selected. Removal of necrotic dentin was performed by 2 methods: Er: YAG laser irradiation and bur-preparation. Cortisol levels (n =24) was evaluated by ELISA. Clinical analysis (n =20) was performed after the restorations polish, 6 and 12 months after restorative procedure using United States Public Health Service (USPHS) method and photographs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyz the marginal gap formation (n =20). The analysis of the data was performed by 95% confidence interval, Shapiro-Wilk test, Friedman and Wilcoxon post hoc tests (α =5%). Results: Cortisol levels were higher during selective removal of necrotic dentin, regardless of the method used (P>0.05). After 12 months, there was no evidence of the difference in the restorations performed on cavities prepared by both methods. SEM analysis revealed that the laser-irradiated teeth showed 10% of gaps in the full extent of restoration. For bur-prepared teeth, 20% of gaps were found at the cavosurface margin. Conclusion: The salivary cortisol levels on children that received Er: YAG laser irradiation for removal the necrotic dentin was similar to the control group. Class II restorations evaluated after 1 year period did not suffer interference by the use of Er: YAG laser irradiation.

Background There is still no systematized evidence in the literature regarding the combination of curcumin to improve the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on complex oral biofilms. Therefore, the objective of this review was to systematically assess the antimicrobial effect of curcumin-mediated aPDT on the vitality of biofilms of microorganisms Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Methods The addressed focused question was: “What are the effects of curcumin-mediated antimicrobial therapy on the biofilm viability of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in vitro models?” A literature search was conducted in the electronic databases Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Bireme up to April 2019. In vitro studies evaluating the effect of curcumin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on S. mutans and C. albicans biofilms were included. Results From 95 citations, 11 full-text articles were screened and 6 studies were included in this review. Because of the heterogeneity observed in the studies selected, meta-analysis was not possible. Conclusions The in vitro studies indicate the potential use of curcumin-mediated aPDT to inactivate microorganisms; Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. This survey should be viewed as a starting point for further examinations using standardized parameters to enhance outcomes.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:11:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-03-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Er:YAG laser for selective removal of carious lesion, followed by biomodification with chitosan on the microtensile bond strength (µTBS), adhesive interface, dry mass loss and hydroxyproline release (HYP). Methods: Artificial lesions were created in 104 bovine dentin blocks. Blocks were divided according to caries removal method: bur or Er:YAG laser. Seventy-six blocks were acid etched and subdivided according to dentin biomodification: no chitosan and 2.5% chitosan. Composite resin restorations were performed. Blocks were sectioned into beams and stored in water. After 24 h, 6 and 12 months, beams were submitted to μTBS test (n = 10) and analysis of adhesive interface by SEM (n = 3). The other 28 blocks were sectioned into beams and initial dry mass (DM) was determined (n = 7). Beams were stored and after 7 days, DM was redetermined. HYP release (n = 7) was evaluated by ELISA. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Bonferroni's tests (α = 0.05). Results: After 24 h, the highest µTBS was found for bur (p < 0.001). After 6 months, methods were similar (p = 0.432). After 12 months, laser-irradiated dentin showed the highest µTBS values (p = 0.025). Chitosan promoted higher µTBS values after 6 (p = 0.011) and 12 months (p < 0.001) preserving adhesive interface. Dry mass loss and HYP release were not influenced (p > 0.05) by caries removal method or by dentin biomodification. Conclusion: The bond strength to demineralized dentin reduced over 50% in all groups after water storage. From 6 months of water storage, Er:YAG laser irradiation and biomodification with chitosan maintained the stability of the resin-dentin bonds, but did not influence dry mass loss and HYP release. Department of Restorative Dentistry Ribeirao Preto School of Dentistry/São Paulo University Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Ribeirao Preto School of Dentistry/São Paulo University Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista FAPESP: 2014/23654-9

