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Reticulitermes flaviceps is an invasive subterranean termite in China. The alates of this species stay in their natal colony for about 5 months before dispersal flight. Due to lack of nutrition information of the alates from appearance to swarming, the feeding and trophallactic behaviour of this species were measured using neutral red and rubidium (Rb) tracers. Groups of alates, workers (over 5th-instar), nymphs (6–8th-instar), or soldiers were separately placed into a single petri dish with neutral red liquid stained filter paper for alimentary tract observation. With the exception of soldiers, red-dyed food was all observed in the alimentary tracts of workers, alates, and nymphs, suggesting that workers, alates, and nymphs all feed themselves in the colony. In the rubidium feeding study, over 5-instar workers, alates and soldiers were fed directly on filter papers treated with different concentrations of Rb for 3 days. Workers and alates received the most Rb at the end of the feeding test, suggesting that workers and alates are the feeding castes in R. flaviceps. Soldiers did not feed Rb-treated filter paper, indicating that they do not feed directly on wood. In the trophallactic study, both workers and alates acted as donors and recipients when paired with other workers and alates, and as donors for soldiers. Workers as donors can transfer food to both workers and soldiers with 1.02% and 0.5% transfer efficiencies, respectively, but rarely provide food for alates. Alates as donors can transfer food to other alates, with a transfer efficiency of 1.05%, but rarely provide food for workers and soldiers. These results suggest that during the 5–6 month stay in the natal colony, alates of R. flaviceps feed independently of other castes.

Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are mostly found in animal alimentary samples. In this study, among 576 respiratory specimens from 476 mammals and 100 chickens, genogroup I PBVs were detected in three cattle and three monkeys, and a genogroup II PBV-positive sample was collected from one cattle specimen. More than one PBV sequence type was observed in two and one genogroup I PBV-positive samples from cattle and monkeys, respectively. Twenty-four complete/near-complete segments 2 (nine from respiratory and 15 from alimentary samples) from the cattle and monkey genogroup I PBVs and one complete segment 2 from the cattle genogroup II PBV were sequenced. Similar to other studies, the cattle PBVs also showed a high diversity. In contrast, the monkey PBVs observed in this study were clustered into three distinct clades. Within each clade, all the sequences showed &gt, 99% amino acid identities. This unique phenomenon is probably due to the fact that monkeys in our locality reside in separated troops with minimal inter-troop contact.

The recent COVID-19, a viral outbreak calls for a high demand for non-conventional antiviral agents that can reduce the risk of infections and promote fast recovery. Fermented foods and their probiotics bacteria have recently received increasing interest due to the reported potential of high antiviral activity. Several probiotics strains demonstrated broad range of antiviral activities and different mechanisms of action. This article will review the diversity, health benefits, interaction with immune system and antiviral activity of fermented foods and their probiotics bacteria. In addition, the mechanisms of action will be reviewed to determine the broad range potential antiviral activity against the respiratory and alimentary tracts viruses. The probiotics bacteria and bioactive compounds in fermented foods demonstrated antiviral activities against respiratory and alimentary tracts viruses. The mechanism of action was reported to be due to the stimulation of the immune system function via enhancing natural killers cell toxicity, enhance the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the cytotoxic of T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD16+, CD56+). However, further studies are highly recommended to determine the potential antiviral activity for traditional fermented foods.

Congenital Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformations (CBPFMs) are a wide spectrum of congenital malformations that arise due to a communication between the respiratory and alimentary tracts. Considering the rarity of the disease, there is a wide range of presentations, investigations and management options described in literature. We describe one such case that was managed by 3D thoracoscopic pneumonectomy and also discuss in detail our review of literature of almost 60 years about this condition. Keywords: Congenital bronchopulmonary foregut malformation, CBPFM, Oesophageal lung, 3D thoracoscopy, Pneumonectomy

Information on feeding habits and ecology of the bush squirrel, Paraxerus cepapi cepapi, in the Transvaal was obtained both from analyses of 82 alimentary tracts and by direct observation of animals. Bush squirrels were found to be insectivorous as well as herbivorous, feeding on seeds, leaves, berries and flowers. They preferred ground cover which was not too dense and fed both on the ground and in trees depending on food availability.

