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Given the highly variable clinical phenotype of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a deeper analysis of the host genetic contribution to severe COVID-19 is important to improve our understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. Here, we describe an extended GWAS meta-analysis of a well-characterized cohort of 3,260 COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and 12,483 population controls from Italy, Spain, Norway and Germany/Austria, including stratified analyses based on age, sex and disease severity, as well as targeted analyses of chromosome Y haplotypes, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region and the SARS-CoV-2 peptidome. By inversion imputation, we traced a reported association at 17q21.31 to a highly pleiotropic ∼0.9-Mb inversion polymorphism and characterized the potential effects of the inversion in detail. Our data, together with the 5th release of summary statistics from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, also identified a new locus at 19q13.33, including NAPSA, a gene which is expressed primarily in alveolar cells responsible for gas exchange in the lung., Andre Franke and David Ellinghaus were supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01KI20197), Andre Franke, David Ellinghaus and Frauke Degenhardt were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence “Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation” (EXC2167). David Ellinghaus was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). David Ellinghaus, Karina Banasik and Søren Brunak acknowledge the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant NNF14CC0001 and NNF17OC0027594). Tobias L. Lenz, Ana Teles and Onur Özer were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), project numbers 279645989; 433116033; 437857095. Mareike Wendorff and Hesham ElAbd are supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Research Training Group 1743, "Genes, Environment and Inflammation". This project was supported by a Covid-19 grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; ID: 01KI20197). Luca Valenti received funding from: Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute RF2016-02364358, Italian Ministry of Health ""CV PREVITAL – strategie di prevenzione primaria cardiovascolare primaria nella popolazione italiana; The European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- and for the project ""REVEAL""; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda ""Ricerca corrente"", Fondazione Sviluppo Ca' Granda ""Liver-BIBLE"" (PR-0391), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda ""5permille"" ""COVID-19 Biobank"" (RC100017A). Andrea Biondi was supported by the grant from Fondazione Cariplo to Fondazione Tettamanti: "Biobanking of Covid-19 patient samples to support national and international research (Covid-Bank). This research was partly funded by a MIUR grant to the Department of Medical Sciences, under the program "Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022". This study makes use of data generated by the GCAT-Genomes for Life. Cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació IGTP. IGTP is part of the CERCA Program / Generalitat de Catalunya. GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIIIMINECO and the Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya (ADE 10/00026); the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (2017-SGR 529). Marta Marquié received research funding from ant PI19/00335 Acción Estratégica en Salud, integrated in the Spanish National RDI Plan and financed by ISCIIISubdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER-Una manera de hacer Europa")., Beatriz Cortes is supported by national grants PI18/01512. Xavier Farre is supported by VEIS project (001-P-001647) (cofunded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), “A way to build Europe”). Additional data included in this study was obtained in part by the COVICAT Study Group (Cohort Covid de Catalunya) supported by IsGlobal and IGTP, EIT COVID-19 Rapid Response activity 73A and SR20-01024 La Caixa Foundation. Antonio Julià and Sara Marsal were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant numbers: PSE-010000-2006-6 and IPT-010000-2010-36). Antonio Julià was also supported the by national grant PI17/00019 from the Acción Estratégica en Salud (ISCIII) and the FEDER. The Basque Biobank is a hospitalrelated platform that also involves all Osakidetza health centres, the Basque government's Department of Health and Onkologikoa, is operated by the Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF. Mario Cáceres received Grants BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00 funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU). Manuel Romero Gómez, Javier Ampuero Herrojo, Rocío Gallego Durán and Douglas Maya Miles are supported by the “Spanish Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Competition, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (PI19/01404, PI16/01842, PI19/00589, PI17/00535 and GLD19/00100), and by the Andalussian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018, COVID-Premed, COVID GWAs). The position held by Itziar de Rojas Salarich is funded by grant FI20/00215, PFIS Contratos Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud. Enrique Calderón's team is supported by CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), "Instituto de Salud Carlos III". Jan Cato Holter reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312780 during the conduct of the study. Dr. Solligård: reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312769. The BioMaterialBank Nord is supported by the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN). The BioMaterialBank Nord is member of popgen 2.0 network (P2N). Philipp Koehler has received non-financial scientific grants from Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, and the Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. He is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)., Oliver A. Cornely is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy – CECAD, EXC 2030 – 390661388. The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. Genotyping was performed by the Genotyping laboratory of Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM Technology Centre, University of Helsinki. This work was supported by grants of the Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung, the Saarland University, BMBF and The States of Saarland and Lower Saxony. Kerstin U. Ludwig is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, LU-1944/3-1). Genotyping for the BoSCO study is funded by the Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn. Frank Hanses was supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Arts. Part of the genotyping was supported by a grant to Alfredo Ramirez from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant: 01ED1619A, European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) within the context of the EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND). Additional funding was derived from the German Research Foundation (DFG) grant: RA 1971/6-1 to Alfredo Ramirez. Philip Rosenstiel is supported by the DFG (CCGA Sequencing Centre and DFG ExC2167 PMI and by SH state funds for COVID19 research). Florian Tran is supported by the Clinician Scientist Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence “Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation” (EXC2167). Christoph Lange and Jan Heyckendorf are supported by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). Thorsen Brenner, Marc M Berger, Oliver Witzke und Anke Hinney are supported by the Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen. Marialbert Acosta-Herrera was supported by Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion program, grant IJC2018-035131-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Eva C Schulte is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SCHU 2419/2-1).

