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The Channa limbata fish is a type of tropical freshwater fish of the Channidae family which is relatively small as an aquarium ornamental fish with a distinctive color at the tip of its dorsal fin and has a snake-like head (dwarf snakehead). Natural snakehead fishing activities have threatened its sustainability. Breeding C. limbata fish through cultivation can increase its potential for sustainable use. This study aims to evaluate the acclimation response of wild-type dwarf snakehead fish in captivity and its sexual characteristics as a basis for domestication and hatchery technology. The fish samples used were natural catches from rivers in West Java measuring 150 mm of body length then individually acclimated indoors in an aquarium (35×20×20 cm) for 14 days. Snakehead fish live in shallow, slow-flowing river waters with a temperature of 20.2-21.3°C, TDS 16-24 mg/L at neutral pH, while the rearing water temperature and TDS are higher (temperature: 24.9-27.6°C; TDS: 88-110 mg/L). The fish mortality rate during acclimation reached 25% in fish measuring >150 mm of length on tenth day, while fish measuring 150 mm kemudian diaklimasi indoor di akuarium (35×20×20 cm) selama 14 hari. Ikan gabus hidup di perairan sungai yang dangkal berarus lambat dengan suhu 20,2-21,3°C, TDS 16-24 mg/L dan pH netral, sedangkan suhu air pemeliharaan dan TDS lebih tinggi (suhu: 24,9-27,6°C; TDS: 88-110 mg/L). Angka kematian ikan selama aklimatisasi mencapai 25% pada ikan berukuran >150 mm hari ke 10, sedangkan ikan berukuran

Cikidang Fishery Port is one of the ports with serious abrasion and sedimentation problems. Seawater abrasion significantly affects some coastal areas that lack breakwater protection. Seawater abrasion causes the shoreline to recede further into the land, thereby narrowing the operational area of the coast. Not only that, harbour areas that are both protected and unprotected by breakwater also experience problems regarding water areas caused by ocean currents, tides, and large waves that lead to sedimentation. Sediment reduces the depth of harbour dock waters, making it impossible for ships to dock. As a fishing port that contributes significantly to the local economy, the Cikidang Fishery Port (CFP) necessitates analysis and solutions to address the issues of sedimentation and abrasion. References for this study used both primary and secondary data. We used a GPS handheld to measure the coastal area, and we conducted comparative studies using satellite images to gather secondary data. This will calculate the effective duration of the dredging process, enabling precise execution and minimizing the associated expenses.

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research • Genus Nomorhamphusfrom three river inlets of Lindu Lake, Central Sulawesi was identified as Nomorhamphus with CO1 gene. • Green wavelength can accelerate growth and maturation. • Wild fish Nomorhamphus can complete life cycles in an aquaculture environment. • Domestication level two is completed. Abstract Genus Nomorhamphus is an endemic fish that can be found in Sulawesi, Indonesia. This fish belongs to the halfbeak group and has diverse colors and morphology. It has economic value as an export commodity in the ornamental fish trade. Exploration of the genetic relationship of genus Nomorhamphus in Central Sulawesi is still limited. Nomorhamphus's fulfillment of export demand still comes from wild catches. This study aimed to identify the genetic relationship of genus Nomorhamphus in the inlet rivers of Lake Lindu, Central Sulawesi, and evaluate the adaptation response of genus Nomorhamphus to different wavelengths of light exposure. Caudal fin of six fish from the three inlet rivers of Lake Lindu were preserved in 95% ethanol for DNA extraction purposes. This research used a completely randomized design with three treatment, namely rearing under white (400 nm), green (525 nm), and red (625 nm) light for 60 days. Each treatment had three replications in the form of aquariums, with each aquarium being filled with four fish. A total of 42 fish were utilized in the study. CO1 sequence was amplified with universal primers of FISH-F2 and FISH-R2. The PCR amplification products were then sequenced and performed with phylogenetic tree analysis. The genetic diversity analysis suggests that the genus Nomorhamphus of all three rivers, Lindu Lake, Central Sulawesi is one species as Nomorhamphus sp.. Male and female growth length and gonad maturation were developed faster under green light exposure, while survival rate, blood glucose level, and color quality were not significantly different under different light. Exposure of wild fish to green light Nomorhamphus sp. can accelerate gonad maturation and growth to accelerate domestication.

Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) are major contributors to morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa including Cameroon. Pharmacogenetic variants could serve as predictors of drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH), in patients with TB co-infected with HIV. We evaluated the occurrence of DIH and pharmacogenetic variants in Cameroonian patients. Methods Treatment-naïve patients with HIV, TB or TB/HIV co-infection were recruited at three hospitals in Cameroon, between September 2018 and November 2019. Appropriate treatment was initiated, and patients followed up for 12 weeks to assess DIH. Pharmacogenetic variants were assessed by allele discrimination TaqMan SNP assays. Results Of the 141 treatment naïve patients, the overall incidence of DIH was 38% (53/141). The highest incidence of DIH, 52% (32/61), was observed among HIV patients. Of 32 pharmacogenetic variants, the slow acetylation variants NAT2*5 was associated with a decreased risk of DIH (OR: 0.4; 95%CI: 0.17–0.96; p = 0.038), while NAT2*6 was found to be associated with an increased risk of DIH (OR: 4.2; 95%CI: 1.1–15.2; p = 0.017) among patients treated for TB. Up to 15 SNPs differed in ≥ 5% of allele frequencies among African populations, while 25 SNPs differed in ≥ 5% of the allele frequencies among non-African populations, respectively. Conclusions DIH is an important clinical problem in African patients with TB and HIV. The NAT2*5 and NAT2*6 variants were found to be associated with DIH in the Cameroonian population. Prior screening for the slow acetylation variants NAT2*5 and NAT2*6 may prevent DIH in TB and HIV-coinfected patients.

Millions of pilgrims travel annually to Makkah and Madinah, Saudi Arabia, for the Hajj, posing unique challenges for public health management and disease control. The large influx of pilgrims from diverse backgrounds traveling to a confined geographic area, coupled with the close proximity and interactions among them, create significant pressure on the healthcare system and heighten the potential for the spread of communicable diseases. This review examines current trends in communicable diseases and their impact, drawing insights from expert perspectives on the required (i.e., meningococcal meningitis, polio, and yellow fever) and recommended vaccinations (influenza, COVID-19) for Hajj participants. The updated COVID-19 vaccine is mandatory for local pilgrims and is strongly recommended for international visitors, with ongoing discussions on adapting protocols to address emerging variants. The timing and strain coverage of influenza vaccination, along with quadrivalent meningococcal vaccination, are also emphasized as critical preventive measures. Diseases such as cholera and yellow fever are addressed underscoring the need for rigorous surveillance and targeted vaccination strategies to mitigate the risk of transmission during the Hajj. By providing up-to-date information on mandated and recommended vaccinations, this review aims to empower pilgrims and healthcare professionals to make informed decisions regarding public health and disease prevention during this significant event.