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of a natural antioxidant (grape seed extract) on the bond strength of the restorative material to the bleached enamel. Methods: Forty fragments of healthy bovine incisors were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): Group I: no bleaching; Group II: Bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and without post-treatment; Group III: Bleaching with 35% HP + 5% grape seed extract; and Group IV: Bleaching with 35% HP + 10% grape seed extract. The bond strength at the adhesive interface was evaluated using the shear test (MPa). The data were analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test ( =0.05%). The fracture types were also analyzed and classified into: adhesive, cohesive or mixed. Results: Only Group III (bleached + 5% grape seed extract) had a significant increase (p

To assess the influence of antioxidants (sodium ascorbate - SA, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from Camellia sinensis and punicalagin from Punica granatum) or lasers (Er:YAG and diode) on bleached dentin.Four hundred and forty slabs of intracoronary dentin were prepared: 224 for bond strength (debonding test) (n = 14), 96 for chemical analysis (EDS) and morphology (SEM) (n = 6), 96 for interface analysis (n = 6) and 24 for atomic force microscopy (AFM). The slabs were distributed according to the post-treatment after bleaching (35% hydrogen peroxide): GI- no bleaching and no post-treatment, GII- only bleached, GIII- 10-days delay in restorative procedure, GIV- 10% SA (10 min), GV- 0.5% EGCG (10 min), GVI- 0.5% punicalagin (10 min), GVII- Er:YAG laser (0.80W, 20s) and GVIII- diode laser (1.5W, 20s). Restorative procedures were done. Half of the slabs were analyzed immediately and the others, after 12 months. Debonding and AFM data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05).All the post-treatments, except for punicalagin, reestablished the immediate bond strength, similar to those restored after 10 days (p 0.05). Following degradation, EGCG and punicalagin reestablished the bond strength (p 0.05). Lasers were not effective in maintaining the bond strength after 12 months (p 0.05). Higher O levels were found after bleaching but were reduced overtime. Ca and P remained stable. SEM and AFM showed residual granules of SA and irregular surface due to the laser action. After aging, tags and good interface were verified in GI, GIII, GV and GVI.Sodium ascorbate, EGCG or lasers restored the immediate bond strength, but only the natural extracts were effective in the long-term durability of resin. Thus, EGCG at 0.5% for 10 min seems to be the best pre-restorative treatment for bleached substrate.

Background The literature presents many studies regarding photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (aPDT). However, the great variety of protocols to be used can directly influence its effectiveness in reducing microorganisms. The aim of this randomized split-mouth clinical study was to evaluate the effect of aPDT in the reduction of Streptococcus mutans and their effect on restorations performed. Methods Twenty children between 6 and 8 years old with active caries and dentin cavitation, located on the occlusal surface of homologous primary molars were included. The selective removal of carious tissue was performed in both molars, than one was subsequently restored and the other received aPDT treatment on the affected dentin with low intensity laser (InGaAlP) associated to 0.005% methylene blue photosensitizer before restoration. Dentin collections were performed only in the tooth submitted to aPDT in three moments: before and after selective caries removal and after application of aPDT. The restorations were analyzed after polishing and after 6 months using United States Public Health Service (USPHS) method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc test with a significance level of 5%. Results There was a significant reduction on the amount of microorganisms after selective caries removal (p = 0.04) and also after the application of aPDT (p = 0.01). The reduction of S. mutans CFU was of 76.4% after caries removal, but associated with aPDT was 92.6%. After 6 months of clinical evaluation, no difference between groups was found for retention, marginal adaptation, color, marginal discoloration, and secondary caries. Conclusions aPDT can be used as an additional treatment against cariogenic microorganisms after selective caries removal without compromising composite resin restorations.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Er:YAG laser for selective removal of carious lesion, followed by biomodification with chitosan gel where the subsurface microhardness, chemical composition, and morphological changes of the residual caries-affected dentin were examined. Artificial dentinal lesions were created by pH-cycling method (14 days) in 104 bovine specimens (5 × 5 mm). Specimens were randomly divided according to the carious removal method: bur (low-speed handpiece) or Er:YAG laser (250 mJ/4 Hz). Specimens were treated with 35% phosphoric acid and were subdivided into two groups according to dentin biomodification: without chitosan (control) and 2.5% chitosan. Forty specimens were restored with an adhesive system and composite resin. Subsurface microhardness tests were performed in sound dentin, caries-affected dentin, residual caries-affected dentin, and after the restoration. The other 64 specimens were subjected to SEM-EDS atomic analysis. Data were statistically analyzed (p 0.05). After the Er:YAG laser excavation, the microhardness value of residual caries-affected dentin was higher (p 0.05) than bur-treated dentin. A significant decrease in the amount of Ca, P, and Ca/P ratio was found after the removal of carious lesions with Er:YAG laser (p 0.05). The biomodification with chitosan did not influence the microhardness and atomic percentage of Ca, P, and Ca/P ratio of residual caries-affected dentin (p 0.05). SEM analysis showed morphological changes on residual caries-affected dentin (p 0.05). The selective removal of carious dentin with Er:YAG laser increased microhardness of residual caries-affected dentin, changing its surface morphology and chemical composition. The biomodification with chitosan did not influence the structural and chemical composition of residual caries-affected dentin.