ObjectivesGenome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of Schizophrenia (SCZ) have provided new biological insights; however, most cohorts are of European ancestry. As a result, derived polygenic risk scores (PRS) show decreased predictive power when applied to populations of different ancestries. We aimed to assess the feasibility of a large-scale data collection in Hanoi, Vietnam, contribute to international efforts to diversify ancestry in SCZ genetic research and examine the transferability of SCZ-PRS to individuals of Vietnamese Kinh ancestry.MethodsIn a pilot study, 368 individuals (including 190 SCZ cases) were recruited at the Hanoi Medical University’s associated psychiatric hospitals and outpatient facilities. Data collection included sociodemographic data, baseline clinical data, clinical interviews assessing symptom severity and genome-wide SNP genotyping. SCZ-PRS were generated using different training data sets: i) European, ii) East-Asian and iii) trans-ancestry GWAS summary statistics from the latest SCZ GWAS meta-analysis.ResultsSCZ-PRS significantly predicted case status in Vietnamese individuals using mixed-ancestry (R2 liability=4.9%, p=6.83*10−8), East-Asian (R2 liability=4.5%, p=2.73*10−7) and European (R2 liability=3.8%, p = 1.79*10−6) discovery samples.DiscussionOur results corroborate previous findings of reduced PRS predictive power across populations, highlighting the importance of ancestral diversity in GWA studies.

