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Permasalahan pada penelitian ini adalah bagaimana sejarah penambangan batubara Bukit Asam di Tanjung Enim. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan sejarah penambangan batubara Bukit Asam di Tanjung Enim. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode historis yaitu Heuristik, Kritik Sumber, Interprestasi dan Historiografi. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan multidisiplin ilmu seperti pendekatan sosiologi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa eksplorasi batubara pertama kali di Tanjung Enim dilakukan oleh Belanda pada tahun 1919 dengan metode penambangan terbuka dan penambangan batubara ini beberapa kali mengalami perubahan status perusahaan dan sekarang dikenal dengan PT Bukit Asam Tbk.

Abstrak K.H Muhammad Amin Azhari atau Kyai Cek Aming merupakan sosok ulama lokal yang berperan dalam penyebaran agama Islam di Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu pada abad 20 M. Kyai Cek Aming ialah ulama keturunan etnis Tionghoa yang bergelar Baba. Adapun permasalahan yang ada didalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana peranan Kyai Cek Aming dalam perkembangan Islam di Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu. Penelitian ini bertujuan agar bisa mengetahui peranan Kyai Cek Aming dalam perkembangan Islam di Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode historis. Metode historis yang diterapkan yaitu terdapat heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Berdasarkan yang dilakukan oleh peneliti maka hasil penelitian ini yaitu adanya perkembangan agama Islam di Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu yang dilakukan oleh Kyai Cek Aming, adapun perannya yaitu sebagai ulama, pejabat hakim di Pengadilan Agama Palemang, sebagai ahli ilmu falaq, serta aktif dalam organisasi Nahdatul Ulama (NU). Peranan juga terdapat dibidang sosial masyarakat. Kata kunci : Kyai Cek Aming, biografi, pendidikan, Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu Abstract K.H Muhammad Amin Azhari or Kyai Cek Aming is a figure of a local cleric who played a role in spreading Islam in Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu in the 20th century AD. Kyai Cek Aming is a cleric of ethnic Chinese descent whose title is Baba. The problem in this research is how the role of Kyai Cek Aming in the development of Islam in Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu. This study aims to determine the role of Kyai Cek Aming in the development of Islam in Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu. The method used in this study was the historical method. The applied methods were heuristics, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. Based on what was done by the researchers, the results of this study were the development of Islam in Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu conducted by Kyai Cek Aming, while his role was as a cleric, judicial officer at the Palembang Religious Court, as a falaq science expert, and active in the Nahdatul organization Ulama (NU). The role also existed in the social field of society. Keywords: Kyai Cek Aming, biography, education, Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Peranan yang dilakukan oleh Machmud Hasjim sebagai rektor Universitas Sriwijaya periode 1994-1999 dalam upaya awalnya untuk melaksanakan program link and match, perpindahan kampus Palembang ke kampus Indralaya, pendirian program pascasarjana, dan membangun sarana, prasarana dan sumber daya manusia serta membangun kehidupan kampus yang religius. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode historis atau metode sejarah. sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data yang peneliti gunakan adalah menggunakan studi pustaka dan wawancaraSecara praktis manfaat yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian ini adalah dapat dijadikannya hasil penelitian ini sebagai langkah awal untuk penelitian-penelitian yang berkaitan dengan Peranan tokoh-tokoh yang berkontribusi dalam Pembangunan Universitas Sriwijaya dan Sejarah perkembangan Unsri yang dibuat oleh Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah dan diharapkan dapat menjadi mata kuliah khusus bagi Universitas Sriwijaya yang bermanfaat untuk menumbuhkan rasa kebangaan terhadap almamater dan semakin menambah ketekunan dalam berprestasi.

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a member of Tobamovirus infecting tomato and pepper. Within North America, both the United States and Mexico consider ToBRFV to be a regulated pest. In Canada, the presence of ToBRFV has been reported, but an efficient diagnostic system has not yet been established. Here, we describe the development and assessment of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based assay to detect ToBRFV. The LAMP test was efficient and robust, and results could be obtained within 35 min with an available RNA sample. Amplification was possible when either water bath or oven were used to maintain the temperature at isothermal conditions (65°C), and results could be read by visual observation of colour change. Detection limit of the LAMP was eight target RNA molecules. Under the experimental conditions tested, LAMP was as sensitive as qPCR and 100 times more sensitive than the currently used RT-PCR. We recommend this sensitive, efficient LAMP protocol to be used for routine lab testing of ToBRFV.

