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The paper deals with the problem of digital restitution of art to post-colonial and postdependency countries. A new model of digital restitution composed of two elements: creation of a digital copy with a NFT attached and creation of new property right in a physical and digital object has been proposed. A system of balances between the rights and duties based on the prior user concept has been developed.

The UNESCO Chairs and UNITWIN Networks are recognized as UNESCO’s “extended family” (Doc. 207 EX/11) and their membership brings a wealth of knowledge and expertise to UNESCO Programmes, while serving as an important dimension of UNESCO’s comparative advantage for other potential partners. The UNESCO Chairs Programme celebrates its 30th anniversary this year. The main celebrations for this achievement will be held in Paris in November 2022. The international conference is organized by UNESCO with the support of the French national commission for UNESCO. At the national level, more events will be held online and in person.

Museum inventories and inventorying of collections in light of the UNESCO legal framework Summary: This article presents the problem of inventories in museums and inventories of collections in light of the UNESCO normative legal framework in cultural conventions and soft law (UNESCO recommendations). The authors aim to present issues related to the implementation of the UNESCO 1970 Convention, UNESCO’s recommendations for museums, and the importance of the inventory of cultural property in the fight against illicit trafficking of movable objects. Given new challenges, including recent armed conflicts, the inventorying of cultural property is particularly important in this context. It also constitutes an essential element in the protection system at the national and international levels. UNESCO’s planned projects to provide further support for inventories, such as a practical guide on inventories and illicit trafficking of cultural property, are highly relevant and welcomed. W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia inwentarzy w muzeach i inwentaryzacji kolekcji w świetle dorobku normatywnego UNESCO jako podmiotu wyznaczającego standardy zawarte w dokumentach wiążących i o charakterze soft law (zalecenia). Zaprezentowano kwestie związane z implementacją Konwencji UNESCO z 1970 r. dotyczącej środków zmierzających do zakazu i zapobiegania nielegalnemu przywozowi, wywozowi i przenoszeniu własności dóbr kultury, z rekomendacjami UNESCO dotyczącymi muzeów oraz ze znaczeniem ewidencjonowania dóbr kultury w walce z nielegalnym obrotem ruchomymi składnikami dziedzictwa kultury. Wobec nowych wyzwań, w tym ostatnich konfliktów zbrojnych, ewidencjonowanie dóbr kultury jest szczególnie ważne w walce z nielegalnym obrotem dobrami kultury i w systemie ochrony na poziomie krajowym i międzynarodowym. Istotne są planowane przez UNESCO nowe projekty dotyczące dalszego wspierania inwentaryzacji oraz praktycznego przewodnika na temat inwentarzy i nielegalnego handlu dobrami kultury.

Erika Bochereau is Secretary General of the International Federation of Art and Antique Dealer Associations (CINOA). Established in 1935, CINOA is the principal international confederation of Art & Antique art market professional associations. Affiliated dealers from 30 leading associations cover a wide array of specialties, from antiquities to contemporary art. CINOA’s associate members include leading associations of auction houses and the International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB), which alone represents an additional 22 book seller associations. CINOA, and all of its member organizations, have a strict application process to ensure acceptance of only peer-vetted art professionals that have established businesses, reputable galleries, and/or practices. CINOA-affiliated groups abide by a high standard of business practices and codes of ethics which include strict due diligence. During the past nearly 70 years, dealers have been changing their practices to abide by biodiversity, cultural property, and heritage legislation. The CINOA Code of Conduct is updated regularly to reflect these changes. The vast majority of CINOA’s members are businesses of four people or less who work hard to cultivate their clientele: http://www.cinoa.org. UNESCO uses the term partnership for very specific relationships. I don’t think we can keep this sentence. Alicja Jagielska-Burduk is Editor-in-chief of the “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” (SAACLR) and the holder of the UNESCO Chair in Cultural Property Law at the University of Opole. Andrzej Jakubowski serves as SAACLR Deputy Editor-in-chief and Leader of the project “Legal Forms of Cultural Heritage Governance in Europe – A Comparative Law Perspective”, No. UMO-2019/35/B/ HS5/02084, financed by the National Science Centre (Poland). The present interview was undertaken within the framework of this research project.