A pesquisa aqui apresentada, de cunho misto, faz parte do grupo de discussões do Programa Profissional em Educação e Novas Tecnologias (PPGENT), vinculado a Linha de Pesquisa Formação Docente e Novas Tecnologias na Educação, no Projeto de Simuladores Computacionais e Robótica Educacional. Esta pesquisa busca evidenciar a existência da relação entre a evasão de alunos na modalidade a distância, com a necessidade de uso e desenvolvimento de competências digitais, para a realização de um curso nesta modalidade. É sabido que a Educação a Distância vem crescendo no Brasil, tanto em número de instituições bem como em número de alunos, porém o crescente aumento no número de alunos evadidos tem preocupado os gestores/reitores destas instituições ocasionando grandes preocupações no Ensino Superior. O desenvolvimento de competências digitais nos alunos de EAD como possibilidade de redução dos índices de evasão, tem sido levantada como hipótese de explicação e causalidade destes números. Isto está baseado no fato de que alunos, na modalidade a distância, utilizam-se de tecnologia digitais de forma intensa e continua, como meio para acessar os conteúdos de aprendizagem, para a interação, para a realização de avaliações e trabalhos práticos, para a realização do seu curso. Justifica-se esta pesquisa pois o Ensino a Distância no Brasil cresce a passos largos. Esta pesquisa se valerá de duas perspectivas, uma qualitativa para a elaboração do instrumento de coleta de dados (painel de especialistas), e outra quantitativa pela aplicação de um questionário estruturado (survey), com o objetivo de validar estatisticamente os resultados encontrados e as hipóteses levantadas. Os dados foram coletados junto a alunos de um curso na modalidade a distância e a partir de sua análise conclui-se pela existência de relação entre a necessidade do desenvolvimento de competências digitais nos alunos desta modalidade com os índices de evasão. Como proposta de produto, foi elaborado um modelo de desenvolvimento de competências digitais com base no modelo Europeu de Competências Digitais – DigComp 2.1, com quatro níveis de competências e oito níveis de proficiência, denominado Programa de Formação de Competências Digitais para Alunos de Graduação na Modalidade EAD – PFCD. The research presented here, of mixed nature, is part of the discussion group of the Professional Program in Education and New Technologies (PPGENT), linked to the Research Line of Teacher Training and New Technologies in Education, in the Computer Simulators and Educational Robotics Project. This research seeks to evidence the existence of the relationship between the evasion of students in the distance modality, with the need to use and develop digital skills, for the realization of a course in this modality. It is known that Distance Education has been growing in Brazil, both in number of institutions and in number of students, but the growing increase in the number of dropouts has worried managers/deans of these institutions, causing great concerns in Higher Education. The development of digital skills in distance education students as a possibility of reducing dropout rates has been raised as a hypothesis of explanation and causality of these numbers. This is based on the fact that students, in the distance modality, use digital technology intensively and continuously, as a means to access learning contents, for interaction, for carrying out assessments and practical work, for the completion of your course. This research is justified because Distance Learning in Brazil is growing by leaps and bounds. This research will use two perspectives, a qualitative one for the development of the data collection instrument (expert panel), and a quantitative one for the application of a structured questionnaire (survey), with the objective of statistically validating the results found and the hypotheses raised. The data were collected from students of a distance learning course and from their analysis it is concluded that there is a relationship between the need for the development of digital skills in students of this modality with the dropout rates. As a product proposal, a model for the development of digital competences was elaborated based on the European model of Digital Competences – DigComp 2.1, with four levels of competences and eight levels of proficiency, called the Digital Competence Training Program for Undergraduate Students in the Modality EAD – PFCD.

BackgroundSince the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been increasing demand to identify predictors of severe clinical course in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Human leukocyte antigen alleles (HLA) have been suggested as potential genetic host factors. We sought to evaluate this hypothesis by conducting an international multicenter study using HLA sequencing with subsequent independent validation.MethodsWe analyzed a total of 332 samples. First, we enrolled 233 patients in Germany, Spain, and Switzerland for HLA and whole exome sequencing. Furthermore, we validated our results in a public data set (United States, n=99). Patients older than 18 years presenting with COVID-19 were included, representing the full spectrum of the disease. HLA candidate alleles were identified in the derivation cohort (n=92) and tested in two independent validation cohorts (n=240).ResultsWe identified HLA-C* 04:01 as a novel genetic predictor for severe clinical course in COVID-19. Carriers of HLA-C* 04:01 had twice the risk of intubation when infected with SARS-CoV-2 (hazard ratio 2.1, adjusted p-value=0.0036). Importantly, these findings were successfully replicated in an independent data set. Furthermore, our findings are biologically plausible, as HLA-C* 04:01 has fewer predicted bindings sites with relevant SARS-CoV-2 peptides as compared to other HLA alleles. Exome sequencing confirmed findings from HLA analysis.ConclusionsHLA-C* 04:01 carriage is associated with a twofold increased risk of intubation in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Testing for HLA-C* 04:01 could have clinical implications to identify high-risk patients and individualize management.

IntroductionGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully revealed genetic risk variants for schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the vast majority of GWAS largely comprise European samples. As a result, the derived polygenic risk scores (PRS) show decreased predictive power when applied to non-European populations.ObjectivesA long-term scientific cooperation between the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Hanoi Medical University aims to address this limitation by recruiting a large genetic cohort of comprehensively phenotyped schizophrenia patients and controls in Vietnam.MethodsA pilot study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry of the Medical University Hanoi in 2017. Data collection encompassed i) genome-wide SNP genotyping of 200 schizophrenia patients and 200 control subjects ii) structured interviews to assess symptom severity (PANSS), iii) clinical parameters (e.g. duration of illness, medication) and demography.ResultsSCZ-PRS of the pilot sample (N=400) were generated using different training data sets: i) European, ii) East-Asian and iii) mixed GWAS summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium’s latest discovery sample. Most variance explained was observed using a mixed discovery sample (R2liability=0.053, p=3.11*10-8, Pd 2liability=0.0503, p=6.78*10-8, Pd 2liability=0.0363, p = 4.26*10-6, Pd ConclusionsWith this pilot project we established an efficient recruitment, genotyping and data analysis pipeline. Our results corroborate previous findings indicating that transferability of PRS across populations depends on the ancestral composition of the initial discovery dataset. We therefore aim to expand data collection efforts in the future in order to improve risk prediction across diverse populations.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

International audience; A travers l'étude de 3 textes autobiographiques de femmes écrivains (Janet Frame, Sylvia Plath et Doris Lessing), il s'agira d'étudier la représentation de la maternité comme lieu et comme expérience en lien avec celle de l'hôpital psychiatrique, tous deux ayant en commun d'être des espaces à la fois pathologisants et renormalisants. On verra ainsi comment les professionnels de la psychiatrie et de l'obstétrique opèrent un contrôle comparable sur le langage et le corps des femmes aux prises avec des expériences-limites. Plus largement, il s’agira d’essayer de comprendre pourquoi l’expérience de la grossesse et de l’accouchement sont aussi peu représentées, voire pensées par la littérature.

International audience; In the Memorial Room, the second novel by Frame to be published posthumously, announces many of the themes that she would develop only a few years later in Living in the Maniototo, including the role of the artist in her own fiction. The artist figure in this case is a young New Zealand man who has been awarded a fellowship giving him the chance to live and write in the same French town where Margaret Rose Hurndell, a national literary figure, and image of the famous New Zealand expatriate writer Katherine Mansfield, spent some time before she died. By staging the gradual erasure of its protagonist, In the Memorial Room allows us to reflect on the place of the artist in a society obsessed with the cult of celebrity, when being a writer should imply a dissolution of the ego and the foregrounding of language as the main driving force of his/her art. Through the seemingly trivial attention given to the artist's material condition, and by introducing characters who epitomize the different modalities of being a writer, Frame dramatizes the dialectics of the author's role with regards to his/her creation.

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This paper deals with two short stories written by the New Zealand born writer Janet Frame both of which represent the figure of the author, grappling with her own failure. The author figure takes us behind the scenes of the writing process, into the workshop of her fiction, therefore transforming us readers into voyeurs, and possibly intruders into her very own home, that of fiction – a home within/behind the home.

Si le roman de Keri Hulme, the bone people fait désormais partie du canon néo-zélandais, sa publication en 1985 a été accompagnée par bon nombre de controverses, notamment autour de la revendication de l’auteur d’une culture et d’une ethnicité maories. Le débat s’est partiellement axé sur le choix de l’auteur d’avoir recours à un glossaire des mots maoris utilisés dans le texte, geste qui, dans le contexte des études postcoloniales, a une signification aussi bien littéraire que politique. Il s’agira de montrer que l’emploi des mots maoris dans le texte anglais, s’il peut être accusé de participer d’une stratégie d’ « exoticisation », possède néanmoins une signification symbolique forte dans l’économie du récit. Ces mots matérialisent les liens perdus de toute une communauté avec une nature et une culture aliénées, et permettent à Hulme de trouver de nouveaux mots d’amour pour une forme de lien familial qui reste à inventer. Although Keri Hulme’s the bone people is now recognised as forming part of the literary canon in New Zealand, its publication in 1985 met with some controversy, particularly around the author’s choice to claim herself a Maori in culture and ethnicity. Part of the debate focused around Hulme’s decision to compile a glossary of the Maori words used in the text, a device which carries a significant literary and political weight in the context of post-colonial studies. This paper shows how the use of Maori words in the English text may be accused of participating in a strategy of “exoticisation” of the text, though they still have a strong symbolic meaning within the economy of the narrative. They materialise a whole community’s alienation from nature and from their own culture, and they also allow Hulme to delineate new forms of love and family ties that are yet to be invented.