To evaluate the wear of root wall surfaces, the bond strength of sealers to dentine and the demineralization around root filling materials after canals were exposed to acid challenge in situ.Eighty-seven roots of mandibular incisors were selected. Thirty-two were used in the laboratory bond strength study (n = 8), and 55 in the in situ study (n = 11). Root canals were prepared biomechanically and then filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, Sealapex or Endofill. For 14 days, 11 participants used intra-oral devices with five sterilized roots (four experimental and one control - only canal prepared). Drops of sucrose were dripped onto roots allowing the accumulation of biofilm on canal surfaces. Roots were removed, sectioned and analysed for the following: bond strength of filling material using a push-out test and also wear profile and dentine demineralization using confocal microscopy. Bond strength (MPa) was evaluated by two-way anova and Tukey test (α = 0.05), and wear profile was assessed by Kruskal-Wallis and t-tests (α = 0.05).AH Plus had the highest bond strength values. Intermediate results were found in roots with MTA Fillapex and Endofill, whilst Sealapex had inferior results (P 0.05). No significant differences were found amongst root thirds (P 0.05). For wear profile, samples were associated with degradation of the filling materials after exposure to the oral environment (P 0.05). Roots had signs of demineralization around the filling material when Sealapex and Endofill were used.Sealers were not able to prevent degradation of the adhesive interface and dentine. AH Plus and MTA Fillapex had superior bond strength to dentine and less intense demineralization around the root filling.

The aim of this study was to assess the surface and the substrate/glass ionomer cement (GIC) interface after Er:YAG laser irradiation by means of scanning electron microcopy. Material and methods: Thirty human third molars were selected and had their roots removed. Crowns were sectioned to obtain discs that were randomly assigned to three groups according to the surface pretreatment: 40% polyacrylic acid (control); Er:YAG laser irradiation (80mJ/2Hz) or Er:YAG laser followed by 40% polyacrylic acid. Two discs of each group were put aside to the surface analysis and the others were bisected. One half received Ketac-Fil and the other received Fuji II LC. Specimens were prepared for SEM and were analyzed under different magnifications. Results: Er:YAG laser group showed no adhesive interface for both enamel and dentin, but strongly damaged the interface build-up for dentin/Fuji II LC. The application of laser irradiation followed by the polyacrylic acid exhibited gaps and irregularities for both substrates. Conclusion:Er:YAG laser irradiation combined or not with 40% polyacrylic acid produced a surface unfavorable for GIC interaction, especially for the resin-modified ones.

Traumatic injuries are usually the result of impacts whose aggressive strength exceeds the resistance found in bone, muscle and tooth tissues. With the advent of the etching technique and considering the improvement of composite resins, simpler and more conservative alternatives are indicated in the aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of fractured anterior teeth. Case report and objective: This study aimed to report the treatment of a 13 year-old patient that fractured his central incisor due to a trauma. After clinical and radiographic examination, an oblique crown fracture with extensive involvement of the incisal angle, without pulp exposure or injury to the biological space of the left maxillary central incisor (tooth #21) was observed. Because the fractured tooth fragment was lost, it was not possible to process a fragment bonding. Thus, it was proposed to treat the tooth through direct technique restoration with composite resin. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the aesthetic and functional rehabilitation with direct composite resin is a viable option for the conservative treatment of fractured anterior teeth.