The declining incidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in the Islamic Republic of Iran may be reducing the population's natural immunity. This was the first systemized, population-based survey of the seroprevalence of HAV antibodies in urban and rural inhabitants of Sari, Mazandaran province. Serum from 1034 individuals aged 1-25 years in 2007 were tested for anti-HAV IgG antibody using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit. The overall seroprevalence was 38.9%. The lowest prevalence (5.2%) was among the younger age group (1-5 years) from urban areas and the highest prevalence (82.0%) in the older age group (15-25 years) from rural areas. Seropositivity was significantly higher at higher age, among females and in rural areas. Sari is no longer classified as an area of high endemicity, and immunization against HAV may be needed in our population in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The annual risk of tuberculosis (TB) in Iran is about 0.5% with annual incidence rate of 23/100000 (16322 cases). Different factors have been postulated as TB predisposing factors. Several studies have linked smoking with pulmonary tuberculosis as the TB incidence in their adult men was 2.4 times higher than women. In Iran, however, this ratio is equal and somewhere the ratio in women is greater. We decided to carry out a case control study in order to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on pulmonary TB. Patients and methods: A case-control study was achieved in health care centers of Mazandaran province (affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences). Participants were men aged 15 years and older who were enrolled in health care centers with the diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis. One hundred men (aged 15-85 years) with bacteriological TB (smear or culture positive) were selected as cases and 300 age-matched men without TB were selected randomly as controls. Information on smoking status, quality of tobacco smoked and duration of cigarette smoking and also the age at which smoking was first commenced were collected by a questionnaire. Results: Smokers were 2.1 times more likely to develop pulmonary TB (OR=2.10, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.33- 2.33, p<0.04). The age adjusted odds ratio was 1.804 (95%CI:1.66-2.5, p<0.05). Quantity of cigarette smoking and duration of smoking had positive association with pulmonary TB. The ORs for mild (1-10 cigarette/day), moderate (11- 20/day) and heavy (>20/day) smoking were 1.68, 2.46, and 2.56, respectively (p<0.05). The ORs for duration of smoking with <10 years, 11-20 years and >20 years of smoking were 0.91, 2.48, and 2.9, respectively (p< 0.001). Conclusion: We conclude that smoking may increase the risk of pulmonary TB in men. Further studies should be conducted to investigate this association and to establish whether smoking reduction strategies contribute to tuberculosis control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian ini mengungkapkan perkembangan agama Islam di Desa Tanjung Sari yang diawali dengan adanya kolonialisasi Belanda yang mentransmigrankan orang-orang dari Jawa ke Sumatera Selatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan mulai tanggal 15 Maret 2019 hingga 20 April 2019 di Desa Tanjung Sari menggunakan metodelogi penelitian sejarah dengan proses pengumpulan data melalui dokumentasi, wawancara dan studi kepustakaan. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil tentang dinamika internal hubungan umat Islam di daerah transmigran yang menunjukkan dua pola perkembangan hubungan, yaitu Hubungan antara agama dengan tradisi lokal dan hubungan antara agama dengan pemikiran keagamaan. Sehingga hubungan antara agama dan budaya dapat digunakan sebagai strategi dalam upaya mengembangkan agama internal di Desa Tanjung Sari dan terdapat naskah tauhid yang dijadikan pedoman untuk pengajaran agama Islam sehingga pola fikir keagamaan masyarakat di Desa Tajung Sari mengalami perkembangan.

Introduction: Fascioliasis is a zoonotic condition precipitated by the trematode known as Fasciola spp. This parasite affected almost 2.4 to 17 million individuals in the world. The occurrence of liver abscesses is an infrequent phenomenon, potentially arising as a secondary outcome of cholangitis or hepatic inflammation. In this study, we have reported a case of a hepatic abscess induced by Fasciola spp., Case Report: A 29-year-old male presented with generalized abdominal discomfort, primarily concentrated in the right upper quadrant, which had progressively worsened over the past seven months. The patient did mention a weight loss of approximately 10 kg during the course of their illness, along with increasing fatigue. Eosinophilia was seen too (35%). The stool exam test was negative. An enteroscopy was conducted, revealing no pathological abnormalities. Following this, the surgeon prescribed a surgical biopsy of the mass, which yielded a diagnosis of multiple eosinophilic granulomatous abscesses within the jejunal wall and mesentery. The Fasciola IgG test returned a positive result. After of follow-up, the patient fully recovered., Conclusion: Fascioliasis should be considered in the differential diagnoses of liver abscesses. Because of earlier diagnosis, can be avoided of invasive diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions can be started earlier., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

A brown recluse spider (BRS) bite is challenging to confirm, but may be clinically diagnosed by considering the location, the season of the year, and the clinical manifestations. Here, the case of a 26-year-old male who presented after an insect bite with a skin lesion, bruising, severe swelling, and diffuse blisters on the right lower extremity after three days, is described. Following clinical examination, patient history assessment, and consideration of other relevant factors, the patient received a differential diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis caused by BRS bite. Although spider bite poisoning is rare, proper diagnosis and management are important because, in some cases, the outcomes may be devastating.

