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The review presents classical and modern views on the molecular genetic causes underlying hereditary predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. A computerized literature search was carried out in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, published between January 1994 and May 2021, using the keywords: «hereditary breast and ovarian cancer», «BRCA» and «DNA repair». Current views on the role of germline mutations in genes for susceptibility to breast cancer (BC): BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, TP53, CHEK2, PTEN, ATM, and PPM1D are presented. The role of a complex of genes involved in homologous DNA repair and causing other hereditary oncological diseases is considered. The role of the loss of heterozygosity in these genes, which increases the level of chromosomal instability and leads to an increased risk of malignant transformation, is considered. Germinal mutations in the genes under consideration in 90% of clinical cases are the cause of initiation of tissue malignancy and greatly increase the risk of developing hereditary breast cancer and OC. The review emphasizes the complex nature of pathogenesis and significant polymorphism of genetic targets for hereditary breast cancer and OC. It is concluded that it is necessary to use NGS panels for complex screening of genes of hereditary susceptibility to these oncological diseases. The review provides data on the clinical significance of each group of genes of hereditary predisposition in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and OC, and also demonstrates the possible role of methylation of the promoter regions of genes and the state of mitochondrial DNA in the development of these pathologies. The purpose of this review was to broaden the horizons of specialists in the field of oncology and clinical diagnostics in the context of the rapidly expanding spectrum of molecular genetic markers of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe rheumatic disease characterized by polysymptomatic clinical picture. At the present stage, there are no updated epidemiological data due to the low prevalence of the disease. The aim of the study was to examine the current clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus based on the information contained in the territorial register, analysis of occurrence and symptoms at the early stage of the disease. This study demonstrated the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SLE from the analysis of 107 cases during the period from 2011 to 2013 and retrospective analysis of the cases for 1980-2013. The epidemiological situation was evaluated based on extensive and intensive indicators using statistical software license. The current SLE prevalence was estimated at 5,59 per 100 000 population in 2013, the incidence between 1994 and 2003 at 0,29 per 100 000 population and between 2004 and 2013 at 0,49, with the peak in 2010 up to 1,35 per 100 000 population. The average absolute growth and growth rate of SLE in the first decade was 0,05% and 0,24%, in the second decade 0,001% and 0,006% respectively, with the female to male ratio being 9:1, mean age of the patients 37,62±11,65 years), and ethnic composition of 87 Slavs and 15 Crimean Tatars. The most common symptoms at the early (polyarthritis, fever, dermatitis) and advanced (polyarthritis, Raynaud's syndrome, carditis, myalgia) stages differed from those specified by American College of Rheumatology (1997). The difference between early and late symptoms of SLE was documented . Based on the data obtained, the division of the disease into clinical subtypes (phenotypes) is proposed.

Aim: To analyze immediate and remote results of surgical treatment of 480 patients with gastric cancer who underwent total gastrectomy., Material and Methods: The study group included 371 patients who had spleen-preserving D2 lymphodissection during gastrectomy and control group consisted of 109 patients after D2 lymphodissection with splenectomy. Duration of surgery was 183.7±33.8 and 184.1±30.9 min in study and control groups respectively (p=0.72), blood loss - 330.2±33.7 and 351.8±28.8 ml (p=0.0001), incidence of postoperative complications - 6.7% (25 cases) and 4.6% (5 cases) respectively (p=0.5), mortality rate - 2.7% and 0.9% respectively (p=0.46). Number of excised regional lymph nodes of groups 10 and 11 was in most patients of the study group - 5.8 and 5.5 (p=0.92). Metastases in splenic hilus lymph nodes were diagnosed in 28 (7.5%) and 9 (8.2%) patients of the study and control groups respectively (p=0.30), metastases in lymph nodes along splenic vessels - in 24 (6.5%) and 7 (6.4%) patients respectively (p=0.90)., Results: 5-year survival in the study group was 40.3±3.0%, average life expectancy - 3.4±3.3 years, in the control groups - 33.1±5.6% and 2.7±2.5 years respectively. It was concluded that spleen-preserving D2 lymphodissection decreases incidence of postoperative complications and has similar drastic nature as standard lymphodissection with splenectomy.

