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Цел: Цел на оваа студија беше да се утврдат промените во микробиолошката флора кај пациенти со фиксни ортодонтски апарати, како и да се утврди влијанието на различниот метод на лигирање на брекетите врз овие промени. Материјал и метод: Испитувањата беа спроведени кај дваесет и четири пациенти со фиксни ортодонтски апарати. Кај сите испитаници, на едната половина од вилицата брекетети беа лигирани со еластични лигатури, а на другата половина со жичени лигатури. За детекција на Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola од дното на пародонталниот џеб во предел на максиларните премолари и мандибуларните инцизиви, од двете страни на вилиците, беше применет BANA тестот. Микробиолошките наоди беа одредувани пред започнувањето на ортодонтската терапија (Т1), една недела по поставувањето на фиксниот апарат (Т2) и три месеци по поставувањето (Т3). Разликите меѓу групите беа анализирани со ANOVA Chi Sqr тестот и Cochran Q тестот. Резултати: Резултатите покажаа сигнификантно зголемување на бројот на микроорганизми една недела и три месеци по поставувањето на фиксниот апарат кај забите лигирани со еластични лигатури, во споредба со забите лигирани со жичени лигатури. Статистички сигнификантна разлика во вредностите на BANA тестот беше утврдена и меѓу сите три испитувани периоди кај забите лигирани со еластични лигатури, додека незначајна разлика во релација Т1, Т2 и Т3 беше забележана кај забите лигирани со жичени лигатури. Заклучок: Методот на лигирање на ортодонтските брекети има значајно влијание врз микробиолошката флора кај пациентите со фиксни апарати. Еластичните лигатури го стимулираат растот на пародонтопатогените бактерии кои се предиспонирачки фактор за појава на кариес и инфламација на гингивата. Клучни зборови: метод на лигирање на брекетите, микробиолошка флора, еластични лигатури, пародонтопатогени бактерии, фиксни ортодонтски апарати

Кратака содржина Кариограмот претставува графичка слика којашто на интерактивен начин го прикажува ризикот од развој на нов ка- риес во иднина кај пациентот, а притоа придонесува за утврдување до кој степен различни етиолошки фактори на кариес го предизвикуваат ризикот од кариес кај одреден пациент. Цел на трудот да се направи проценка на кариес ризик фактори и прираст на ка- риес во временскиот период од 2 години кај испитаници со трајни заби со корис- тење на редуцираниот кариограм. Дистрибуцијата на кариес ризик (%) утвр ден со кариограм во првата година (I) од испитувањето, редуцираниот кариог- рамбез саливарни тестови и streptococcus mutans од вкупно 88 деца на возраст од 10- 12 години, кај 44,32% деца утврден беше многу висок ризик за кариес, кај 21,59%бе- ше висок ризик за кариес, умерен ризик за кариес имаа 25,00% деца, кај 4,55% деца утврден беше низок ризик за кариес, а многу низок ризик за кариес регистриран е кај 4,55% од децата и, шансата да се од- бегне кариес кај овие деца изнесуваше 81 – 100 %. Кариес ризикот утврден со кари- ограм во втората година од испитување- то (редуцираниот кариограм) без сали- варни тестови и Streptococcus mutans, кај 4,32% деца беше утврден многу висок ри- зик за кариес, кај 20,45% утврден беше ви- сок ризик за кариес, а умерен ризик за ка- риес имаа 25,00% деца, а кај 10,23% деца утврден беше низок ризик за кариес и шансата да се одбегне кариес кај овие де- ца изнесуваше 81 – 100 %. Клучни зборови: Кариесот ризик фак- тори, reducirancariogram, DMFS

Obesity and the oral health have common riskfactors with aspecialattention given to the unbalanced diet.The prevalence ofobesity in children was ourchallenge.We focused our objective ondetermining the relationship between high weight and thepresence of dentalcaries.Our research included a total of100 pupils from both genders(30-control group without DMF and70-an experimental one with DMF)at the age of12from the local elementary schools in Shtip.The determination ofBMIin%was conducted following the patterns of BMI and using the tables provided by theC.D.C and Prevention and the specialized software oftheWHO(AnthroPlusv1.0.4)which enables to estimate the data forthe body weight of children and adolescents by generating values given in%which determines thecategory ofBMIin charts.The examinees were divided in4categories:lowweightBMI