The phenomenon of sexual dimorphism in climbing perch, which shows that female fish grow faster than males, underlies the development of mono-sex culture. Female mono-sex culture is more applicable for farmers by crossing neo-male fish with normal females. The timing of sexual differentiation in climbing perch is still unknown. It is very useful in sex reversal procedures to produce neo-male climbing perch. This study revealed the time and status of climbing perch sexual differentiation. Ten samples of climbing perch from the spawning of five pairs of parents were taken from the nursery pond at 10–29 days post-hatching (dph). Samples were prepared through a histology preparation procedure. Observations of the structure and characteristics of the gonads were carried out using a light microscope and analyzed histologically. The results indicated that gonad samples aged 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 16 dph showed primordial germ cells surrounded by somatic tissue forming genital ridges and mitotic division. Meanwhile, the gonads begin to differentiate as ovaries found at 18 dph with the presence of oogonia and ovarian cavities. Gonads aged 20–21 dph increasingly showed single oogonia cells (size 20–37.5 µm), germ cell cysts, genital ridges, oocytes undergoing the vitellogenesis process, perinucleolar oocytes, and the formation of the ovarian cavity. Sex differentiation of climbing perch was predicted from 18–21 dph. This conclusion underlies that the sex reversal procedure in climbing perch must be carried out before 18 dph.

Research has been carried out regarding the synthesis of Magnetite-Alginate microcapsules (MNPs-ALG) and applied to Cu (II) metal ions. The nature of magnetic nanoparticles, Fe3O4 which easily form aggregations can be overcome by this encapsulation process, but a very efficient separation process is also very much needed in the analytical separation process.The process of making magnetite nanoparticle compounds is carried out first using FeCl2.4H2O and FeCl3.6H2O and adding concentrated ammonia at a temperature of 90οC until the solution becomes blackish in color. The dry magnetite, Fe3O4, nanoparticles were then dissolved in distilled water and thickened with Na-Alginate then dropped slowly into a 1 M CaCl2 solution. The results of characterization using SEM showed that there were differences in morphology before and after contact, and there was 0.98% mass of Cu elements on the EDS results.The microcapsule adsorption optimization test gave results for the best adsorption percentage >90% on a mass variation of magnetite (MNPs) of 0.3 grams; pH 5; contact time of 30 minutes and retention capacity of 185.95 mg/gram, at a Cu(II) concentration of 800 ppm. Analytical performance shows the best results with linearity parameters with a correlation coefficient of 0.999; the detection limit and quantitation limit are 0.0516 ppb and 0.1720 ppb with a lifetime of four times. The application of samples in the form of river water samples shows a percent recovery value of around >90%, indicating that there is no matrix that significantly influences the measurements.

On September 28, 2018, a 7.5 Richter magnitude earthquake struck the Palu City neighborhood of Petobo. The tectonic activity along the Palu-Koro fault generated this earthquake, which resulted in soil liquefaction. The purpose of this study is to use microtremor measurements at 33 distinct places to investigate the properties of the soil layer after liquefaction. The obtained data was then evaluated utilizing Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) methodologies such as Ground Shear Strength (GSS), amplification factor, and vulnerability index to determine the soil layer's properties and susceptibility. The dominant frequency ranges from 0.19 to 4.75 Hz, while the dominant period ranges from 0.21 to 5.17 seconds, according to the measurement results. According to these measurements, the silt layer varies between 5 and 30 m. GSS values in the 10-4 to 10-2 range indicate that soil cracking, subsidence, liquefaction, landslides, and compaction are likely. The soil vulnerability and amplification index values range from 2.36 to 4.37, respectively. These values show the potential level of danger, which might be low, medium, high, or extremely high. Peak ground acceleration varied from 299.52 to 301.52 gals, suggesting high to extremely high danger levels. The microzonation map created for this study is considered to be a useful resource for training disaster mitigation approaches and facilitating infrastructure development planning in the region.

In outdoor cultivation at Amal Beach, three seeding mass selections were reared for 30 days for each cycle. Each variety had a different DGR %/day (Daily Growth Rate %/day) value at the end of the growing season on G1-G2-G3 ranging from 3.62-5.90 %/day, which were still categorized as good, and G3 var.Lampung had the highest DGR value. Carrageenan yield values in this study, G1 to G3, ranged from 23.16% to 45.87%, where the G3 G2 G1 treatment. The best thallus samples (20% were selected for each generation) resulted in carrageenan yield sample population in each variety, where var.Lampung var.Tarakan var.Kupang. The biplot analysis shows that the DGR variable vector coincides with the IAA, Phosphate, Gibberellin, and Ammonia vectors. Ammonia stepwise regression analysis (sigα) affects DGR with an Ammonia coefficient value of 4.89; meaning that for each increase in the Ammonia value by one unit, the estimated mean value of DGR will increase by 4.89. Thus, the application of the mass based on the results of this study was able to increase the DGR value Kappaphycus alvarezii, which in turn produce the highest yield of carrageenan with K. alvarezii var.Lampung G3 was the best seed candidate to be developed at the seaweed cultivation site in Tarakan City. Keywords: Algae Phytohormones Carrageenan Nitrogen Viscosity