Climate change affects plant dynamics and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. This study aims to investigate temporal changes in global vegetation coverage and biomes during the past three decades. We compared historic annual NDVI time series (1982, 1983, 1984 and 1985) with recent ones (2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018), captured from NOAA-AVHRR satellite observations. To correct the NDVI time series for missing data and outliers, we applied the Harmonic Analysis of Time Series (HANTS) algorithm. The NDVI time series were decomposed in their significant amplitude and phase given their periodic fluctuation, except for ever green vegetation. Our findings show that the average NDVI values in most biomes have increased significantly (F-value<0.01) by 0.05 ndvi units over during the past three decades, except in tundra, and deserts and xeric shrublands. The highest rates of change in the harmonic components were observed in the northern hemisphere, mainly above 30° latitude. Worldwide, the mean annual phase reduced by 9° corresponding to a 9 days shift in the beginning of the growing season. Annual phases in the recent time series reduced significantly as compared to the historic time series in the five major global biomes: by 14.1, 14.8, 10.6, 9.5, and 22.8 days in boreal forests/taiga; Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrubs; temperate conifer forests; temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands; and deserts, and xeric shrublands, respectively. In tropical and subtropical biomes, however, changes in the annual phase of vegetation coverage were not statistically significant. The decrease in the level of phases and acceleration of growth and changes in plant phenology indicate the increase in temperature and climate changes of the planet., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Background: People with low health literacy experience more challenges in understanding instructions given by their health providers, following prescriptions, and understanding their health care system sufficiently to obtain the maximum benefits. People with insufficient health literacy have high risk of making medical mistakes, more chances of experiencing adverse drug effects, and inferior control of chronic diseases., Objective: This study aims to design, develop, and evaluate a mobile health app, MediReader, to help individuals better understand complex medical materials and improve their health literacy., Methods: MediReader is designed and implemented through several steps, which are as follows: measure and understand an individual's health literacy level; identify medical terminologies that the individual may not understand based on their health literacy; annotate and interpret the identified medical terminologies tailored to the individual's reading skill levels, with meanings defined in the appropriate external knowledge sources; evaluate MediReader using task-based user study and satisfaction surveys., Results: On the basis of the comparison with a control group, user study results demonstrate that MediReader can improve users' understanding of medical documents. This improvement is particularly significant for users with low health literacy levels. The satisfaction survey showed that users are satisfied with the tool in general., Conclusions: MediReader provides an easy-to-use interface for users to read and understand medical documents. It can effectively identify medical terms that a user may not understand, and then, annotate and interpret them with appropriate meanings using languages that the user can understand. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of using this tool to improve an individual's understanding of medical materials., (©Rasha Hendawi, Shadi Alian, Juan Li. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 01.04.2022.)

This was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial to compare the efficacy and safety of Atazanavir/Ritonavir (ATZ/RTV) with Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/RTV) in moderate Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Participants were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) plus ATZ/RTV or LPV/RTV for a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 10 days. The primary outcomes were the reduced length of hospital stay and clinical recovery within 10 days from starting the intervention. The rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, intubation, and mortality, the lengths of ICU stay and being intubated, recovery within 14 days, and the frequency of adverse reactions were considered as secondary outcomes. Among 132 enrolled patients, 62 cases in each arm were analyzed at the end of the intervention. Fifty-one (82.3%) cases in the ATZ/RTV arm versus 41 (66.1%) in the LPV/RTV arm were discharged within 10 days ( P = 0.06). The median number of the intervention days was 6 (IQR: 5-8) in ATZ/RTV arm versus 7 (IQR: 6-9) in LPV/RTV arm ( P = 0.01). The rate and length of ICU admission and intubation ( P ≥ 0.99), rate of mortality ( P = 0.49), and recovery within 14 days ( P = 0.09) were not statistically different between groups. The most reported adverse reactions were nausea and vomiting that all cases were in the LPV/RTV arm ( P = 0.006). ATZ/RTV is better tolerated in comparison with LPV/RTV; however, it did not show more efficacy than LPV/RTV in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in this study.