The examined material consisted of 71 examinees from both genders at the age of 12, from which the experimental group consisted of 40 children and the control group consisted of 31 examinees.A survey was carried out in order to assess the socio-economic status of the families, to assess the nutritional status (BMI) of the examinees, to verify the dental health while noting the DMFS, DMFT and the intensity of dental caries. The data that presented the socio-economic status of the examinees in both groups showed a significant statistical correlation (p0,05).As a conclusion we would like to indicate that the association of the socio-economical conditions and the body mass index can be one of the many factors responsible for the onset of dental caries but they can also be used as serious screening factors and can participate as an instrument in the assessment of the dental caries risk. The results suggest promotion of oral health in children from all age groups. Keywords: Dental Caries, Permanent Teeth, Nutritional Status, BMI

Summary: The study we included 74 examinees (43 experimental and 31 in control group) of both genders at the age of 5 years. The purposes of our study is to determine the relationship of some salivary parameters in group subjects with primary teeth, with and without caries. Results. The differences in values of the examined parameters between the two groups of examinees were not significant for calcium (p = 0,61), about the total proteins in the saliva of children in the control group this difference was significantly higher (p = 0,000) compared to the value of total proteins in the saliva of children in the experimental group, the value of total antioxidant capacity in the saliva of children in the control group was significantly higher (p = 0,000) compared to the value of total antioxidant capacity in the saliva of children in the experimental group. The value of IgG and IgA in the saliva of children in the control group was also significantly higher (p = 0,000) compared to the value of IgA in the saliva of children in the experimental group. The value of the OHI index in the saliva of children in the experimental group for Z = -3,02 and p 0,05 (p = 0,81) was not significant. The examined relationship between the presence of dental caries in children with primary dentition as a dependent parameter and values of calcium, magnesium, total proteins, total antioxidant capacity, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G and OHI index in saliva as independent parameters, was for R = 0,74 and p

—The Cariogram is a new concept, primarily evolved as an educative model, focused towards simple presentation of the numerous factors which cause dental caries.For the realization of this doctorate, we defined and accomplished the goal, which was based on the assessment of the dental caries risk profiles, in examinees with primary teeth, using the Cariogram model. The research is carried out in a longitudinal study, that lasted 2 years, in which we included 60 examinees at a preschool age, from 4 -5 years (31 male and 29 male). The following was done in every examinee : clinical detection of the dental health; assessment of the diet-lactobacillus in the saliva; assessment of the oral hygiene index (OHI); assessment of the frequency of meals; assessment of the flow rate of the 'stimulated' saliva; assessment of the buffering capacity of the saliva; assessment of the clinical evaluation of the examiner. After finishing the clinical and laboratorial examinations, the results were applied in the Cariogram program, from which we got data about the caries risk level for every examinee, and then we got recommendations about application of specific preventive measures. The results of the descriptive statistics and the carried out analysis of the analyzed dental caries risk factors for the dmft and the caries risk factors, show that the average value of the dmft in the first year of the examination varied in the interval from 2,31±0,62 and the average value of the dmft index during the second year of the study varied in the interval from 2,88±0,39; the quantity of Lactobacillus in the saliva varied in the interval from 1,41±0,50 CFU/ml; the average frequency of having meals varied in the interval from 1,94±0,43; the average value of the plaque index varied in the interval from 1,45±0,50; the average value of Streptococcus Mutans in the saliva varied in the interval from 2,55±0,50 CFU/ml; the average value of administering fluoride was in the interval from 1,22±0,42; the average value of the buffering capacity of the saliva varied in the interval from 0,80±0,41; the opinion and the assessment of the examiner varied in the interval from 1,41±0,57. The results of the Mann-Whitney U Test (Z=0,51) and p>0,05 (p=0,61) for the dental caries risk profiles in the first year compared to the value of the same test in the second year of the study, showed that there was no statistical significance. The assessment of the dental caries risk is a very important clinical step, especially when we use the Cariogram model, which in many ways can lead us to the use of specific preventive measures. Key words: caries risk factors; Cariogram; dmft