From May to August 2004, the available food base and diet of two cyprinid species, eurytopic roach, represented by 75 small specimens, and rheophilic dace, represented by 37 small specimens, were investigated in seasonal patches of submersed aquatic macrophytes (SAM) in the impounded lowland Warta River, Poland. The aim of the study was to recognize spatial and temporal patterns in the feeding of both species in relation to available resources, and to evaluate their food niche overlap. To distinguish homogenous classes of fish alimentary tracts on the basis of their contents, a Kohonen artificial neural network (i.e., a self-organizing map, SOM) was used. Indicator food categories were identified using the IndVal index. Roach and dace partitioned the food niche, which was demonstrated in this study by 1) insignificant values of the Schoener's interspecific diet overlap index on particular sampling occasions, and two SOM sub-clusters (homogenous diet classes) with alimentary tracts almost exclusively of roach (axis of resources), 2) zero or low percentage of specimens of both fish species coming from the same sampling occasions and assigned to any of the remaining homogenous diet classes (axis of time), and 3) absence of roach in May and dace in August in the SAM patches, i.e., on almost half of the sampling occasions (axis of space). The diet overlap was highest when the SAM patches and food base were most developed, which is congruent with the niche overlap hypothesis saying that maximal tolerable niche overlap can be higher in less intensely competitive situations. We recommend the combined application of SOM and IndVal index, which have both previously been used in biocoenology, to the analyses of animal diets. They effectively allowed getting insight into the complex trophic relationships.

Diet and prey size relationships of Flathead Snakes (Tantilla gracilis) in the pine- hardwood forests of east Texas were determined on 68 individuals. Ninety-five percent of the snakes contained prey of which a large proportion was identifiable. Approximately 80% of the diet (by frequency) of T. gracilis consisted of coleopteran (beetle) larvae of the families Alleculidae, Elateridae, and Tenebrionidae. Other prey were centipedes and terrestrial snails. Correlation of prey size with snake size revealed a positive relationship, but accounts for little of the variation. Adults and juveniles ingested the same relative prey sizes with juvenile snakes predominately feeding on alleculid larvae and adults feeding on tenebrionid larvae. Larger snakes had a greater prey mass in their alimentary tracts; however, they did not consume significantly greater numbers of prey items. Direction of prey ingestion was primarily posterior first (72%). Because most of their prey have elongated bodies, it appears that ...

Helicobacter pylori is the world's commonest infection, but the modes of transmission are largely unknown. Under laboratory conditions, houseflies can carry viable H. pylori on their external surfaces and in their alimentary tracts. More recently, H. pylori DNA has been demonstrated in wild flies in the USA and in Poland, by polymerase chain reaction. Flies can acquire H. pylori from the environment and could therefore function as a significant reservoir and vector in the transmission of H. pylori .

We describe the diet of the thornscrub hook-nosed snake (Gyalopion quadrangulare) using prey remains removed from the alimentary tracts of museum specimens. Diet consisted of small arthropods, including 9 (31%) insects, 9 (31%) spiders, 8 (28%) scorpions, and 3 (10%) that could not be identified further. Insects included 7 orthopterans (both crickets and grasshoppers) and 2 that we could not identify further. We identified half of the scorpions as Diplocentrus spitzeri. Prey class frequencies are dependent on geographic distribution, but independent of sample source (stomach vs. intestine/feces). Snakes that ate different prey classes did not differ significantly in snout-vent length.

