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Information about patient preferences for the treatment of anaemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is scarce. Hence, our aim was to examine how patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD valued attributes of alternative hypothetical anaemia treatments.A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted in adult patients who reported a clinical diagnosis of CKD-related anaemia. Treatment attributes included mode and frequency of administration, need for iron supplementation, risk of gastrointestinal side effects, risk of major cardiovascular events and impact on energy levels (as defined by the vitality section of the SF-6D health index). Logit models were used to analyse patients' preferences.The DCE was completed by 200 patients in four countries. Patients preferred an oral mode of administration. Patients were willing to tolerate a 5.1% (95% CI 2.0-8.3%) increase in the risk of a major cardiovascular event and an 11.7% (95% CI 5.0-18.5%) increase in the risk of gastrointestinal side effects to switch from an at-home subcutaneous injection administered once every 2 weeks to an at-home oral pill administered three times a week. Patients were willing to tolerate a 20.3% (95% CI 15.0-25.6%) increase in the risk of gastrointestinal side effects and an 8.9% (95% CI 6.1-11.7%) increase in the risk of a major cardiovascular event to transition from 'Sometimes having a lot of energy' to 'Always having a lot of energy'.Patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD-related anaemia demonstrated clear treatment preferences and were willing to accept increased gastrointestinal or cardiovascular risks in exchange for more energy or an oral treatment.

Background and Aims Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which can also lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).1 As anaemia is an independent risk factor for CVD,2 treating anaemia might reduce CV events in this patient population. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of anaemia and other risk factors on long-term CV risk in haemodialysis (HD) patients with CKD. A secondary aim was to establish a CV risk equation for this patient population. Method This retrospective study used data from the Phase 3 AURORA study (NCT04042350) of 2776 ESRD patients aged 50–80 years receiving regular HD/haemofiltration, for a mean 3.2 year follow up.3 The primary endpoint of our analysis was time to first major adverse cardiovascular event (CV MACE; non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and CV mortality; n=804). Secondary endpoints included time to non-fatal stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic; n=98), coronary revascularisation therapy (n=300) and all-cause mortality (n=1296), and development of a CV risk equation. Ferritin and transferrin baseline values were determined for this analysis using the original frozen AURORA study patient samples (>10 years old). Statistical analyses were performed using univariate and multiple Cox regression models. For each outcome a full model was estimated and then simplified by approximation with fewer factors. This was done using linear regression against the linear predictor of the full Cox regression model. In a stepwise manner, the least contributing variable was removed until the subset of variables approximated the full model to 95%. Model performance was measured using the C-statistic, and internally validated using bootstrap. Results Incidence rates for CV MACE, non-fatal stroke, coronary revascularisation, and all-cause mortality were 9.36, 1.11, 3.57, and 13.73 per 100 patient-years, respectively. Certain established risk factors among HD patients, such as age, gender, previous history of CVD, diabetes mellitus, smoking, blood pressure, high phosphate and C-reactive protein levels, and low albumin levels, were also findings for this study, although non-fatal stroke was underpowered to show significance (Table). Elevated haemoglobin levels (≥127 g/L) demonstrated a protective effect on the risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.916, p=0.010 for 127 g/L [upper quartile] versus 107 g/L [lower quartile]), but were also associated with an increased risk of coronary revascularisations (HR 1.164, p=0.011 for 127 g/L versus 107 g/L). Haemoglobin levels ≤107 g/L were associated with an approximately 9% increased annual risk of mortality (HR 1/0.916=1.092). Elevated ferritin and transferrin levels were significant and independent risk factors for CV MACE (HR [95% CI] 1.130 [1.025, 1.246] and 1.202 [0.987, 1.464], respectively), and all-cause mortality (HR [95% CI] 1.088 [1.008, 1.174] and 1.402 [1.198,1.641], respectively), but further analyses of iron metabolism markers, such as hepcidin, are needed to draw meaningful conclusions. The age of the samples may have also impacted the results. Risk prediction models were developed, and the predictive ability was 0.66–0.68 (C-statistic). Conclusion This analysis confirmed that this cohort is representative of a HD population. Moreover, elevated haemoglobin levels were associated with increased survival, concomitantly with coronary revascularisation. Elevated ferritin and transferrin levels were identified as potential risk factors for CV MACE and all-cause mortality, but further studies are required to better understand their value in estimating CV risk. Risk predication models were developed and performed well but require validation against an independent patient cohort.

The CRASH study examines the experience and treatment of a severe hypoglycemia event (SHE) among people with T1DM (ppl w/T1DM) or insulin-treated ppl w/T2DM and caregivers. The online survey was conducted in 8 countries. To be eligible in the global study, ppl had experienced or cared for a person who had ≥1 SHE in the last 3 years. SHE was defined as low blood glucose requiring assistance for recovery. Here, we report U.S. data for 220 ppl with diabetes (n=110 T1DM; n=110 T2DM). Sixty-five (59.1%) ppl w/T2DM used insulin for >5 years, while mean (SD) duration of diabetes was 30.6 (16.6) years for ppl w/T1DM and 16.0 (8.7) years for ppl w/T2DM. Forty (36.4%) ppl w/T1DM and 22 (20.0%) ppl w/T2DM reported impaired awareness (Gold score ≥4). During the last SHE, glucagon use was low (T1DM [8.2%]; T2DM [3.6%]); reasons for not using glucagon were not having a prescription (T1DM [40.0%]; T2DM [59%]) or it was unavailable (T1DM [20.0%]; T2DM [17.1%]). Also, ppl w/T1DM (75.5%) and ppl w/T2DM (83.6%) reported using oral glucose only for treatment; use of healthcare provider assistance was low. The main causes reported for a SHE were eating less than planned (T1DM [27.3%]; T2DM [47.3%]) or exercising more than planned (T1DM [21.8%]; T2DM [20.0%]). Results indicate that treatment of a SHE mainly occurred outside the healthcare system with fewer ppl having glucagon as an option for recovery. Disclosure F.J. Snoek: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk A/S, Roche Diabetes Care. Research Support; Self; Sanofi. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Lilly Diabetes. A. Jiletcovici: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. D.M. Bushnell: None. C.J. Child: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. S.K. Bajpai: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. E. Spaepen: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. J. Thomas: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Z. Balantac: Other Relationship; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. M. Peyrot: Advisory Panel; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Consultant; Self; Calibra Medical. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; Eli Lilly and Company. B. Mitchell: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Eli Lilly and Company.