The bond strength of dentin bleached with high concentrated agents can be reestablished if the appropriate restorative material is selected. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of bleaching agents and adhesive system on bond strength of restorative material to intracoronary dentin. Material and methods: 60 fragments of intracoronary dentin (25 mm2) were embedded in acrylic resin and divided into 3 groups (n = 10): GI – not bleached (control), GII – 35% hydrogen peroxide (35HP), GIII – 38% hydrogen peroxide (38HP). The gel was applied for 10 min onto the dentin surface. This protocol was repeated three times at a single session. After 14 days, the groups were divided into subgroups according to the adhesive system used in the restoration: A – Self-etching (Clearfil SE Bond) and B – Total etching (Single Bond 2). The fragments were restored with Z100 Filtek resin using a bipartite matrix. After 24 h, the specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results: The group bleached with 38HP(6.02 ± 3.95) had the highest bond strength to dentin, followed by 35HP (5.36 ± 3.54), and control group (3.11 ± 2.71) (p < 0.05), although without statistically significant differences. It was also verified a higher bond strength in the group restored with the self-etching adhesive system (6.60 ± 4.18) when compared to the total etching system (3.06 ± 1.57). Conclusion: When performing the restoration of teeth bleached with hydrogen peroxide at high concentrations (35% and 38%), self-etching adhesive system should be the first choice.

The use of adhesive composite resin with fluoride and with greater fluidity can be favorable to the restoration of the palatal/lingual face of teeth submitted to internal bleaching. Objective:This study evaluated the bond strength of adhesive systems and composite resins to bleached dentin. Material and methods: Forty maxillary canines were sectioned to obtain 40 blocks (5 x 5 mm) of intracoronary dentin. The fragments were included and bleached with 37% carbamide peroxide. After 7 days, the specimens were divided into two groups according to the adhesive system: with (Optibond Solo Plus) and without (Single Bond) fluoride and subdivided into 2 subgroups (n = 10) according to the composite resin: microhybrid (Z250) and flowable (Z350). The restoration was carried out through a bipartite matrix. After 24 hours, the specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test. The data (MPa) were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results: The best results (p < 0.05) were obtained for fluoridated adhesive (7.44 ± 2.35) compared with that without fluoride (5.36 ± 2.01); flowable resin (7.76 ± 2.23) performed better than microhybrid resin (5.03 ± 1.72). When the two variables were associated, the highest results were obtained for the specimens restored with fluoridated adhesive and flowable resin(9.04 ± 1.92). Lower results were observed for non-fluoridated adhesive + microhybrid resin – control (4.24 ± 1.59), without statistically significant differences when compared with the fluoridated adhesive + microhybrid resin (5.83 ± 1.52). Conclusion: The combination with fluoridated adhesive and flowable resin increases the shear bond strength of bleached dentin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the bonding of AH Plus and Endofill sealers to intraradicular canal walls after different dentin surface treatments. Material and methods: Sixty canines were sectioned obtaining dentin discs with 4-mm thickness and were embedded in acrylic resin. The canals were prepared with diamond burs. The specimens were divided into two groups(n = 30): GI – AH Plus and GII – Endofill and were subdivided into three groups based on the dentin surface treatment (n = 10): A – distilled and deionized water (control), B – 17% EDTA, C – CO2 laser with 3W in continuous mode for 10s. The specimens were submitted to push out test in a universal testing machine. Results: Tukey test revealed that the IB (AH Plus/17% EDTA) (17.59 ± 6.04) and IC (AH Plus/CO2laser) (21.69 ± 4.93) subgroups had the highest values, which were statistically similar between each other (p > 0.05) and different from the other subgroups (p < 0.05). IIC subgroup (Endofill/CO2 laser)(7.25 ± 1.59) had intermediate values, which were statistically similar to (p > 0.05) IA subgroup (AH Plus/water) (10.99 ± 2.63), IIA subgroup (Endofill/water) (3.16 ± 0.83) and IIB subgroup (Endofill/ 17% EDTA) (5.31 ± 3.61), which had the smallest values (p < 0.05). Conclusion:The treatment of superficial intracanal dentin with CO2 laser and EDTA favored the adhesion of AH Plus and Endofill sealers.