SUMMARYEstablishment, survival and distribution ofLeptorhynchoides thecatus(Acanthocephala) were investigated in largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides, fed 10, 25, or 40 cystacanths and examined at 1, 3 or 5 weeks post-infection. Worms established widely in the alimentary tracts of bass but by 5 weeks post-infection had localized in the pyloric caeca and intercaecal region. Other individuals moved to parenteral sites where they remained immature, though viable. In the 10- and 25-level exposures, establishment and survivorship in the alimentary tract were roughly proportional to the dose of cystacanths. After 1 week post-infection in the 40-level exposure class, numbers of worms in the alimentary tract decreased significantly and parenteral occurrence increased significantly. Total survival ofL. thecatusappeared to be density-independent. Maturation of worms was retarded temporarily as intensity of infection increased, but by 5 weeks post-infection worms from all doses were at roughly the same stage of development within sex. The caeca and intercaecal area apparently did not differ in their suitability for maturation.

The common soleSolea solea Linnaeus, 1758 was collected from the Ebro Estuary each month (January–December) throughout 1987. The compostion of its natural diet was examined, and the possible influence of sex and age on prey selection. The contents of 461 stomachs were analyzed by means of frequency of occurrence, numerical abundance and Simpson's prey-dominance index in order to determine the dominant, occasional or accidental prey categories; 43 different families of prey were classified. Crustaceans comprised 54.9%, polychaetes 34.1% and molluscs (10.9%) of its diet. Significant differences in the basic diet were observed as a function of sex and age. Examination of the contents of the alimentary tracts revealed that males and females have different diets even when sharing the same habitat. The age-class groups also have different diets, smaller prey being replaced by increasingly larger food items with increasing age (size).

The ileal Peyer's patches (Pp), secondary gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the mucosal immune system, may serve as an important site for monitoring inflammatory and immunologic responses of the host against enteric pathogens. Chicken Pp are often difficult to observe grossly, and a simple technique to enhance visualization of the Pp is lacking. Therefore, we designed a novel staining method that is quick, easy, and accurate to aid in gross identification and recovery of the chicken Pp from fresh tissue specimens. Lower alimentary tracts were harvested from White Leghorn hens and commercial broilers. The ileocecocolic region was excised intact, flushed with deionized water to remove ingesta, and a dilute eosin-Y solution was infused. After 1 min, the eosin-Y was gently extruded. Modified-crystal violet (mCV) was then injected into the gastrointestinal segment, where on the lymphoid tissue area became apparent at the serosal surface. The distal ileal Pp was visible as a pale whitish pink ovoid-focalized area with surrounding gut tissue stained light purple. The exact Pp site could be delineated at the serosal and mucosal surface by gross assessment. Light microscopy evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue slides prepared from the excised Pp site revealed lymphoid tissue aggregations with multiple follicular units indicative of Pp. The novel eosin-Y + mCV staining technique promotes rapid identification and accurate recovery of chicken Pp lymphoid tissue from fresh tissue specimens.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study on the IOWA strain. Cryptosporidium parvum infects the alimentary tracts of both human and non-human hosts, and exists as two main genotypes: genotype 1 and genotype 2. To compare data from various investigators, standardized protocols using isolates with known biological properties have been advocated. The “Iowa” strain of C. parvum was originally isolated by H. Moon from a symptomatic calf in Ames, Iowa, and has been employed for a variety of immunological, biochemical, and human as well as animal infectivity studies and, as such has become a standard isolate against which other isolates are compared. This “Iowa” isolate is passaged regularly in calves by at least two suppliers in the USA to provide batches of purified oocysts for experimentation. This chapter reviews a study that compares molecules and antigens present in the oocyst wall surfaces of these two “Iowa” isolates immunochemically, using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting to identify similarities along with differences. The study concludes that “Iowa” isolate oocysts obtained from different suppliers are not essentially a standardized product, with respect to oocyst surface antigens. The different clean-up procedures used by the suppliers for the “Iowa” isolate oocysts do not influence surface antigen profiles. In view of these differences in antigen profile, care must be exercised when using “Iowa” isolate oocysts from different sources.