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Les articles de cet ouvrage portent des témoignages poignants sur la difficulté d'être femme à travers les différentes époques et sur divers continents, de véritables témoignages de combats comme ceux de 'Ms', de déchirures et pas seulement métaphoriques, qui trouent l'histoire des femmes soumises à une volonté de classification, dont la finalité était restrictive, dont elles ne sortent pas indemnes mais avec la volonté d'en sortir justement, pour elles-mêmes, pour leurs filles, pour leurs hommes aussi.

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International audience; Janet Frame's 1979 novel 'Living in the Maniototo', which features an artist not unlike Frame herself as its main character, raises questions about the representation of the self in a work of fiction and the relationship between metafiction and autobiography. What does it mean for an artist to say 'I'? Does speaking in the first person require one to be truthful?

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The purpose of this dissertation is to focus on the relationship between centre and margin which is at the heart of Janet Frame’s novels, and to show how, in her works, the margin is the locus where an alternative to dominant language can emerge. I will see how this alternative manifests itself as the use of a language that can be referred to as « feminine », as the term is understood by such theorists as Cixous and Irigaray, meaning a more flexible and fluid form of language, with the coexistence of contraries as one of its main principles. This alternative both takes the shape of a deconstruction of dominant languge, as well as an attempt to define a new language alto- gether. Frame conceives of the margin essentially as a space. By looking at the development of this space, from the psychiatric hospitals where her first novels are set, to the spaces inhabited by the different artist figures who appear in her later works (such as the « Maniototo » or « Mirror City »), I’ll study the evolution of the marginal condition, as well as the different forms of subver- sion that are displayed in her works.; Il s’agira dans cette thèse d’observer l’articulation entre centre et marge qui est centrale à tous les romans de Janet Frame, et de démontrer comment la marge est, chez elle, le lieu privilégié de l’émergence d’une alternative au langage dominant. On verra comment cette alternative prend la forme d’une pratique du langage qu’on nommera « féminine », au sens où l’entendent des théori- ciennes comme Cixous ou Irigaray, c’est-à-dire plus souple, plus fluide, et dont la coexistence des contraires est l’un des principes fondamentaux. Cette alternative se compose à la fois d’une déconstruction du langage dominant, mais également de la tentative de définition d’un nouveau langage. Quant à la marge, Frame l’envisage essentiellement comme espace : de l’hôpital psychiatrique où se déroulent ses premiers romans, aux espaces qu’habitent les différentes figures d’artistes qui apparaissent dans la dernière partie de son œuvre (le « Maniototo », « Mirror City »), on verra comment évolue la condition marginale, ainsi que les différentes modalités de subversion qu’elle propose.