Background: Hydrogen peroxide (HP) at lower concentration can provide less alteration on enamel surface and when combined with laser therapy, could decrease tooth sensitivity. This in situ study evaluated the influence of 15% and 35% HP gel activated by lighting-emitting diode (LED)/laser light for in-office tooth bleaching. Materials and Methods: Forty-four bovine enamel slabs were polished and subjected to surface microhardness (load of 25 g for 5 s). The specimens were placed in intraoral palatal devices of 11 volunteers ( n = 11). Sample was randomly distributed into four groups according to the bleaching protocol: 15% HP, 15% HP activated by LED/laser, 35% HP, and 35% HP activated by LED/laser. The experimental phase comprised 15 days and bleaching protocols were performed on the 2 nd and 9 th days. Surface microhardness (KHN) and color changes were measured and data were analyzed by ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results: There were no significant differences in microhardness values neither in color alteration of enamel treated with 15% HP and 35% HP activated or not by LED/laser system ( P > 0.05). Conclusions: Both concentrations of HP (15 or 35%), regardless of activated by an LED/laser light, did not affect the surface microhardness and had the same effectiveness in enamel bleaching.

This study evaluated the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser on the root canal dentin after luting a fiber post. Twenty-four bovine teeth roots were prepared using NiTi instruments and filled with Sealer 26 and gutta-percha. Post spaces were prepared and roots were distributed according to dentin treatment (n = 8): 2.5%NaOCl (group control), Er,Cr:YSGG laser (1.5 W, 20 Hz, 20 s) (group test 1) or 2.5%NaOCl + Er,Cr:YSGG laser (group test 2). Fiber posts were luted using adhesive cement (Rely X U200, 3M) and roots were prepared to confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The morphology of interface, thickness of cement, and the gaps and tags were analyzed. Non-parametrical data for thickness of cement were submitted to Friedman and Kruskall–Wallis tests (α = 0.05) and parametrical data for gaps to ANOVA (α = 0.05). CLSM of the cement thickness and gaps revealed no significant difference in surface treatment (NaOCl, Er,Cr:YSGG laser and NaOCl + Er,Cr:YSGG laser) (p > .05) and canal thirds (cervical, middle, and apical) (p > 0.05). SEM showed tags and a residual layer of cement adhered to dentin, mainly in laser-irradiated specimens. The pretreatment of root canal with Er,Cr:YSGG laser previously to luting the fiber post with a self-adhesive cement did not influence the cement thickness and gaps but affected the dentin interaction.

The volume of sealer in the apical 1 mm of teeth filled using different techniques was evaluated by micro-commuted tomography (micro-CT). Sixty-four maxillary central incisors were prepared using NiTi rotary instruments. Teeth were randomly distributed into four groups according to root canal sealers (AH Plus, Endofill, Sealapex, and Sealer 26) and subdivided into two subgroups according to the filling techniques (active and passive lateral condensation; n = 8 each). Subsequently, teeth were examined using the 1174 SkyScan micro-CT device. Images were reconstructed using the NRecon software, and the sealer volume (mm3) in the apical region was analyzed using the two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Student–Newman–Keuls test (α = ٠.٠٥). The lowest volume of sealer was observed in teeth filled with Sealapex (0.100 ± 0.009) and Endofill (0.103 ± 0.010). The highest volume was observed in teeth filled with AH Plus (0.112 ± 0.008) and Sealer 26 (0.109 ± 0.018) (p > 0.05). Regarding the filling technique, a lower sealer volume was observed using the active lateral condensation technique compared with that using the passive lateral condensation technique (0.100 ± 0.010 vs. 0.111 ± 0.012) (p < 0.05). Therefore, the lowest volume of sealer was observed in teeth filled with Sealapex and Endofill using the active lateral condensation technique.