An experimental feeding study was designed to assess the role of earthworms in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection to eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii). Six animals with no agglutinating antibodies to T. gondii were fed artificially cultured earthworms that had been maintained in autoclaved nutrient-enriched soil. Two animals were given earthworms that had been maintained in soil contaminated with T. gondii oocysts (P89/VEG strain); two animals were fed on earthworms, which initially had been exposed to soil containing T. gondii oocysts then transferred through three changes of sterile soil; two control bandicoots were fed earthworms maintained in sterile soil. Both bandicoots fed earthworms maintained in T. gondii contaminated soil died 11 and 14 days after feeding. The necropsy findings were consistent with acute toxoplasmosis. Bandicoots fed earthworms exposed to oocysts but then transferred through changes of sterilized soil remained healthy as did control animals. All surviving animals remained seronegative over the 6 wk observation period after feeding. These findings confirm that earthworms, a major component of the natural diet of P. gunnii, can transmit T. gondii infection. It appears that oocysts present in the alimentary tracts of the worms, rather than infective stages of T. gondii in worm somatic tissues, are responsible for these infections.

The present paper demonstrates results of analysis of 247 alimentary tracts of sea trout smolts (Salmo trutta m. trutta) grown in the drainage area of the river Rega (Pomerania). Frequency of occurrence of acanthocephalans and cestodes in the alimentary tract was determined, as well as their impact on fish condition.

From 1981 to 1991, 37,666 human, animal, food and environmental samples were cultured for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis using direct plating methods and/or cold enhancement techniques. Despite an intensive surveillance and adequate culture methods, Y. pseudotuberculosis was isolated from stools of 0.05% (5/9,720) of patients with acute enteritis, and alimentary tracts of 0.1% (10/6,849) of apparently healthy animals. No Y. pseudotuberculosis strains were recovered from stools of 4,726 healthy controls nor from the appendices (656), mesenteric lymph nodes (84), and stools (421) of 656 patients operated for suspected appendicitis. Of the 10,842 food and 4,368 environmental samples, none yielded positive cultures for Y. pseudotuberculosis.

Breastfeeding is known to protect the recipient infant against common infectious diseases of the alimentary tracts and respiratory systems. The mechanisms of this protection have been attributed mainly to a system of direct-acting antimicrobial agents that appear to have evolved to act at mucosal surfaces1, and which do not provoke inflammation2. Recent evidence suggests that the protection afforded by breastfeeding may also involve agents that stimulate the maturation of the immune system of the recipient. The evidence is as follows.

Lorikeets, which eat mainly nectar and pollen, show a suite of adaptations to this diet not found in granivorous and frugivorous parrots. Lorikeet gizzards are much less muscular, and their intestines shorter, than those of other parrots of the equivalent size. In lorikeets, but not other parrots, the proventricular and pyloric openings of the gizzard lie in the same plane, potentially allowing a rapid transit of both pollen (which is mostly digested in the intestine) and of nectar. Lorikeet tongues differ from other parrot tongues in that they are longer and narrower, with a rougher dorsal surface and a papillate tip. These features may enable lorikeets to harvest more efficiently the pollen so essential to their balanced nutrition.

Rate of passage and marker recovery responses to variations in particle size and density were evaluated. Twelve Holstein heifers were fed for ad libitum consumption chopped alfalfa hay as the sole dietary ingredient. Heifers were pulse dosed with spheres of specific sizes and densities, and total fecal collections were conducted at 4-h intervals for 7 d. Sphere sizes and densities were .32, .64, 1.27 cm; .91, 1.34, and 2.30 g/ml. Fecal marker recoveries for .32, .64, 1.27-cm sizes and .91, 1.34, 2.30-g/ml densities were 43, 30, 29, 11, 76, and 15%, respectively. Alimentary tract mean retention times of the 1.34 g/ml spheres of .32, .64, and 1.27-cm sizes were 48, 38, and 66 h, respectively. Particle size and density influenced marker recovery and passage estimates. The magnitude of response to alterations in density was greater than that for particle size. Results indicate that particle density and particle size are important factors affecting passage through the alimentary tracts of Holstein heifers.