Increasing seaweed production requires accurate information regarding the genetic sources of seeds used. Identifying the seaweed species Kappaphycus molecular is one of the solutions to ensure seaweed cultivators choose seeds for their cultivation businesses. Molecular identification is essential for the system traceability of seaweed products and the creation of databases regarding species variant information Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation as potential data collection for developing and genetically breeding seaweed seeds. To date, there is no information on the genetic potential of K. alvarezii cultivated in various seaweed cultivation centers in Indonesia. This study aimed to obtain phylogenetic details based on identification of the genetic source using DNA molecular markers barcoding rbcL and analysis of carrageenan content using the Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrum. The results of DNA sequencing analysis and FTIR testing of 16 varieties of seaweed seedlings obtained from various cultivation centers in Indonesia showed 99% similarity with K. alvarezii, a producer of kappa carrageenan. Keywords: DNA sequencing, phylogenetics, haplotypes, kappa-carrageenan, rbcL ABSTRAK Peningkatan produksi rumput laut memerlukan informasi yang akurat mengenai kepastian sumber genetik bibit yang digunakan. Identifikasi spesies rumput laut Kappaphycus secara molekuler merupakan salah satu solusi untuk memberikan kepastian pada pembudidaya rumput laut untuk memilih bibit bagi usaha budidaya. Identifikasi molekuler sangat penting dalam sistem traceability produk rumput laut dan pembuatan basis data mengenai informasi varian spesies Kappaphycus alvarezii budidaya sebagai pendataan potensi untuk pengembangan dan pemuliaan bibit rumput laut secara genetis. Sampai saat ini belum tersedia informasi mengenai potensi genetik rumput laut K. alvarezii yang dibudidayakan di berbagai sentra budidaya rumput laut di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi filogenetik berdasarkan identifikasi sumber genetiknya menggunakan penanda molekuler DNA barcoding rbcL serta analisis kandungan karaginannya menggunakan spektrum Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Dari hasil analisis sekuensing DNA dan pengujian FTIR terhadap 16 varietas bibit rumput laut yang diperoleh di berbagai sentra budidaya di Indonesia menghasilkan 99% kemiripan yang tinggi dengan K. alvarezii penghasil kappa karagenan. Kata kunci: DNA sekuensing, filogenetik, haplotipe, kappa-karagenan, rbcL

Abstract: 21st century learning demands the application of skills and knowledge that are relevant to everyday life. While mathematics is a subject taught at all levels of education, it remains challenging for many students. Often perceived as disconnected from culture, students may find learning mathematics less meaningful. This perception is partly due to the lack of integration between mathematics education in schools and cultural context. However, mathematics is inherently connected to culture, and one approach recognizing this connection is called ethnomathematics. This approach emphasizes a culture-based learning process, and has the potential to improve students' learning outcomes. One example of how culture can be used as a source of mathematics learning is through the study of the traditional food of the Bugis-Makassar ethnic heritage called "lemmang". The process of making lemmang involves mathematical creativity, and researchers have used a descriptive qualitative research method with an ethnographic approach to explore this creativity. This involved collecting data through interviews, observation, and documentation. The research results showed that in lemmang making process, there is mathematical creativity related to the concepts of division, cylinder, and the principles of the Pythagorean theorem. This demonstrates that culture can be a valuable source of mathematics learning for teachers and students. Abstrak: Pembelajaran abad 21 menuntut penerapan keterampilan dan pengetahuan yang relevan dalam kehidupsn sehari-hari. Matematika adalah mata pelajaran yang diajarkan di semua tingkat pendidikan, tetapi tetap menjadi tantangan bagi banyak siswa. Mereka sering memandang matematika sebagai mata pelajaran yang terputus dari budaya dan kurang bermakna. Hal ini disebabkan karena pendidikan matematika di sekolah belum mengintegrasikan mata pelajaran dengan budaya. Matematika secara inheren terhubung dengan budaya, dan satu pendekatan yang mengakui hubungan ini disebut etnomatematika. Pendekatan ini menekankan proses pembelajaran berbasis budaya, dan berpotensi meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Salah satu contoh bagaimana budaya dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber pembelajaran matematika adalah melalui pembelajaran tentang makanan tradisional peninggalan etnis Bugis-Makassar yang disebut lemmang. Proses pembuatan lemmang melibatkan kreativitas matematis, dan peneliti telah menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan etnografi untuk menggali kreativitas tersebut. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam proses pembuatan lemmang terdapat kreativitas matematika yang berkaitan dengan konsep pembagian, silinder, dan prinsip teorema Pythagoras. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa budaya dapat menjadi sumber pembelajaran matematika yang berharga bagi guru dan siswa.

Infusion therapy involves the intravenous administration of drugs, fluids, and blood products to hospitalized clients. This study aimed to identify factors influencing nurse compliance in monitoring infusion fluids according to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). The research adopted a quantitative approach with a descriptive correlational design and a cross-sectional approach, focusing on a study population of 50 nurses. Data collection utilized observation techniques and questionnaires as research instruments, with the analysis employing Kendall's Tau B and Kendall's Tau C methods. The findings revealed significant correlations between age (p-value=0.000), education (p-value=0.006), career path level (p-value=0.013), and knowledge (p-value=0.011). However, there was no significant relationship between the length of work experience and nurse compliance in monitoring infusion fluids (p-value=0.257) according to SOPs in this private hospital. To enhance the quality of care, it is recommended that nurses receive additional training provided by the nursing education team at the hospital, focusing specifically on the monitoring of infusion fluids. This targeted training could contribute to reducing instances of complaints related to mismatched patient needs and ultimately improve compliance with established SOPs in infusion therapy.

Abstrak. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah untuk menilai tingkat bahaya erosi dan kekritisan lahan gambut di Kabupaten Nagan Raya. Metode penelitian menggunakan Metode Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) dalam mengukur nilai erosi. Kajian nilai tingkat bahaya erosi dan lahan kritis menggunakan ketentuan Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan tentang tata cara penyusunan rencana teknik rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan daerah aliran sungai. Hasil analisis curah hujan menggunakan data rerata tahunan dalam rentang waktu tahun 2013 - 2022. Curah hujan rerata tertinggi terjadi di bulan Oktober (454,72 mm/bulan) dan November (455,88 mm/bulan). Berdasarkan analisis Sistem Informasi Geografis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar kelas tingkat bahaya erosi (TBE) adalah kelas ringan, mencakup luas area seluas 13.835,74 ha (85,9%). TBE dengan tingkat sangat ringan mencakup 826,27 ha (5,1%), sementara TBE dengan tingkat berat mencakup 730,92 ha (4,5%), dan TBE dengan tingkat sedang mencakup luas 339,13 ha (2,1%). Sementara itu, hasil analisis tingkat keritisan lahan mengungkapkan bahwa mayoritas lahan dikategorikan sebagai tidak kritis, dengan total luas area mencapai 14.202,19 ha (88,2%). Lahan yang agak kritis mencakup 933,99 ha (5,8%), sedangkan lahan dengan potensial kritis mencakup 535,25 ha (3,3%), dan lahan yang dikategorikan sebagai kritis mencakup 60,64 ha (0,4%). Analysis of Erosion Hazard Level and Peatland Criticality in Nagan Raya District Using Geographic Information System Abstract. The objective of this study was to assess the erosion hazard and peatland criticality in Nagan Raya District. The research method used the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method in measuring erosion values. The assessment of the value of erosion hazard and critical land uses the provisions of the Minister of Forestry Regulation on Procedures for Preparing a Technical Plan for Forest and Land Rehabilitation in Watersheds. The results of the rainfall analysis used annual average data in the span of 2013 - 2022. The highest average rainfall occurs in October (454.72 mm/month) and November (455.88 mm/month). Based on Geographic Information System analysis, it can be concluded that most of the erosion hazard level (TBE) classes are light, covering an area of 13,835.74 ha (85.9%). Very light TBE covers 826.27 ha (5.1%), while heavy TBE covers 730.92 ha (4.5%), and moderate TBE covers 339.13 ha (2.1%). Meanwhile, the results of the land criticality analysis revealed that the majority of land was categorized as non-critical, with a total area of 14,202.19 ha (88.2%). Moderately critical land covers 933.99 ha (5.8%), while potentially critical land covers 535.25 ha (3.3%), and land categorized as critical covers 60.64 ha (0.4%).