Coarse temporal (i.e., annual) and spatial (i.e., watershed) scales camouflage water stress associated with withdrawals from surface water and groundwater sources. To address this "curse of scale", we developed a framework to characterize water stress at different time scales and at fine spatial scales that have not been explored before. Our framework incorporates surface water-groundwater interactions by accounting for spatially cumulative consumptive and nonconsumptive use impacts and associated changes in flow due to depletion and return flow along stream networks. We apply the framework using a rich data set of water withdrawals from more than 6800 principal facilities (i.e., withdrawal capacity >380 000 L/day) across the U.S. Great Lakes Basin. Results underscore the importance of spatiotemporal scale and return flows when characterizing water stress. Although the majority of catchments in this water-rich region do not experience large stress, a number of small headwater catchments with sensitive streams are vulnerable to flow depletion caused by surface water and shallow groundwater withdrawals, especially in a high-withdrawal, low-flow month (e.g., August). The return flow from deep groundwater withdrawals compensates for the streamflow depletion to the extent that excess flow is likely in many catchments. The improved ability to pinpoint the imbalance between natural water supply and withdrawals based on stream-specific ecological water stress thresholds facilitates protecting fragile aquatic ecosystems in vulnerable catchments.

This paper will consider the contribution that changes in road geometry and driver visual information make to the incidence and distribution of road casualties in different driving environments. This relationship will be explored specifically for the Kings Highway, a major arterial road connecting Queanbeyan with coastal southern New South Wales, Australia. It introduces and suggests a new empirical approach of plotting crashes with road segmentation, calculating sinuosity indices and grades as key features of road geometry, and critical visual points as a behavioural component of road curvature, within a GIS context. It is an approach that might be used when detailed road geometry data is not available. The visualisation and segmentation approach in this research might be used for summarising crash rates and road geometry factors, and for comparing day/night and eastbound/westbound driving conditions. The results suggest some early interpretations for detailed road safety studies that might be considered at local or national levels. The rate of crashes increases according to changes in road geometry factors during the day and for eastbound travel. This is not the case for night driving where the incidence of crashes is similar on both straight and curved roads segments due to the headlight effect and limited background visual field. Crash clusters at day-time may be due to the stronger effect of road geometry (e.g. combination of curvature and vertical grade) on driver behaviour travelling eastbound. The outcomes suggest that it might be essential to consider the effect of environmental factors in any road safety and crash analysis studies., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Icterohemorrhagic form of leptospirosis has a high mortality rate. In this study, the clinical manifestations, epidemiologic and laboratory findings and outcome of Weil's disease were investigated., Methods: A descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted on 66 consecutive patients with icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis who were admitted to Razi Hospital (The Therapeutic Center of Infectious Diseases in the North of Iran) in 2013. The inclusion criteria were as follows: All patients who had clinical and epidemiological data suggestive of leptospirosis and displayed icterohemorrhagic form at the time of admission or during hospitalization. All patients were visited on admission, one, two and six weeks later. Demographic data, clinical, laboratory features and complications were evaluated, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 13.0., Results: Among 66 patients, 89.4% (n = 59) were male, 60% (n = 40) were farmers and 9.1% (n= 6) had a history of swimming in rivers. The most common complaints were fever and jaundice, respectively. The most common clinical symptoms were fever (90.9%), myalgia (75.8%), chills (70.8%) and headache (65.1%). Hyponatremia and hypernatremia were seen in 7.6% and 72.8% of the participants, respectively. Also, hypokalemia was observed in two patients (3%). Approximately, half of the cases had leukocytosis and 90% had thrombocytopenia. Rise of AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin were seen in 95.2%, 93.6%, 76.2% and 100% of the patients, respectively. Of the patients, 42.4% experienced complications of icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis including acute renal failure (30.3%) pneumonia (25.8%), pancreatitis (4.5%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (1.5%) and gastrointestinal bleeding (1.5%). Three cases (4.5%) died, 42 cases (63.7%) were discharged with residual effects and 52 patients (78.8%) had positive serology., Conclusion: The most significant biochemical abnormalities were thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, hyponatremia and hypernatremia and azotemia and the latter remained stable in 2% of the patients at least until the end of the 6-week period.