A pair of female xiphoomphalopagus twins were delivered by Caesarean section at 35th week of gestation on March 2, 1982, their combined weight being 4,800 g. Examinations revealed that they were conjoined from the xiphoid process down to the umbilicus. Infant A also had congenital heart defect (VSD). X-ray and echography showed that they had a fused liver and two independent biliary systems and alimentary tracts. After 6 weeks, the twins gained weight up to 7,000 g. The separation operation was performed at 1 1/2 months of age. During operation it was demonstrated that the xiphoid process and costal cartilages were fused together and the peritoneal cavities were of free communication above the umbilicus, and the livers merged into a single common liver. The large single liver was divided by electrocautery, resulting in a section surface of 8 X 7.5 cm. After separation, the closure of the abdominal wall in both infants presented some difficulties which were resolved by making relaxation incisions on either flanks. In the post operative period, the ventral wounds of both infants were disrupted for several centimetres and infant B had wound infection. The granulating area of skin defect on either relaxation incision of the flanks and ventral denuded wound were covered with full-thickness dead-foetus homografts. The wounds were well healed. Eventually both infants were discharged in good condition at 2 1/2 months after operation. Now they live well at 2 1/2 years of age.

Five species of mammals and 3 species of birds passed polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) of the gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) through their alimentary tracts in amounts great enough to kIll gypsy moth larvae. In bioassays. Opossums and raccoons passed roughly 5% of the PIB administered by intubation while white-footed mice, a short-tailed shrew, and southern flying squirrels passed 2.3, 1.8, and 0.05%, respectively. House finches and a red-winged blackbird passed close to 15% of the PIB administered, whereas mourning doves passed 0.05%. All the birds, as well as the shrew and squirrels, passed the PIB within 6 h of intubation. The white-footed mice passed PIB within 18 h of intubation, while it took the raccoons 22, and the opossums 70 h to eliminate PIB from their alimentary tracts. It is concluded that both mammals and birds pass significant amounts of NPV, and that both groups have features whIch contribute to their ability to passively transport NPV within the environment.

最近取り扱った消化管穿孔のうち, 虫垂穿孔と縫合不全を除く開放性穿孔78例を検討した.臓器別穿孔頻度は十二指腸, 空・回腸, 胃, 大腸の順となる.原因別には胃・十二指腸穿孔は消化性潰瘍が最も多く, 空・回腸穿孔は外傷, 大腸穿孔は検査によるものが多い.手術成績は大腸穿孔が最も不良であるが, これは手術時期の遅延が大きな因子となっている.上部消化管の穿孔に比較して, 下部消化管の穿孔では診断に時間を要し, 予後を不良にすることが多いので注意を要する.

Two sex pheromones, periplanone A and periplanone B were isolated from the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. The technique is described for collecting periplanone B from the alimentary tracts of virgin females. Periplanone A was extracted from the excreta of the insects. Mass spectral analysis of the pheromones and related compounds were performed and the results are reported here. Evidence is presented suggesting that periplanone A is in fact a degradation product of periplanone B. A reaction scheme is considered for the pathway: periplanone B periplanone A (stable, but inactive) PA 22–VII.

The numbers of ‘plasmodium-forming units' (PFUs) of myxomycetes (mycetozoa or myxogastrids) in worm casts and soil were estimated by a most-probable-number method. Casts contained about five times more PFUs g dry wt˜’ than did adjacent non-cast soil. Gut contents contained similar numbers to non-cast soil, but the proportion which was freezing resistant (and presumably in a resting stage) was greater. Numbers of PFUs in incubated worm casts increased rapidly, then fell. This transient increase probably accounts for the generally higher number observed in natural casts. Earthworms may serve as vectors of myxomycetes in soil.