Few reports have addressed the effects of diode laser irradiation at 980 nm on the morphology and fracture resistance of dentine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of 980-nm diode laser on the ultrastructure and fracture resistance of root dentine. The roots of 90 extracted canine teeth were divided into three groups according to the type of irrigating solution (water, NaOCl, and NaOCl/EDTA) and subdivided into three subgroups (n = 10) according to the amount of laser irradiation (without irradiation, 1.5 W/100 Hz and 3.0 W/100 Hz). The roots were filled with an epoxy resin-based sealer and gutta-percha and then subjected to a fracture resistance test. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and the Tukey test (p < 0.05). Additionally, 18 canine teeth were prepared using the same irrigation/irradiation protocols and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM showed greater changes when the laser power increased, and the changes also varied according to the irrigating solution. A modified smear layer was observed in specimens that were treated with water and then laser-irradiated. The laser treatment did not alter the fracture resistance of roots treated with 1.5 W/100 Hz (246.3 ± 29.5 N) and 3.0 W/100 Hz (215.3 ± 25.1 N) laser power. The roots treated with NaOCl were more susceptible to fracture (199.4 ± 15.1 N) than those irrigated with water (254.2 ± 23.0 N) (p < 0.05). The 980-nm diode laser altered the morphology of the dentine but did not affect the fracture resistance of the roots.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be used to analyze the presence of debris and smear layer on the internal walls of root canal. This study evaluated the debris and smear removal in flattened root canals using SEM after use of different irrigant agitation protocols. Fifty mandibular incisors were distributed into five groups (n = 10) according to the irrigant agitation protocol used during chemomechanical preparation: conventional syringe irrigation with NaviTip needle (no activation), active scrubbing of irrigant with brush-covered NaviTip FX needle, manual dynamic irrigation, continuous passive ultrasonic irrigation, and apical negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac system). Canals were irrigated with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl at each change of instrument and received a final flush with 17% EDTA for 1 min. After instrumentation, the roots were split longitudinally and SEM micrographs at ×100 and ×1,000 were taken to evaluate the amount of debris and smear layer, respectively, in each third. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post-hoc tests (α = 5%). Manual dynamic activation left significantly (p0.05) more debris inside the canals than the other protocols, while ultrasonic irrigation and EndoVac were the most effective (p0.05) for debris removal. Regarding the removal of smear layer, there was no statistically significant difference (p0.05) either among the irrigant agitation protocols or between the protocol-canal third interactions. Although none of the irrigant agitation protocols completely removed debris and smear layer from flattened root canals, the machine-assisted agitation systems (ultrasound and EndoVac) removed more debris than the manual techniques.

– Aim: To assess the influence of cervical preparation on fracture susceptibility of roots. Material and methods: During root canal instrumentation, the cervical portions were prepared with different taper instruments: I: no cervical preparation; II: #30/.08; III: #30/.10; IV: #70/.12. The specimens were sealed with the following filling materials (n = 8), A: unfilled; B: Endofill/gutta-percha; C: AH Plus/gutta-percha; D: Epiphany SE/Resilon. For the fracture resistance test, a universal testing machine was used at 1 mm per minute. Results: anova demonstrated difference (P 0.05) between filling materials A (189.1 ± 66.3 N), B (186.3 ± 61.0 N), C (159.7 ± 69.9 N), and D (176.9 ± 55.2 N). Conclusions: Greater cervical wear using a #70/.12 file increased the root fracture susceptibility, and the tested filling materials were not able to restore resistance.

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the surface microhardness (SMH) of intracoronal dentin exposed to 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP) light-activated or not and to 2% sodium fluoride gel (F2%) or 5% varnish (F5%). Study design Intracoronal dentin specimens were exposed to bleaching (B), bleaching and light activation (BL), or no bleaching (NB), followed by F2%, F5%, or no exposure (NF). SMH test was performed. Four specimens of each group were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results Analysis of variance and Tukey test (α = 5%) showed higher SMH of NB than BL or B. Specimens exposed to F5% presented the highest SMH and differed from F2% and NF. BL + NF yielded inferior SMH and was similar to B + NF, BL + F2%, B + F2%, BL + F5%, and NB + NF. NB + F5% showed superior values and did not differ from NB + F2%, B + F5%, and NB + NF. Conclusions Bleaching with 38% HP, light-activated or not, reduced the SMH of intracoronal dentin. F5% provided SMH to the level of unbleached specimens.