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International audience; Janet Frame : les métamorphoses d'une signature Lorsqu'il définissait la fonction classificatoire du nom d'auteur dans son article « Qu'est-ce qu'un auteur ? », Michel Foucault avait-il à l'esprit la question du nom d'auteure ? Si le nom d'auteur des écrivains hommes permet de sceller leur oeuvre toute entière et d'en garantir l'authenticité, le rapport entre le nom de l'auteure et son oeuvre est bien souvent compliqué par sa condition de femme prise dans des structures patriarcales qui la surdéfinissent. Ainsi, pendant longtemps, il fut presque impossible pour une femme de publier sous son nom propre par souci de respectabilité, car elle prenait le risque de devenir « une femme publique », avec tout l'aspect de condamnation morale qu'impliquait cette désignation. Puis celles qui le firent durent souvent choisir un nom qui n'était pas le leur : celui du père, ou du mari. Ainsi, le nom d'auteure de Virginia Woolf met au centre de son autorité sa relation avec Leonard Woolf, dont on connaît le rôle dans la carrière créative de sa femme. Doris Lessing, pour sa part, fut contrainte de garder le nom de son deuxième mari, dont elle se sépara au bout de quelques années, car c'était lors de son second mariage qu'elle écrivit son premier roman : la conti-nuité auctoriale était à ce prix. Le nom d'auteure, qu'il soit contraint ou choisi, révèle les tensions identitaires autour de l'auto-définition de la femme qui écrit. D'autres auteures ont ainsi recours à la pseudonymie ou à des initiales afin de gommer leur genre et l'effacer derrière une identité androgyne. Dans le cas de Janet Frame, l'examen de la question du nom d'auteure se fait l'écho des difficultés d'ordre auctorial qu'a connues cet auteure néo-zélandaise née en 1924 avant d'accéder à la célébrité littéraire, et de se « faire un nom ». Ce nom, d'ailleurs, sera pris dans le devenir-icône qui va marquer la fin de sa carrière. Le nom d'auteure chez Janet Frame a également partie liée, on le verra, avec une éthique du métier d'écrivain comme nécessairement effacé derrière son oeuvre. Une anecdote permet de mieux saisir le rapport de Janet Frame avec l'aspect public de sa condition d'auteure. En 2000, le journaliste néo-zélandais John Sellwood propose à l'émission Holmes une interview de cette icône des lettres néo-zélandaises, à l'occasion de la sortie de la biographie que lui a consacrée l'historien Michael King. Le journaliste ouvre son sujet par les mots suivants : « Pour de nombreuses personnes, Janet Frame représente un paradoxe. A travers son écriture, elle fait partager ses pensées et ses émo-tions les plus intimes, mais dans la vie, elle se cache loin du monde. C'est une personne intensément pudique, qui tolère très mal les intrusions ». Afin d'illustrer son propos, John Sellwood conclut son 1 reportage par une image de Janet Frame refermant la porte de sa maison quasiment au nez du journa-liste, visiblement fatiguée de sa présence. En quelques mots est ainsi résumée la représentation cultu-relle qui va suivre Janet Frame toute sa vie et au-delà : celle d'une auteure timide, recluse, en un mot « effacée », mais qui se donnerait néanmoins à voir dans une fiction considérée souvent comme pro-fondément autobiographique. Le véritable paradoxe est qu'une telle aura de mystère ait pu accompa-gner la figure d'un écrivain qui a pourtant publié trois volumes de son autobiographie dans les années 80, et autorisé (au sens de permettre et contribuer) une biographie exhaustive quelque vingt ans plus tard. Pour Corey Scott , c'est le relatif déficit d'informations autobiographiques sur l'élément princi 2-pal de la légende biographique de Frame, à savoir ses dix années passées dans différents hôpitaux psychiatriques en Nouvelle-Zélande suite à un diagnostic erroné de schizophrénie, qui va venir im-primer la marque du secret et du mystère sur l'ensemble de l'existence de Frame, et de ses représenta-tions culturelles et médiatiques. En effet, dans son autobiographie, Frame choisit de ne pas révéler les 3 détails de son internement , et de renvoyer ses lecteurs à son roman de 1961, Faces in the Water, qui 4 suit la carrière psychiatrique en forme de plongée aux enfers de la très autobiographique Istina Mavet. Avec ce geste métafictionnel, Frame scelle la relation étroite entre la fiction et la réalité extratextuelle dont elle s'inspire, et valide une lecture rétrospectivement autobiographique de ses oeuvres. Parallèle-ment, elle fait apparaître la distinction qu'elle établit entre deux mondes distincts, mais néanmoins liés dans une structure binaire : celui du réel et celui de la fiction. Le chemin entre bio et graphie chez Frame est complexe, jalonné de chausses-trappes et de faux-semblants, et beaucoup de ses récits mettent en scène des représentations déguisées de Frame, qui joue ainsi de l'écriture comme d'un mi-« For many, Janet Frame is a paradox. Through her writing she shares her most intimate thoughts and emo 1-tions, but in life, she hides from the world. An intensely private person with little tolerance for intrusion. »

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