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Life cycle employment of minority labor migrants who entered Norway in the early 1970s diverges from that of natives. Immigrant employment was nearly complete during early years but declined to 50% by the year 2000 (compared to 87% for a native comparison group). We find that immigrant employment is particularly sensitive to the business cycle and that economic downturns of the 1980s and 1990s accelerated their labor market exit. We trace part of the decline to migrants being overrepresented in shrinking industries. But we also identify welfare disincentives that contribute to poor life cycle employment performance of immigrants with many dependent family members.

A study conducted to trace the origins of foreign dentists licensed to work in the United States is presented. It was revealed that the largest number of dentists were from India, the Philippines and Columbia.

Role of inadequate education and abundant unskilled foreign labor as obstacles to their growth and self-sufficiency, with reference to United Arab Emirates, is analyzed.

This article seeks to improve on previous estimates of the impact of immigration on native wages by using an occupational segmentation approach that directly controls for regional migration and other shifts in the native-born U.S. labor supply. The U.S. labor market is segmented by occupation in order to determine which, if any, native workers tend to be vulnerable to increased immigrant competition for jobs. The results suggest that native-born workers in the primary sector are the main beneficiaries of increased immigration, while native-born Hispanic females in the secondary sector are the most susceptible to downward wage pressures.

A critical view of Nancy Adler's study on female expatriates is presented. While there is a growth in women expatriates in international management assignments, it is essentially those jobs, which their male counterparts have left. It is noted that men continue to corner more lucrative jobs.

Most assessments of immigrant adaptation to the institutions of Australian society and its labour market are cautiously optimistic. While immigrants, especially those from non-English-speaking background, do suffer initial economic disadvantage, their position improves with the passage of time. There is, moreover, little evidence that the Australian-born children of immigrants suffer continuing disadvantage. These optimistic assessments are based mainly on evidence from the period preceding the emergence of sustained, high unemployment that prevailed during the 1980s and into the 1990s. I use pooled data from the Public Use Samples for the 1981 and 1991 censuses of Australia to assess changes in relative advantage and disadvantage over time. The data show that, over this period, some immigrant groups fared worse with respect to the risk of unemployment. As for their chances of entering the highest occupational class, they benefited along with other Australians from the expansion of professional and managerial jobs, an outcome exaggerated by the loss of many manufacturing jobs due to cuts in tariff protection and trade liberalisation (policies that also increased measured unemployment and hidden unemployment). With respect to occupational earnings, workers suffered a general decline in real weekly incomes, immigrants and native-born alike. However, many immigrant workers continued to earn significantly less than comparable native-born workers, with little evidence of economic convergence over the course of their working lives., Research shows that non-English speaking immigrants to Australia initially suffer economical disadvantages which mostly improves with time, while second generation immigrant children suffer little economic disadvantage. A new study analyses Public Use Samples between 1981 and 1991 to assess labour market disadvantage among Australian immigrants. It is shown that both immigrants and native Australians experienced a general fall in real weekly incomes over the period, but the labour market position of some immigrants is seen to be worsening because of high unemployment, reduced welfare benefits and economic restructuring., The economic stratification of ethnic groups in contemporary Australia arises from the historical process of European colonisation in the eighteenth century, subsequent policies of population growth that gave strong preference [...]

Based on anthropological fieldwork in Yemen, this article examines the relationship between gender, mobility, and il/legality in the lives of Ethiopian domestic workers. Studies about migrant domestic workers in the Middle East often focus on abuse and exploitation, making a plea for the regulation of women's legal status. Yet legal migration does not automatically mean that women gain more rights and become more mobile; regulation may also entail more control. The relationship between method of entry and legal status is not fixed, and the boundaries between legality and illegality are often blurred, with women moving in and out of il/legality and legal organizations following illegal practices, and vice versa. Gendered state policies and practices also affect women's space for maneuvering, and attempts at regulation may further restrict rather than increase their mobility.

Research on immigrant entrepreneurs in the United States has focused on small businesses in the retail and food service sectors rather than on high-technology start ups. Scholarship on women and immigrants in the U.S. science and technology workforce has focused on academia rather than scientists in industry. This article aims to bridge the gaps in these two literatures by examining the role of women and immigrants in founding science-based biotechnology firms. This research thus speaks to the sociological perspective on power inequalities for women and foreign-born people in entrepreneurship and in the U.S. science and technology workforce. Opportunities and barriers vary by organizational context, and the flexibility of the biotechnology industry has previously been found to benefit female scientists. But what of foreign-born scientists and women who play founding roles in biotech firms? A survey conducted of 261 biotechnology firms located in Massachusetts and New England in 2006 provides the data. The results show that 42% of the firms had at least one foreign-born founder, and 21% of firms had at least one female founder. These numbers suggest that foreign-born life scientists are well represented and female life scientists are somewhat underrepresented in founding roles in biotech. The role of entrepreneurs who have the double status of female immigrants is less clear and needs further study. The research finds significant variation in biotech entrepreneurship of immigrants by their world region of origin. Interviews supplement the survey data to illustrate the barriers and opportunities for foreign-born biotech entrepreneurs.

The employment of immigrant domestic workers is a valuable entry point for examining the construction of class and racial-ethnic differences among women in a global economy. It also reveals the complex ways that social reproduction, like production, is shaped by international connections and flows. This article draws on interviews with thirty-two immigrant domestic workers and twenty-nine employers of domestic workers in San Diego to examine the organization of caring labor in the two sets of households. The interview data show that employers of domestic workers rely on paid service workers to supply additional labor, while domestic workers rely on the unpaid labor of family members. Neither group relies primarily on government support, although differences in citizenship status influence the strategies of the two groups. The article draws on the interviews to make two related points. First, it argues that social reproduction has come, in some places, to involve networks that cross international borders. Second, it argues that the interrelated strategies the two groups of women use to access caring labor are informed by and contribute to class and racial-ethnic differences among women and their households, and that citizenship is of particular importance in constructing and solidifying these differences. Key Words: domestic workers, immigration, networks, San Diego, social reproduction, working women.

The heavy inflow of foreign talent, especially since the 1970s, is changing the face of American science. In 1980 fewer than one out of five doctoral scientists in the scientific [...]