In the paper the analysis of two newly published commentaries (2021) on the Act on Museums is conducted: the first commentary by A. Barbasiewicz, a lawyer specializing in cultural heritage, and the other by a team of scholars: Z. Cieślik, I. Gredka-Ligarska, P. Gwoździewicz- -Matan, I. Lipowicz, A. Matan, K. Zeidler specializing in administrative proceedings and legal protection of historic monuments. Both publications represent various perspectives on the same issue, thus complementing one another. The difference in the approach makes them both useful to experienced practitioners on the one hand and those who happen to confront these topics for the first time one the other. Importantly, both have been written in a clear language comprehensible to non-lawyers. Their high-rating cannot be diminished by the few critical remarks formulated in the paper.

Since at least the 1990s, museums have expanded to cover a variety of societal functions, often enabling inclusive and participatory spaces for critical dialogue about the past and the future, and bridging together various narratives and cultural experiences, contributing to social cohesion and reconciliation. The new functions of museums, involving novel technological forms of display and communication, pose several legal questions concerning the management of such institutions, their resources, and exhibitions, including issues of copyright and other intellectual property rights. While referring to a recent case concerning an alleged infringement of the moral rights of the authors of the permanent exhibition of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (MWII), this article examines the scope of copyright protection in new, so-called, “narrative” museums under Polish law. First it briefly scrutinizes main facts and circumstances of this case. Secondly, it discusses the current legal framework on the copyright protection of museum exhibitions under Polish law. Next, in light of the judgment rendered in the MWII case, the standard of legal protection of moral interests resulting from a museum exhibition’s design and its scenario (script) is explored. Finally, the article concludes with a set of observations concerning the extent to which copyright law may serve as a tool for protecting the integrity of museum exhibitions and their original conceptual design.

Jednorazowe pozwolenie na staly wywoz zabytku za granice z perspektywy kategorii wieku i wartości – ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego a rynek sztuki w Polsce

Cultural security is a comprehensive notion that has gained much attention in the recent cultural heritage debates. In terms of the EU, it encapsulates cultural heritage destruction and protection in armed conflicts, post-war cultural heritage management, restitution, illicit traffic of cultural property, cultural diversity, and intercultural dialogue. The article aims to present how cultural security matters appear in the EU legal system and policy. The authors argue that cultural security is present in different policies regarding cultural property and the fight against illicit trafficking, as well as in EU external cultural relations. Digitization in the cultural sector constitutes a challenge, facilitates access to cultural heritage, and is an important tool for future cultural security. Therefore, EU law in the context of cultural security is analyzed. The authors took the Polish law as an example of how cultural security can be safeguarded while promoting an EU Member State’s jurisdiction. The paper’s educational part offers some ideas on creating and incorporating law and cultural security courses into varied higher education programs.

The aim of the article is to analyse UNESCO conventions dealing with culture and assess the visibility and importance of cultural heritage education in these conventions and their implementation. First, it briefly presents the role of UNESCO in the area of culture and education, together with the UN Agenda 2030 and the challenges faced currently. Next, it discusses the existing UNESCO cultural conventions and their educational dimension with reference to the conventions’ provisions and aims. Each convention refers to education in the activities undertaken by States Parties, providing various tools and measures tailored to the scope of the convention. The article concludes that despite a lack of synergy and creation of education-related programs in convention-related siloes, UNESCO has managed to create a uniform and evolving system of educational measures aimed at various stakeholders and focus on various levels of awareness. Cultural heritage education is an imminent part of activities undertaken within States’ obligations and should involve various stakeholders, building networks and existing in synergy with other actions or campaigns based on different conventions.