The diel distribution of feeding activity during the spawning season was compared for territorial male and female cunners Tautogolabrus adspersus in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, Canada between June and August, 1978. Territorial males feed significantly less often than females and concentrate their feeding activities in the morning, whereas females feed as frequently in the afternoon as in the morning. Based on the contents of alimentary tracts, territorial males, non-territorial males, and females have different diets. Since these three groups share the same habitat, the observed dietary differences probably reflect differences in their foraging behaviour. The relevance of these findings to the concept of ‘time minimizer’ and ‘energy maximizer’ is discussed.

Adult anisakid nematodes are known to be parasites in the alimentary tracts of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The known life cycle patterns among the anisakids are reviewed and from what is known, it is not possible to predict whether those hosts in which larval forms occur are true intermediate hosts or paratenic hosts. This is especially true of marine fishes in which third- and fourth-stage larvae are common. Among physical parameters known to influence the survival, development, and distribution of anisakids, temperature apparently is an important one. Similarly, a series of experiments has revealed that two unidentified species of Contracaecum from marine fish are not infective to laboratory mammals primarily because of their inability to survive mammalian body temperatures. It has also been demonstrated that Contracaecum larvae normally present in the digestive tracts of marine fishes will migrate out of dead hosts or into their mesenteries and musculature. Thus, in considering the potential public health importance of larval anisakids in marine fish, those in the digestive tract should not be considered as unimportant since they will migrate into muscles.

子牛の消化管発達に及ぼす生草主体の育成方法の影響を人工乳主体の育成方法と比較して検討した.ホルスタイン種雄子牛20頭を代用乳,人工乳,乾草で哺育•育成し,次の5群に分けた.A;10週齢屠殺,B1;13週齢屠殺,B2;11週齢より放牧,13週齢屠殺,C1;16週齢屠殺,C2;11週齢より放牧,16週齢屠殺.離乳は全群とも6週齢とした.B2,C2群の放牧時における生草採食量はクロモーゲン法により測定した.屠殺後,消化管を第一•二胃,第三胃,第四胃,腸に分割して臓器重量を測定し,第一•二胃,第四胃は併わせて容量も測定した.乾物摂取量合計には生草主体で放牧育成した子牛と人工乳主体で育成した子牛との間に差は認められなかったが,増体量にはかなりの差が認められた.屠殺前2週間時平均乾物摂取量には処理の差は認められず,体重の2.6～4.0%であった.また屠殺前2週間における乾物摂取量合計に対する人工乳の比率は処理により顕著な差異があった.空体重に対する臓器重量は第一•二胃で週齢•処理による影響は認められなかった.第三胃は週齢に伴いやや増加,第四胃ではやや減少の傾向であったが,有意差は認められず,処理による影響も顕著でなかった.腸では放牧子牛は週齢が進んでも変化しなかったが,人工乳•乾草給与子牛では減少し,処理による影響が認められた.第一•二胃,第四胃の容量には週齢•処理による影響は認められなかった.

The sex pheromone of the American cockroach,Periplaneta americana, consists of two compounds, which we have named periplanone-A and periplanone-B. The two compounds can be isolated from fecal material in a ratio of 1∶10, and periplanone-B can also be isolated from intestinal tracts. A total amount of 200 μg of periplanone-B has been isolated from both fecal material and alimentary tracts. By means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, hydrogenation, infrared analysis, and NMR analysis, we were able to identify periplanone-B as (1Z,5E)-1,10(14)-diepoxy-4(15),5-germacradien-9-one. The overall structure was confirmed by comparison with a synthetic, biologically active epimer of periplanone-B.

The contents of alimentary tracts of stomachless phytoplanktivorous fish, including silvercarp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Esomus danrica thermoicos, and Amblypharyngodon meletinus were investigated microscopically and compared with those of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus, a fish with stomach).

The Rat tailed Bat, Rhinopoma microphyllum kinneari (Wrougthon, 1912) collected from various districts of Rajasthan, in mainly an insectivorous species. The alimentary tracts of bats were dissected and the stomach contents were analysed group-wise.