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death worldwide and is estimated to have caused 1.3 million deaths worldwide in 2022. Approximately one quarter of the world's population are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, of whom up to 10% will progress to developing active TB disease. Achieving the World Health Organization End TB Strategy targets of a 95% reduction in TB mortality and a 90% reduction in TB incidence worldwide by 2035 remains a daunting task. The continuing spread of multidrug-resistant TB adds another obstacle to achieving global TB control. Larger funding pledges coupled with technological advances have recently enabled the enhancement of TB vaccine development efforts. These are yielding a pipeline of over 17 products currently in different stages of clinical trials. Emerging promising phase I and II trial results and advancement to phase III trials have necessitated “vaccine preparedness” in parallel so that a smooth transition from any positive clinical trial result to phase IV evaluation and implementation into policy and practice can follow. Promotion of a human rights–based approach, which recognizes and upholds the fundamental rights of all affected by the disease, is essential to ensure universal access to quality TB vaccines, regardless of their background or personal circumstances.

Objectives: To review the evidence that migrants from tuberculosis (TB) high-incidence countries migrating to TB low-incidence countries significantly contribute to active TB cases in the counties of destination, primarily through reactivation of latent TB. Methods: This is a narrative review. The different screening programs in the countries of destination are reviewed either based on screening and preventive treatment of latent TB pre or more commonly – post arrival. Results: Screening can be performed using interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) or tuberculin skin tests (TST). Preventive treatment of latent TB is using either monotherapy with isoniazid, or in combination with rifampicin or rifapentine. We discuss the ethical issues of preventive treatment in asymptomatic individuals and how these are addressed in different screening programs. Conclusion: Screening migrants from TB high endemic countries to TB low endemic countries is beneficial. There is a lack of standardization and agreement on screening protocols, follow up and treatment.

Microbial communities have been documented as playing many pivotal roles, and contributing to the growth or health performance of animal hosts. Thus, many studies are currently looking for potential beneficial bacteria “probiotics” from diverse environments, including wild species. The present study aimed to investigate the diversity and potential metabolic functions of bacterial communities in the gastrointestinal tract of wild spiny lobsters. The gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of two wild lobster species (Panulirus ornatus and Panulirus homarus) were dissected aseptically and analyzed through high-throughput sequencing, followed by PICRUSt analysis. The results exposed that the most dominant phyla inhabiting both lobster species at the post-puerulus and juvenile stages were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteriodota, Patescibacteria, and Verrucomicrobiota, while at the genus level, the GI tracts were mostly dominated by Photobacterium, Candidatus Bacillopora, Vibrio, and Catenococcus at the post-peurulus stage, and Vibrio, Catenococcus, Acanthopleuribacter, Acinetobacter, Pseudoalteromonas, Grimontia, and Photobacterium at the juvenile stage. Further metagenomic prediction analysis discovers many potential probiont properties indicated by the detection of marker genes corresponding to many important metabolic activities, such as antimicrobial compounds (streptomycin, vancomycin, carbapenem, tetracycline, novobiocin, penicillin, cephalosporin, ansamycines, butirosin, and neomycin), antioxidants (e.g., flavonoids and carotenoids), and several important digestive enzymes (e.g., lipase, protease, and amylase). These results suggest that GI tracts of wild spiny lobsters are potential sources to discover novel probionts for aquaculture purposes. Further studies, such as the isolation of the natural product-producing bacteria, or cloning of the beneficial compound-identified genes, are highly recommended to develop novel probiotic strains for aquaculture purposes.

Nomorhamphus sp. is a freshwater fish that has been traded as an ornamental fish. This fish is unique as an endemic species with a halfbeak-like jaw and orange color on the caudal fin. However, this fish culture information needs a further information. Based on this condition, it is necessary to conduct a study as a basis for ornamental fish breeding and growing-out activities through domestication. A crucial problem in this fish is larval rearing, which can be observed through ontogeny studies. The study was conducted on the newly-born larval behavior, morphological development, andropodium development, growth, and survival rate at the early stages, namely larvae to juvenile. The results showed that the newly-born larvae of Nomorhamphus sp. Lindu had a total length of 1.6-1.8 cm. Larvae could swim four hours 22 minutes after birth and feed artemia nauplii with surface feeding type. The initial juvenile stage occurred 25 days of post-birth period with a total length of 2.0-2.2 cm. The water condition of the rearing during the study could support the larval transformation to juvenile. This study is the first report related to the aquaculture success of the early life stage of Nomorhamphus sp. Lindu at the domestication stage. Keywords: andropodium, domestication, endemic halfbeak, larva development, surface feeding ABSTRAK Nomorhamphus sp. adalah ikan air tawar yang telah diperdagangkan sebagai ikan hias. Ikan ini memiliki keunikan pada statusnya sebagai spesies endemik, bentuk mulut menyerupai paruh setengah (halfbeak), dan warna oranye pada sirip ekor. Namun informasi budidayanya belum diketahui dengan baik. Karena itu perlu dilakukan kajian sebagai dasar dalam kegiatan pengembangbiakan dan pembesaran sebagai ikan hias melalui domestikasi. Salah satu kegiatan penting dalam budidaya yaitu pemeliharaan larva yang dapat diamati melalui studi ontogeni. Kajian pada studi awal ini dilakukan pada stadia awal hidup yaitu larva sampai juvenil. Pengamatan dilakukan pada tingkah laku larva pascalahir, perkembangan morfologi, perkembangan andropodium, pertumbuhan dan sintasan pada lingkungan budidaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa larva Nomorhamphus sp. Lindu yang baru dilahirkan memiliki panjang total 1,6-1,8 cm. Larva telah dapat berenang pada umur empat jam 22 menit pascalahir (pcl) dan bisa makan naupli artemia dengan tipe surface feeding. Stadia awal juvenil terlihat pada umur 25 hari pcl dengan ukuran panjang total 2,0-2,2 cm. Kondisi media pemeliharaan selama penelitian dapat mendukung kehidupan larva sampai juvenil. Penelitian ini merupakan catatan pertama terkait keberhasilan budidaya stadia awal hidup Nomorhamphus sp. Lindu pada tahap domestikasi. Kata kunci: andropodium, domestikasi, ikan endemik, tipe makan permukaan, perkembangan larva