The goal of the research is to make an assessment of the prevalence and the severity of the caries in the early childhood (CEC) in preschool children. The research is an analytical study of the example cut of 30% of 979 preschool children from municipality Center Skopje, in children from different socio-economical status families in whom the situation was noted on the teeth and the caries in the early childhood. The results have shown that without caries were 173 (20.47%) from the participants, with caries 465 (55.03%) and with CEC 207 (24.50%).The total DMFS of the participants were 2.6, from which with filled teeth were 0.46, with caries 1.47 and with extracted teeth were 0.681. With caries in the early childhood were 207 children from which 102 boys and 105 girls, which meant there weren’t any significant differences according the gender. Depending on the clinical forms of caries in the early childhood and the age of the children we established that with the initial form of CEC at the age of 2 were 75.6% of the children, with mild caries were 24.4%; with initial form of CEC at the age of 3 were 48.6%, with mild form were 35.1%, with medium were 13.7%, with severe form of caries were 2.2% and with severe form with complications were 10.04% of the children. With initial form of CEC at the age of 4 were 10.9%, with mild form 42.3%, medium form 18.2%, with severe form 7.4% and with severe form with complications were 21.2%; at the age of 5 with initial form of CEC were 18.9% and with mild were 24.3%. In the complex interaction of the predisposing factors of the social environment as the socio-economical status, the health education, the living environment significantly affect the prevalence of the caries and the severity of the caries in the early childhood among young children and preschool children in our environment

Цел на оваа студија е да ја детерминираме корелацијата помеѓу денталната и оралната состојба.

Кариесот денес без разлика на средствата и методите кои се нудат за негово делотворно спречување, сепак истиот е еден од најраспространетите заболувања.

The findings concerning the last of the twentieth century and early twenty and engineering to keep on going forward in every field. However despite the above mentioned that the problem of diseases of the teeth and mouth has not yet been resolved.

The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between the state of the socio-economic conditions and the habits of maintaining oral hygiene with students. Material and methodology - The survey comprises of selected groups of students(91) from Shtip, at the age of 15. The study uses the method of Currie12 which is based on previously prepared interviews for parents and children. The questionnaires are prepared separately for parents and children and consist of data on socio-economic conditions in which the respondents live and their knowledge of maintaining oral hygiene.

The analysis of the trends of the caries dispersion in the developed countries in the last 40 years, show signifi cantly diminished values of CIA (caries index average) from11 to 4. But, the situati on in the developing countries is completely diff erent. The caries goes upwards, and CIA is increased for 5 points in the last 20 years. (WHO 2000) The purposel of our study would be to suggest a strategy for preventive dental protecti on which will be applied on the whole territory of the country and will be aimed to stop the further expansion of the dental caries and its repercussions.For the practi cal realizati on of this aim, the pregnant women,children and adolescents would be included. The preventive scheme would be planned and conducted according to basical statistical data of the number of citi ezens and professionals (specialists in pediatric and preventive dentistry, dentists,The analysis of the trends of the caries dispersion in the developed countries in the last 40 years, show significantly diminished values of CIA (caries index average) from11 to 4. But, the situati on in the developing countries is completely different. The caries goes upwards, and CIA is increased for 5 points in the last 20 years. (WHO 2000).The purposel of our study would be to suggest a strategy for preventi ve dental protecti on which will be applied on the whole territory of the country and will be aimed to stop the further expansion of the dental caries and its repercussions. For the practi cal realizati on of this aim, the pregnant women, children and adolescents would be included.The preventive scheme would be planned and conducted according to basical stati sti cal data of the number of citi ezens and professionals (specialists in pediatric and preventi ve denti stry, denti sts, dental nurses,gynecologists, pediatricians and nurses) wich would be involved in conducti ng of the prevenntal nurses,gynecologists, pediatricians and nurses) wich would be involved in conducti ng of the preventi ve measures. Conclussion Results would be the KEP of 6.9 for 5years 5.5(p.0.01).