Cancer of the nasopharynx, although not the most frequent, is one of the most malignant growths of the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts. Since the medical literature prior to 1900 contains so few references to this tumor, one is led to conclude that it was not clearly recognized as an anatomic entity before about the beginning of the present century. 1 Even today it is probable that in a high percentage of cases it is not correctly diagnosed because of the absence of early symptoms referable to the nasopharynx. Moreover, as will be discussed in greater detail, the later symptoms of the metastases may so overshadow those of the primary tumor that many patients probably die of widely disseminated cancer with the actual site of the primary lesion in the nasopharynx unsuspected. In a cancer clinic about one half of the patients with this disease are referred because of symptoms or

SUMMARY When a single colony inoculum of Salmonella typhimurium with an initial tolerance to chlortetracycline at 20 p.p.m. was administered to chicks receiving this antibiotic in the diet there was a tenfold increase in resistance, which occurred by steps to reach a level of 210 p.p.m. after 4 passages. No increase in tolerance to the antibiotic used, when compared with that of the inoculum, was observed in the strains isolated from the chicks receiving normal food. When chicks were inoculated orally with strains of Salm. typhimurium of increased resistance to chlortetracycline, but fed on a ration free from that antibiotic, there was no evidence of a decline in the resistance of the strains isolated up to the seventeenth day after infection. Thereafter resistance declined gradually, but at the end of 14 weeks some strains isolated were still 4 times as tolerant to the antibiotic as the normal strains. In chicks receiving a chlortetracycline-supplemented diet, the resistant strains persisted in survivors for as long as 14 weeks without any decline in resistance. In one experiment 56 per cent of the survivors of chicks fed chlortetracycline were harbouring Salm. typhimurium when slaughtered at 10 weeks of age, over half of the strains isolated being highly resistant. There was no evidence that an increase in resistance of Salm. typhimurium to chlortetracycline is accompanied by an increase in the virulence of the organism, or that sensitive strains are less pathogenic than resistant ones. Chlortetracycline gave a measure of protection against artificial infection with Salm. typhimurium, the mortality rate in the antibiotic-fed chicks being approximately half that in the chicks not receiving the antibiotic, irrespective of the tolerance to the antibiotic of the infecting strain. Conversely, there was evidence of a large number of carriers occurring in the groups of chicks receiving the antibiotic. The design of the experiment and the use of phage-typed cultures indicated that the resistant strains of Salm. typhimurium recovered from chlortetracycline-fed chicks stemmed from the original sensitive strain used, as a result of its adaptation to the antibiotic. This conclusion was supported by the in vitro tests. The veterinary and public health implications of these observations are discussed.

Summary The role of plain films, gastro-intestinal, and urinary investigations in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal tumours has been discussed. The value of such methods and the information which can be afforded has been indicated and also their importance as the basic means of investigation of these tumours. Enough evidence can often be obtained to arrive at a diagnosis and, in any case, tumours in the urinary and alimentary tracts have first to be excluded. The importance of lateral films in these investigations has been stressed and there should only be resort to more intricate methods of investigation such as aortography and pneumography when insufficient evidence has been obtained by simpler methods. The features of retroperitoneal tumours and their differential diagnosis have been considered and discussed.

SUMMARY Radiographic studies have been made on the alimentary tracts of 14 piglets using the barium meal technique. The movement of the barium meal was found to be similar in 6-day-old and 17-day-old pigs. In piglets on an artificial diet the meal passed through the small intestine rather more slowly, and was retained for much longer in the colon and rectum than it was in sow-reared piglets of the same age.

Examination of 322 deer in Algonquin Park, Ontario, during 1949–1961, has shown that 62% of the animals harbor Cephenemyia phobifera. Most parasites were found in deer 6 months to 2 years of age and fewer in those 6 months or less. Deer from herds harbored more bots than non-herd deer. Deer from second-growth forests were more heavily parasitized than deer from mature deciduous forests. Data on the incidence of infestation and the occurrence of the various larval instars in deer examined at different periods throughout the year strongly indicated that phobifera has two generations per year: the winter cycle requires about 6 months, the summer cycle 3 months. Puparia of phobifera metamorphosed in 23 ± 1 day at 63 ± 5° F, in 15 clays at 77 ± 2° F. Adults were short-lived. Deer blood was found in the alimentary tracts of the larvae examined. Presence of the larvae caused enlargement of the retropharyngeal pouch, and destruction of the epithelial layers.