This study aims to immunize the koi fingerlings immersion using the formalin-killed and freeze-dried E. coli DH5α carrying plasmid for the KHV DNA vaccine. 200 fish on each tank in a total water volume of 20 L. Each tanks consists of different vaccination group: PBS as control (10 mL; C), empty E. coli DHα (10 mL at 108 CFU mL-1; E), formalinkilled E. coli DHα:ORF81 (10 mL at 108 CFU mL-1; KE), freezedried E.coli DHα:ORF81 without formalin inactivation (10 mL at 108 CFU mL-1; FE), and formalin-killed and then freeze-dried E. coli DHα:ORF81 (10 mL at 108 CFU mL-1; KFE). The bath vaccination was conducted for 1 × 30 min. For the challenged test, fish were immersed with the 100 mL of LD50 dose of KHV (10–2 dilution from the KHV stock) for 30 min. The vaccination using E. coli DH5α:ORF81 could significantly modulate the innate and adaptive immunity of the fish and result in higher fish survival after KHV infection. The vaccination using formalin-killed or formalin-killed and freezedried E. coli DH5α:ORF81 will be further developed as an alternative to the costefficient koi or carp fingerlings vaccination method.

Al-Imam is the first magazine in Persada Alam Melayu-Nusantara that promotes the renewal of Islamic thought and voices the awakening of the backwardness and stagnation of Muslims in this region in the first decade of the 20th century. The managers of Al-Imam magazine claim to be students of Sheikh al-Imam Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Ridha. Thus, in terms of spirit, material, and publishing format, Al-Imam magazine is a "duplication" and "extension" of Al-Manar magazine, which was published by Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Ridha in Cairo, Egypt, from 1898 to 1935. On this basis, the genealogy and typology of the renewal of thought voiced by Al-Imam magazine in the Malay-Nusantara region are based on and get a strong influence from the rational-progressive renewal of Islamic thought by Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Ridha, especially as stated in Al-Manar. Although Al-Imam magazine was only published for two years (19061908), its role and influence were large and wide in this region. The most obvious influence of Al-Imam Magazine is seen in the publication of Al-Munir magazine by Abdullah Ahmad in Padang in 19111915. Keywords:Al-Imam Magazine;Renewal of Islamic Thought;Malay-Nusantara

Objectives: The World Health Organization priority zoonotic pathogen Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV) has a high case fatality rate in humans and circulates in camels worldwide. Methods: We performed a global analysis of human and camel MERS-CoV infections, epidemiology, genomic sequences, clades, lineages, and geographical origins for the period January 1, 2012 to August 3, 2022. MERS-CoV Surface gene sequences (4061 bp) were extracted from GenBank, and a phylogenetic maximum likelihood tree was constructed. Results: As of August 2022, 2591 human MERS cases from 26 countries were reported to the World Health Organization (Saudi Arabia, 2184 cases, including 813 deaths [case fatality rate: 37.2%]) Although declining in numbers, MERS cases continue to be reported from the Middle East. A total of 728 MERS-CoV genomes were identified (the largest numbers were from Saudi Arabia [222: human = 146, camels = 76] and the United Arab Emirates [176: human = 21, camels = 155]). A total of 501 ‘S’-gene sequences were used for phylogenetic tree construction (camels [n = 264], humans [n = 226], bats [n = 8], other [n=3]). Three MERS-CoV clades were identified: clade B, which is the largest, followed by clade A and clade C. Of the 462 clade B lineages, lineage 5 was predominant (n = 177). Conclusion: MERS-CoV remains a threat to global health security. MERS-CoV variants continue circulating in humans and camels. The recombination rates indicate co-infections with different MERS-CoV lineages. Proactive surveillance of MERS-CoV infections and variants of concern in camels and humans worldwide, and development of a MERS vaccine, are essential for epidemic preparedness.

The risk of transmission of respiratory tract infections is considerably enhanced at mass gathering (MG) religious events. Hajj is an annual Islamic MG event with approximately 3 million Muslim pilgrims from over 180 countries concentrated in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of influenza viruses circulating among pilgrims during the Hajj pilgrimage. We performed a cross-sectional analytical study where nasopharyngeal swabs (NPs) from pilgrims with respiratory tract illnesses presenting to healthcare facilities during the 2019 Hajj were screened for influenza viruses. Influenza A subtypes and influenza B lineages were determined by multiplex RT–PCR for positive influenza samples. The phylogenetic analysis was carried out for the hemagglutination (HA) gene. Out of 185 nasopharyngeal samples, 54 were positive for the human influenza virus. Of these, 27 were influenza A H1N1 and 19 H3N2, 4 were untypable influenza A, and 4 were influenza B. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H1N1 and H3N2 strains differentiated into different and independent genetic groups and formed close clusters with selected strains of influenza viruses from various locations. To conclude, this study demonstrates a high genetic diversity of circulating influenza A subtypes among pilgrims during the Hajj Season. There is a need for further larger studies to investigate in-depth the genetic characteristics of influenza viruses and other respiratory viruses during Hajj seasons.

The seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii is a leading aquaculture commodity possessing high economic value that has been used as a raw material for various natural products, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The main challenge regarding its production, especially in Tarakan, is the supply of superior seeds. Therefore, this study aims to obtain phylogenetic information and the cultivation performance of the selected seeds by identifying genetic sources based on molecular markers. DNA sequencing was analyzed using the molecular marker cyclooxygenase 2-3 intergenic spacer (cox2-3 spacer) on the 16 cultivars collection from around Indonesia. Four haplotypes representing the K. alvarezii variant to be cultivated in Tarakan City were produced based on the phylogenetic clustering and further molecular analysis using a cox2-3 spacer mitochondrial DNA marker. These include the Kupang and Natuna varieties, also referred to as Lampung seedlings, which is a tissue culture plantlets used for development at SEAMEO-BIOTROP Bogor and propagated by the Lampung Marine Aquaculture Center (BBPBL), Tarakan. These varieties have genetic distances (pairwise comparisons based on the mean Kimura 2-parameter model) ranging from 0.000-0.243 units. The cultivation was carried out for 30 days in the waters of Tanjung Batu (Tj. Batu) Mamburungan, Tarakan, North Kalimantan. The result showed that the Lampung cultivar (Natuna) has a superior daily growth rate (DGR) and carrageenan yield compared to the local cultivars (Mamburungan Tanjung Batu (Takalar), Tarakan, and Kupang). Furthermore, the genetic analysis with cox2-3 spacer markers could be an effective seed selection tool for tracing genetic information in developing superior seedlings in aquaculture activities.

Background: The human population of Somalia is vulnerable to zoonoses due to a high reliance on animal husbandry. This disease risk is exacerbated by relatively low income (poverty) and weak state capacity for health service delivery in the country as well as climate extremes and geopolitical instability in the region. To address this threat to public health efficiently and effectively, it is essential that all sectors have a common understanding of the priority zoonotic diseases of greatest concern to the country. Methods: Representatives from human, animal (domestic and wildlife), agriculture, and environmental health sectors undertook a multisectoral prioritization exercise using the One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization (OHZDP) tool developed by the United States CDC. The process involved: reviewing available literature and creating a longlist of zoonotic diseases for potential inclusion; developing and weighting criteria for establishing the importance of each zoonoses; formulating categorical questions (indicators) for each criteria; scoring each disease according to the criteria; and finally ranking the diseases based on the final score. Participants then brainstormed and suggested strategic action plans to prevent, and control prioritized zoonotic diseases. Results: Thirty-three zoonoses were initially considered for prioritization. Final criteria for ranking included: 1) socioeconomic impact (including sensitivity) in Somalia; 2) burden of disease in humans in Somalia); 3) availability of intervention in Somalia; 4) environmental factors/determinants; and 5) burden of disease in animals in Somalia. Following scoring of each zoonotic disease against these criteria, and further discussion of the OHZDP tool outputs, seven priority zoonoses were identified for Somalia: Rift Valley fever, Middle East respiratory syndrome, anthrax, trypanosomiasis, brucellosis, zoonotic enteric parasites (including Giardia and Cryptosporidium), and zoonotic influenza viruses. Conclusions: The final list of seven priority zoonotic diseases will serve as a foundation for strengthening One Health approaches for disease prevention and control in Somalia. It will be used to: shape improved multisectoral linkages for integrated surveillance systems and laboratory networks for improved human, animal, and environmental health; establish multisectoral public health emergency preparedness and response plans using One Health approaches; and enhance workforce capacity to prevent, control and respond to priority zoonotic diseases.

Abstract Contamination of water resources by industrial effluents containing heavy metal ions and management of solid waste from agricultural and food industries is a serious issue. This study presents the valorization of waste walnut shells as an effective and environment-friendly biosorbent for sequestrating Cr(VI) from aqueous media. The native walnut shell powder (NWP) was chemically modified with alkali (AWP) and citric acid (CWP) to obtain modified biosorbents with abundant availability of pores as active centers, as confirmed by BET analysis. During batch adsorption studies, the process parameters for Cr(VI) adsorption were optimized at pH 2.0. The adsorption data were fitted to isotherm and kinetic models to compute various adsorption parameters. The adsorption pattern of Cr(VI) was well explained by the Langmuir model suggesting the adsorbate monolayer formation on the surface of the biosorbents. The maximum adsorption capacity, q m, for Cr(VI) was achieved for CWP (75.26 mg/g), followed by AWP (69.56 mg/g) and NWP (64.82 mg/g). Treatment with sodium hydroxide and citric acid improved the adsorption efficiency of the biosorbent by 4.5 and 8.2%, respectively. The endothermic and spontaneous adsorption was observed to trail the pseudo-second-order kinetics under optimized process parameters. Thus, the chemically modified walnut shell powder can be an eco-friendly adsorbent for Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.

Abstract Background Patients who develop severe illness due to COVID-19 are more likely to be admitted to hospital and acquire bacterial co-infections, therefore the WHO recommends empiric treatment with antibiotics. Few reports have addressed the impact of COVID-19 management on emergence of nosocomial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in resource constrained settings. This study aimed to ascertain whether being admitted to a COVID-19 ward (with COVID-19 infection) compared to a non-COVID-19 ward (as a COVID-19 negative patient) was associated with a change in the prevalence of bacterial hospital acquired infection (HAI) species or resistance patterns, and whether there were differences in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 wards. The study was conducted in Sudan and Zambia, two resource constrained settings with differing country-wide responses to COVID-19. Methods Patients suspected of having hospital acquired infections were recruited from COVID-19 wards and non-COVID-19 wards. Bacteria were isolated from clinical samples using culture and molecular methods and species identified. Phenotypic and genotypic resistance patterns were determined by antibiotic disc diffusion and whole genome sequencing. Infection prevention and control guidelines were analysed for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 wards to identify potential differences. Results 109 and 66 isolates were collected from Sudan and Zambia respectively. Phenotypic testing revealed significantly more multi-drug resistant isolates on COVID-19 wards in both countries (Sudan p = 0.0087, Zambia p = 0.0154). The total number of patients with hospital acquired infections (both susceptible and resistant) increased significantly on COVID-19 wards in Sudan, but the opposite was observed in Zambia (both p = ≤ 0.0001). Genotypic analysis showed significantly more β-lactam genes per isolate on COVID-19 wards (Sudan p = 0.0192, Zambia p = ≤ 0.0001). Conclusions Changes in hospital acquired infections and AMR patterns were seen in COVID-19 patients on COVID-19 wards compared to COVID-19 negative patients on non-COVID-19 wards in Sudan and Zambia. These are likely due to a potentially complex combination of causes, including patient factors, but differing emphases on infection prevention and control, and antimicrobial stewardship policies on COVID-19 wards were highlighted.