Background: It remains unclear as to whether or not dental bleaching affects the bond strength of dentin/resin restoration. Purpose: To evaluated the bond strength of adhesive systems to dentin submitted to bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP) activated by LED-laser and to assess the adhesive/dentin interfaces by means of SEM. Study design: Sixty fragments of dentin (25 mm2) were included and divided into two groups: bleached and unbleached. HP was applied for 20 s and photoactivated for 45 s. Groups were subdivided according to the adhesive systems (n = 10): (1) two-steps conventional system (Adper Single Bond), (2) two-steps self-etching system (Clearfil standard error (SE) Bond), and (3) one-step self-etching system (Prompt L-Pop). The specimens received the Z250 resin and, after 24 h, were submitted to the bond strength test. Additional 30 dentin fragments (n = 5) received the same surface treatments and were prepared for SEM. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: There was significant strength reduction in bleached group when compared to unbleached group (P < 0.05). Higher bond strength was observed for Prompt. Single Bond and Clearfil presented the smallest values when used in bleached dentin. SEM analysis of the unbleached specimens revealed long tags and uniform hybrid layer for all adhesives. In bleached dentin, Single Bond provided open tubules and with few tags, Clearfil determined the absence of tags and hybrid layer, and Prompt promoted a regular hybrid layer with some tags. Conclusions: Prompt promoted higher shear bond strength, regardless of the bleaching treatment and allowed the formation of a regular and fine hybrid layer with less deep tags, when compared to Single Bond and Clearfil. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Introduction This study assessed in vitro the physicochemical properties of 2 methacrylate resin-based sealers (Epiphany SE and Hybrid Root SEAL), comparing the results with a well-established epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus). Methods Five samples of each material were used for each test (setting time, flow, radiopacity, dimensional change after setting, and solubility) according to American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA) Specification 57. The samples were assigned to 3 groups: I, AH Plus; II, Epiphany SE; and III, Hybrid Root SEAL. The distilled and deionized water used at the solubility test was submitted to atomic absorption spectrometry to observe the presence of Ca2+, K+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ ions. In addition, the surface morphology of the specimens was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer test (P Results Flow, radiopacity, and solubility of all sealers were in accordance with ANSI/ADA. The setting time of Hybrid Root SEAL did not agree with ANSI/ADA requirements. The dimensional change of all sealers was greater than the values considered acceptable by ANSI/ADA. The spectrometry analysis showed significant Ca2+ ions release for AH Plus. In SEM analysis, Hybrid Root SEAL presented spherical monomers with inferior size than AH Plus and Epiphany SE. Conclusions It might be concluded that physicochemical properties of the tested sealers conformed to ANSI/ADA (2000) standardization, except for the setting time of Hybrid Root SEAL and the dimensional change of all sealers, which did not fulfill the ANSI/ADA requirements.

Costa JA, Rached-Junior FA, Souza-Gabriel AE, Silva-Sousa YTC, Sousa-Neto MD. Push-out strength of methacrylate resin-based sealers to root canal walls. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 698–706, 2010. Abstract Aim To assess the push-out strength of Epiphany SE, Epiphany and Hybrid Root SEAL to the dentine walls of root canals. Methodology Sixty roots of canines were prepared and distributed to six groups (n = 10) according to the filling material: GI – Epiphany SE, GII – Epiphany primer and sealer, GIII – Epiphany primer, sealer and resinous solvent, GIV – Clearfil DC Bond and Epiphany sealer, GV – Clearfil, Epiphany sealer and solvent and GVI – Hybrid Root SEAL. Resilon cones were used in all groups. Roots were sectioned transversally to obtain three slices from each third. One slice was subjected to the push-out test (MPa), and results were analysed by anova and Tukey’s test (P