This article presents the Council of Europe’s educational policy, indicating its major milestones and characteristics when it comes to issues of cultural heritage. First it offers an analysis of the strategic documents (i.e. recommendation No. R (98) 5 of the committee of ministers to member states concerning heritage education and conventions, with emphasis on the Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (Faro Convention). The notion of a common European Cultural Heritage as a shared and non-renewable resource is presented in the human rights approach to cultural heritage. The article pays special attention to intercultural dialogue and how it is supposed to support the European cultural identity. The second part explores existing links between the Council of Europe (CoE) and EU policies. The EU joint programmes regarding Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe (Joint Programme with the European Commission [DG GROW] and Joint Programme with the European Commission [DG-REGIO] (Routes4U) are presented. Additionally, the authors point out the links between the UNESCO cultural conventions and the Council of Europe policy framework. Finally, the article delivers conclusions as to whether a synergy exists between the European Union’s and the CoE’s policies, and answers the question why this is so important in cultural heritage education. Key words Cultural heritage, education, Council of Europe, synergy, conventions Resumen: Este artículo presenta la política en materia educativa del Consejo de Europa, indicando sus principales características e hitos, a la hora de tratar las cuestiones relativas al patrimonio cultural. En primer lugar, ofrece un análisis de los documentos estratégicos (como, por ejemplo, la Recomendación (98) 5 del Comité de Ministros a los Estados miembro, relativa a la Pedagogía del Patrimonio), con especial énfasis en Convenio marco del Consejo de Europa sobre el valor del patrimonio cultural para la sociedad (Convenio de Faro). La noción de un patrimonio cultural europeo común, como un recurso compartido y no renovado, es presentada en este trabajo, tomando como punto de vista la perspectiva de los derechos humanos. Además, en la investigación se presta especial atención al diálogo intercultural y su papel como sostenedor de la identidad cultural europea. La segunda parte estudia los vínculos existentes entre el Consejo de Europa y las políticas de la Unión Europea. Se dedica especial atención a los programas conjuntos con la Unión Europea, como los compartidos con la Comisión Europea DG GROW, DG-REGIO o Routes4U. Igualmente, se tratan los vínculos entre los convenios culturales de la UNESCO y la política estructural del Consejo de Europa en la materia. Finalmente, el artículo expone una serie de conclusiones relevantes en torno a las sinergias existentes entre las políticas de la Unión Europea y las del Consejo de Europa en la materia, contestando a la cuestión relativa a la razón de su importancia en el ámbito de la educación en materia de patrimonio cultural. Palabras clave: Patrimonio cultural, educación, Consejo de Europa, sinergia, convenios

This paper deals with legal and economic considerations dissemination and promotion of cultural heritage. The aim of the paper was to analyse if the existing national strategy concerning cultural heritage protection accepts the use of new technologies in cultural heritage management and education of society.

Alcoholism is a problem of a social value. About 140 million people worldwide suffer from alcoholism. Research has demonstrated adverse effects of alcohol. In the scientific project were confirmed: increased risk of cancer, liver disease, abnormal course of pregnancy and development of fetus. Among alcoholics are frequent phenomena of criminal behavior, accidents and trauma. The Polish Constitution granted the right to health citizens. The consequence of the above mentioned constitutional guarantee is the duty of the state that consists in caring for the functioning of a society free from addictions and alcohol problems. The basic legal act in this field is the Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism. The state policy in the fight against alcoholism is implemented at various levels of both government and local government. The established National Agency for Solving Alcohol Problems drafts a National Programme for Prevention and Solving Alcohol Problems every year. Also important are public awareness campaigns conducted to raise awareness about the negative effects of alcohol.

The article presents the life of Boleslaw Orzechowicz (1847–1927), a man whodevoted his life to art and science. His merits for the society were recognized bygranting title of doctor honoris causa of Jan Kazimierz University and status –citizen of honour of Lviv. Among his main achievements should be mentionedfinacial support for Polish scientists and a donation of the valuable art collection forthe city of Lviv. The modern theories concerning legal cultural heritage protectionwere described in the light of the created by Boleslaw Orzechowicz collection’shistory. Analysed case confirms, that there are three legal spheres (public, privateand internatonal), which determine the legal status of the cultural property. Thisleads to a conclusion, that the future EU, national or international legislator haveto take into account, that every new legal solution have to fit them all.

The article presents the ways of acquiring cultural objects by museums in the Polish law. Museums have special prerogatives in buying objects from professionals (priority right) as well as the right of pre-emption on auctions stipulated in museums law. All the above constitute museums as privileged participants on the art market. The deaccesion of museums’ collections is supervised by The Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. All transactions, sales, exchange or donations included, require the Minister’s permit. The supervision system is a result of the regulations on the protection of cultural heritage and the will to keep as many objects as possible in the museums. Sometimes legal status of the objects in question is not transparent (ex. an object is private property that was placed in museum because of nationalization, war etc.). In such cases the museum should consider to return the object to the legal owner or to buy it from them. If the object is in the museum’s possession, the limitation regulations can be applied. Then the museum only has a moral duty to fulfill the legal owner’s demand (Polish Supreme Court verdict from 17 February 2012, III CSK 208/11).