Cryptococcal meningitis is the most important opportunistic fungal infection with a high mortality in HIV-patients in less developed regions. Here, we report a case of cryptococcal meningitis in a 49-year-old HIV-positive female due to Cryptococcus neoformans (serotype A, mating-type alpha, genotype AFLP1/VNI) in Sari, Iran. In vitro antifungal susceptibility tests showed MICs of isavuconazole (0.016 μg ml(-1) ), voriconazole (0.031 μg ml(-1) ), posaconazole (0.031 μg ml(-1) ), itraconazole (0.063 μg ml(-1) ), amphotericin B (0.125 μg ml(-1) ) and fluconazole (8 μg ml(-1) ). Despite immediate antifungal therapy, the patient died 4 days later due to respiratory failure. Cryptococcal infections have been infrequently reported from Iran and therefore we analysed all published cases of cryptococcosis in Iran since the first reported case from 1969., (© 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)

Background: Patients who undergo cardiac surgery appear to be at increased risk for the development of Nosocomial infections (NIs). The development of antibiotic-resistant infections has been associated with significantly greater hospital mortality rates compared to similar infections caused by antibiotic-sensitive pathogens., Objectives: The purpose of this study is survey of Nis and antibiotic resistance patterns of causative bacteria among patients who underwent open heart surgery in the north of Iran during a 2-year period between September 2012 and September 2014., Methods: In this cross-sectional study we evaluated 187 patients that underwent open heart surgery with NIs. Demographic feature, clinical characteristics and risk factors of each infection were recorded. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method according to the standard protocol of Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Detection of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria was performed by the double-disk synergy (DDS) test; also Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) strains were identified by MRSA Screen Agar. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS software (ver. 16) and, descriptive statistics were used., Results: Out Of total of 2253 hospitalized patients who underwent open heart surgery, 187(5.05%) patients had NIs. 51.9% of the patients were female. The rates of surgical site infection (SSI), respiratory tract infection, endocarditis, Urinary tract infection (UTI), blood Infection and mediastinitis were 27.80, 25.66%, 17.64, 17.11% 8.55% and 3.20% respectively. E.coli and S.aureus were the most causative agents of NIs. The rate of ESBL-producing bacteria was 14.28- 71.42% among enterobacteriaceae and the rate of MRSA was 54.2% among S.aureus strains. All isolated Acinetobacter.spp were Multi-drug resistance (MDR)., Conclusions: We showed that the rate of NIs among these high-risk patients was in the average level. But the emergence of MRSA and ESBL bacteria is increasing in our region.

Parapoxvirus infection in sheep and goats is usually referred to as contagious pustular dermatitis/ecthyma, or orf, and the corresponding human infection is referred to as orf. In humans, after a brief incubation period of 3 to 5 days, lesions begin as pruritic erythematous macules and then rise to form papules, often with a target appearance. Lesions become nodular or vesicular, and orf lesions often ulcerate after 14 to 21 days. Erythema multiforme and bullous pemphigoid have been associated with parapoxvirus infections and they are rare complications of orf disease. In this case report, we presented a 36-year-old woman with history of contact with sheep, developing a typical orf lesion that is complicated with erythema multiforme and bullous pemphigoid-like eruptions.

Background: Thrombocytopenia is associated with a bad prognosis in Leptospirosis., Objectives: We investigated the effect of corticosteroids to improve thrombocytopenia due to leptospirosis., Patients and Methods: In a clinical trial, all patients admitted with leptospirosis in Razi Hospital of Ghaemshahr, north of Iran were enrolled in a 2-year study. Totally, 56 patients with moderate to severe thrombocytopenia were randomized to control and treatment groups. The treatment group received corticosteroid (prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day for maximum one week) in addition to the standard antibiotic therapy., Results: There was no significant difference regarding age and gender between the two groups (P = 0.254, P = 0.789, respectively). The mean duration to improve thrombocytopenia was 4.41 ± 0.197 days in the treatment group and 5.72 ± 0.318 days in the control group, which was significantly different (P = 0.003). Duration of hospitalization in the treatment group was 5.24 ± 0.244 days and 6.23 ± 0.329 days in the control group, which was significantly different (P = 0.028). The two groups had no significant difference regarding mortality, intubation, level of platelet, duration of ICU admission and pulmonary, renal or hepatic involvement., Conclusions: Corticosteroid therapy decreased the length of hospitalization only in severe subgroup thrombocytopenia, but not in the moderate subgroup.