1. The alimentary tracts of 85 undernourished boys and 69 undernourished girls at an orphanage at Duisburg were examined radiologically. (a) There was evidence of slight gastric ptosis. (b) The gastric emptying times and the small intestinal transit times were within normal limits. (c) No abnormality was observed in the small intestines of 63 of the boys and 42 of the girls. (d) In the small guts of the remainder the changes of “segmentation” and “flocculation” were observed. 2. The alimentary tracts of 21 of the boys and 20 of the girls were examined again after one year on a diet containing the German rations and unlimited amounts of bread. (a) There was no significant change in the gastric emptying times or the small intestinal transit times. (b) Flocculation and segmentation were observed in the small intestines of most of the children in whom these abnormal appearances had occurred before. 3. The small intestines of six boys and six girls in the orphanage at Vohwinkel were examined after a period of ...

Over 90% of malignant tumors of the head and neck are squamous cell cancers. These originate in the epithelium of the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts. Some thirty or more primary sites are recognized. Though there are specific therapeutic problems relative to each of these sites, there are general principles which apply to many. I have attempted to present a general outline of therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. It is hoped that this will help the physician who is not intimately involved with the details of therapy to understand why some patients with malignancy are treated one way while others are directed along other avenues of therapy.

Transport wegetatywnych cześci roślin i nasion przebadano u 179 osobnikow nalezących do czterech gatunkow z rodziny Microtidae (Tabela 1). W eksperymentach zastosowano metode opracowaną przez Castle (1956) i zmodyfikowaną przez Gilla (1957). Jako wskaźnika uzyto cześci pozywienia zabarwionej fuksyną zasadową. Pokarm testowy podawano zwierzetom raz dziennie. Barwne resztki liczono w pieciu polach widzenia mikroskopu w probkach kalu zbieranego w odstepach jednogodzinnych i odpowiednio rozcienczanych. Nastepnie obliczono procent barwnych resztek wydalonych w poszczegolnych godzinach doświadczen i wykreślono krzywe w/g Balcha (1950). Wyznaczono takze wartości R (Castle, 1956), obliczono czasy wydalania 5%, 50%, 90% i 100% pozywienia testowego i otrzymane wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej (test t-Studenta).

The experiment was carried out to observe influences of Tween 80 and Emulgen 106 (Dodecylalcohol polyoxyethylen ether-made in Japan) upon the absorption of g-strophan.thin and of digitalis infusion which has been adsorbed to charcoal or alumina. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The absorption of g-strophanthin from alimentary tracts of cats was promoted by addition of Tween 80 in the lower concentration, but was inhibited in the higher concentration. (2) Digitalis infusion adsorbed to alumina was only slightly absorbed from the alimentary tracts, although the drug absorption was doubled by adding a little amount of Tween 80 (0.5 cc/kg). (3) Digitalis adsorbed to charcoal was absorbed to 20 ?? 25% when it was given together with Emulgen 106 (0.5 cc/kg) or Tween 80 (1.0 %), without -which the drug absorption did not show at all. (4) It appears clear that the promoting effect of Tween 80 upon the absorption of digitalis-charcoal or -alumina and of g-strophanthin relates with the separation of digitalis from adsorbents, which is due to oriented adsorption of Tween to the adsorbents in the place of the glycoside.

By monitoring the changes in a population of O. muscaedomesticae spores as it passed through the alimentary tracts of adult Phormia regina it was found that most spores germinate during the first passage while others do not germinate until they have made 2, 3, or 4 passages. Possible explanations for these differences are suggested.