Taxes form 85% of Indonesia's state budget revenues. Based on the importance of tax discipline, the government has implemented various tax reforms to increase tax revenue targets. However, many taxpayers try to find loopholes to avoid paying part of their taxes. The purpose of the study is to assess the influence of love of money, machiavellianism, and injunctive norms on tax evasion with religiosity as moderating variable. The object of the study is 100 taxpayers served by the North Makassar Primary Tax Service Office and South Makassar Primary Tax Service Office. The criterion for choosing taxpayers is the size of the annual income of more than 60 million rupees. Data were collected using questionnaires with a Likert scale. Love of money variable is measured by the money ethics scale (MES) developed by Tang (2002) using 4 indicators. The machiavellianism variable is measured by the 7-item Mach IV scale, which is adapted from Christie's (1970) indicator. The variable of injunctive norms is measured by the indicators developed by Bobek et al. (2013). The religiosity variable was measured using indicators developed by Glock and Stark (1965). The tax evasion variable was measured by 5 indicators with 7 statements developed by Suminarsasi and Supriyadi (2011). The partial least square (PLS) method was used for data analysis. The study’s results showed that love of money and machiavellianism have a positive and significant influence on tax evasion. In contrast, injunctive norms negatively and significantly influence tax evasion. At the same time, religiosity moderates the impact of these factors on tax evasion. This suggests that high love of money, manipulative nature and willingness to adapt to the environment are why taxpayers cheat on their tax obligations. Still, taxpayers' religiosity can be a deterrent factor to tax evasion.

Highlight Research • A molecular marker for shrimp selection in disease resistance. • Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the ALF gene strongly correlate with shrimp resistance to WSSV infection. • Higher ALF gene expression in survivor shrimp. • SNP as molecular marker inherited in the first generation (G1) shrimp. • ARMS-PCR method successfully detect SNP in the shrimp ALF gene. Abstract The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is Indonesia's main export commodity, but its production is constrained by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Selective breeding of disease-resistant broodstock based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) gene is an alternative strategy for solving the disease problem. This study aimed to detect the SNP g.455 A>G in the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) shrimp gene, evaluate the correlation of SNP with WSSV-resistance trait, analyze the expression level of immunity genes and genotype frequencies of the WSSV-resistance population shrimp and analyze the SNP inheritance in the first generation of selected shrimp. A total of 120 individuals from 4 families were used to detect the SNP marker using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). The correlation of the SNP marker with survival rate (SR) was analyzed using a general linear model (GLM) between genotype frequencies and SR. Genotypic similarities between broodstock and pedigree were analyzed using Chi-square. SNP g.455 A>G was successfully detected using the ARMS-PCR method and had a strong correlation between the marker and SR (p-value of AA = 0.012; AG = 0.359, and GG = 0.001). The resistant population has significantly higher ALF and SOD gene expression levels and AA genotype frequency. The SNP marker was inherited, so the broodstock and pedigree have the same genotype frequencies according to chi-square analysis (χ2 = 0.46 and p-value = 0.497). These results suggested that the g.455 genotype AA could be selected to produce WSSV-resistant Pacific white shrimp.

flavonoidVernonia amygdalina Del) adalah salah satu tanaman obat yang berasal dari Afrika yang menyebar sampai ke Asia, termasuk Indonesia. Vernonia amygdalina Del dikenal dengan nama lokal tanaman Afrika. Tanaman ini secara tradisional telah dimanfaatkan sebagai obat diabetes, demam, hipertensi dan asam urat. Tujuan penelian ini adalah menentukan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak daun, kulit batang dan kayu batang tanaman Afrika. Masing-masing sampel (daun, kulit batang dan batang Afrika) diekstraksi kemudian ditentukan kandungan flavonoid totalnya. Berdasarkan hasil penentuan kadar flavonoid dari ekstrak daun, kulit batang dan batang Afrika diketahui bahwa ekstrak batang memiliki kadar flavonoid total yang paling banyak sebesar 418,15 mg QE/g ekstrak.

In activities, the community produces waste so that the production of waste is increasing over time. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out effective and efficient waste management. This study aims to determine the strategy of waste management managed by the Environmental Agency at the Galuga Landfill, Galuga Village, Cibungbulang District, Bogor Regency, in this study used descriptive research methods using a qualitative approach. The informants in this study were the Waste Management Section, the Head of the Galuga Landfill, Garbage Transport Officers, Community Leaders, and local residents. The collection of data and information is done by means of interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used is SWOT analysis by taking into account all internal and external aspects of the organization, namely strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Based on the results of the SWOT calculation, the Galuga solid waste subsector is in quadrant one, namely internal and external strong, with the result that the value of the difference between strengths and weaknesses on internal factors shows a positive value and the value of the difference between opportunities and threats on external factors also shows positive, so the strategy what will be developed to overcome strategic issues that arise is an aggressive strategy in implementing landfill management, such as establishing a waste zoning pattern, improving services and efforts to reduce waste through 3R.

Summary: Background: The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. Findings: In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. Interpretation: The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively. Funding: The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The project funded by Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital (2022QN38).