Efficacy of a new method of intraoperative regional sympathetic blockade of splanchnic nerves was estimated, basing on the results of surgical treatment of 3134 patients, suffering gastric cancer. While comparing the immediate results of surgical interventions there was established, that the risk of postoperative pancreatitis occurrence (lethality) is dependent on the kind of operation performed and its traumaticity. The risk of postoperative pancreonecrosis occurrence (lethality) lowering after standard surgical and combined intervention, after gastric surgery with pancreatic resection was promoted by application of a spiritus-novocaine blockade with the objective to suppress sympathetic reflexes as an element of anesthesia intraoperatively and in early postoperative period.

The 30 years experience of surgical treatment of the proximal gastric cancer type II and III by Siewert classification in 681 patients was analyzed. 448 gastrectomies and 233 gastrectomies with proximal esophagus resection were performed. Gastrectomy with esophagus resection led to more complications (34.8±3.1%; p<0.001) and lethal out±comes (21.5±2.7%), then standart gastrectomy (16.5±1.8% and 7.6±1.3%). The dehiscence of the esophagointestinal anastomosis was registered in 5.6±1.6% after the gastrectomy with esophagus resection and in 0.2±0.2% after the transperitoneal gastrectomy (p<0.001). The loop method by Schlattler proved to be the optimal reconstructive technique. The Roux-en-Y anastomosis was preferable by the insufficient length of the mesentery. The risk factors of the esophagointestinal anastomosis insufficiency were: cancer stage (p<0.001), local invasion of the neighbouring organs (p<0.05), combined surgery and esophagus invasion (p<0.001), male gender (p<0.001) and lack of the surgical skills for gastrectomy (p<0.02).

The article summarizes the experience of 285 anesthesia conducted on patients with destructive tuberculosis from 2000 to 2008. The specific features of the perioperative period, the function monitoring of vital viscera, the technical features of the surgery period, risk factors of postoperative complications and principles of their prevention and correction are considered.

For the early diagnosis of multidrug resistant tuberculosis, 67 sputum samples obtained from primary patients with different clinical forms of pulmonary tuberculosis were examined by the molecular genetic test using the TB-Biochip test system. Having a high sensitivity and specificity, the molecular genetic test for determining the drug sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis substantially accelerates its diagnosis (2-3 days) before the real-time mode of a patient's admission to the clinic. The method allows identification of mutations in the rpoB (resistance to R), katG, inhG, and ahpC (resistance to H) genes, which permits timely correction of performed specific treatment.

To discover DNA of mycobacterium and evaluate chemotherapy efficiency of pulmonary tuberculosis Polimerize Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis was performed. Different pathological materials of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and those with nonspecific lung diseases had been examined. Phlegm sample had been carried out regularly by means of PCR analysis and traditional microbiological methods. PCR analysis demonstrated 94% sensibility, specificity 100%; investigation of different pathological materials demonstrated 54% sensibility of molecular - genetic method. Discontinuance of bacterium secretion at PCR analysis positively correlated with clinical rontgenologic dynamics of disappearance of tubercular process.

Temporary bronchial occlusion to reestablish air tightness of the resected lung has been performed in 42 patients. Persistent expanding of the lung occurred within 2-3 days in a single early bronchial occlusion (on day 1-2). In late occlusion (on day 10-15) the residual pleural cavity disappears on day 30-35. Steady expanding of the lung in spontaneous pneumothorax of tuberculous or nontuberculous origin and in empyema (89 patients) was observed within 30 days in 76.5, 87.5 and 36.3% of cases, respectively, unless fistula size is more than 1 cm. In the rest cases (31.5%) temporary bronchial occlusion allows cutting air passage, partial expanding of the lung, cleansing of empyema cavity, alleviation of purulent intoxication, this creating conditions for radical surgery.

The fragments of cotton Gossipium hirsutum c.v. 108-f chloroplast genome were cloned in Escherichia coli cells. The cloned psbA and rbcL genes have been selected using the heterologous probes from spinach. The preliminary attempts to clone the complete psbA gene in pUC19 vector failed, probably, due to the toxicity of its product to Escherichia coli cells, and its 5'- and 3'-ends were cloned separately. Reconstruction experiments revealed that while the complete psbA gene was unable to be stably inherited by Escherichia coli cells, its structural part lacking the promoter region could be readily cloned in the bacterial cells.