Abstrak.Dinding penahan tanah berfungsi untuk menahan tanah serta mencegahnya dari bahaya kelongsoran. Dinding penahan tanah merupakan dinding yang digunakan untuk menahan beban tanah secara vertikal ataupun terhadap kemiringan tertentu. Untuk meminimalisir kondisi tersebut, perlu dihitung dan direncanakan kestabilan dari struktur pada dinding penahan tanah agar mampu menahan beban dari tanah dan pengaruh beban luar. Kondisi di lapangan terdapat kerusakan pada bagian struktur dinding penahan tanah, dengan bagian dasarnya mengalami penggerusan sehingga perlu dilakukannya analisis stabilitas dinding penahan tanah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kondisi dinding penahan tanah terhadap stabilitas guling, geser dan kapasitas daya dukung tanah dan merencanakan desain dinding penahan tanah. Metode yang digunakan adalah Metode Rankine, Schmertmann dan Nottingham. Hasil analisis menunjukan stabilitas terhadap guling Fs = 1,55 1,5 (aman) stabilitas terhadap geser Fs = 2,51 1,5 (aman), dan analisis stabilitas daya dukung tanah didapat qtoe = 31,3953 kN/m2 Qall 2501,3841 kN/m2 (aman) untuk tegangan q hell 1,43 kN/m² 0 (lebih dari 0,hasil aman). Rencana desain dinding penahan tanah yang direncanakan dengan tinggi (H)= 4,3 m, lebar atas (ba)= 0,4 m, lebar bawah (bb)= 3,5 m, tebal kaki tumit (D)= 0,8 m, dan lebar plat dinding penahan tanah (D)= 0,8 m.Retaining Wall Stability Analysis (Case Study: Mekarjaya Village, Ciomas District, Bogor Regency) Abstract. Retaining walls function to hold the soil and prevent it from sliding. Retaining walls are walls that are used to withstand soil loads vertically or against a certain slope. To minimize these conditions, it is necessary to calculate and plan the stability of the structure on the retaining wall in order to be able to withstand the load from the soil and the influence of external loads. Conditions in the field there is damage to the retaining wall structure, with the bottom part being eroded so it is necessary to analyze the stability of the retaining wall. The purpose of this study was to analyze the condition of the retaining wall, the stability of overturning, shear, and the bearing capacity of the soil, and to plan the design of the retaining wall. This research uses the Method of Rankine, Schmertmann dan Nottingham. The results of the analysis showed that the stability against overturning Fs = 1.55 1.5 (safe) stability against shear Fs = 2.51 1.5 (safe), and the stability analysis of the bearing capacity of the soil obtained qtoe = 31.3953 kN/m2 Qall 2501.3841 kN/m2 (safe) for voltage q hell 1.43 kN/m² 0 (more than 0, safe result). The design plan of the retaining wall is planned with height (H) = 4.3 m, top width (ba) = 0.4 m, bottom width (bb) = 3.5 m, heel thickness (D) = 0.8 m, and the width of the retaining wall plate (D) = 0.8 m.

This study aims to analyze the students’ numerical literacy ability in junior high schools based on their status (accreditation and state/non-state schools). This study used the descriptive quantitative method. The participants were 150 students randomly selected from 2 state junior high schools (SMPN) based on the accreditation levels (A B) and 1 non-state school (SMP). The instrument used was the modified result of the Numerical Literacy Ability test developed by the Center for Assessment and Learning (Pusmenjar) of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The research results indicated that: (1) the student’s numerical literacy skills in junior high schools were low for all domains and tended to be very low in geometry; (2) at the L1 level, students did not experience difficulties, but other levels did, especially L3; and (3) school status had no significant effect on the students' numerical literacy skills. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemampuan literasi numerasi siswa di SMP berdasarkan statusnya (akreditasi dan sekolah negeri/non negeri). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif descriptive. Peserta tersebut merupakan 150 siswa yang dipilih secara acak dari 2 SMPN Negeri (SMPN) berdasarkan jenjang akreditasi (A/B) dan 1 sekolah non negeri (SMP). Instrumen yang digunakan merupakan hasil modifikasi dari uji Kemampuan Literasi Numerasi yang dikembangkan oleh Pusat Pengkajian dan Pembelajaran (Pusmenjar) Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) kemampuan literasi numerasi siswa di sekolah menengah pertama rendah untuk semua domain dan cenderung sangat rendah dalam geometri; (2) pada jenjang L1, siswa tidak mengalami kesulitan, tetapi jenjang lain mengalami kesulitan, terutama L3; dan (3) status sekolah tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kemampuan literasi numerik siswa.

Coastal areas are characterized by complex dynamics between freshwater entering through the estuary from land and seawater from open water. This study aims to calculate the salinity anomaly found on the sandy coast of Mayang, estimate the number of fractions and the volume of mass transport of fresh water entering the waters through the river flow and measure the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the west season. Water mass characteristics data collection using Water Checker. The determination of 17 data collection stations is assumed to be representative in representing the overall condition of the research location. The results of the anomaly salinity calculation show the low anomalous salinity values that are distributed horizontally on the coast. The distribution of salinity as anomaly values transversely on lines 1 to 4 ranges from -1 to -15. Freshwater fraction is concentrated as far as 1.16 km from the coast of Pasir Mayang with concentration values ranging from 0.44% to 0.13%. The mass transport of fresh water in the Pasir Mayang coastal waters is 1,130 m3s -1. The value of the transport volume of fresh water depends on rainfall and the flow of fresh water through rivers and then into sea waters. The total dissolved solids at the study site at each station ranged from 7.88 ppm to 17.8 ppm.

This study assesses the impact of the LED light spectrum on the reproductive development of male synodontis (Synodontis sp.) broods. Male synodontis were subjected to four distinct LED light spectra, namely: white, blue, green, and red, each continuously for 120 days of rearing. This experimental study used a completely randomized design, with four treatments and five individual fish replications per treatment. The gonadosomatic index (GSI), sperm quality (volume, density, and motility), testosterone levels, and testicular histology were analyzed. After 120 days, the blue LED light showed the best GSI and sperm quality. Testosterone hormone levels fluctuate in each treatment, with blue, red, and green LEDs having four peak treatments on days 12, 48, 60, 84, and 108, while white (control) light bulbs have two peak hormone level on days 12 and 60. Furthermore, fish that were exposed to blue LED light had more testicular cells growing and more spermatozoa spread out than fish that were exposed to red, green, or white LED light. Thus, this research demonstrates that blue light effectively accelerates gonad maturation in male synodontis.

Ciapus Sub Watershed is part of the Cisadane watershed which passes through 3 (three) sub-districts in Bogor Regency, namely Dramaga District, Ciomas District, and Tamansari District. From 2011 to 2020 housing construction in Dramaga, Ciomas and Tamansari sub-districts increased. High enough rainfall and continuous land changes will result in water infiltration not functioning properly and will cause an increase in surface runoff. Therefore, it is necessary to know how much influence changes in land cover have on the runoff discharge of rainwater in the Ciapus sub-watershed. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in land cover in the Ciapus sub-watershed and to determine the magnitude of the increase in runoff due to changes in land cover in the Ciapus sub-watershed. The results of the analysis of the Ciapus sub-watershed have 8 types of land cover, namely water bodies, primary dry land forest, secondary dry land forest, gardens, dry land agriculture, mixed dry land agriculture, rice fields and settlements. The biggest change in land cover area between 2011 and 2020 is the increase in residential area of ​​2441.59 ha. Meanwhile, dry land agriculture experienced the largest reduction in area of ​​1288.68 ha. Based on the calculation of runoff discharge using the rational method, the amount of discharge that occurred in 2011 was 153.31 mm/second while in 2020 it was 214.99 mm/second