Search

Objective: To see the effects of long-term administration of itopride hydrochloride on the histomorphology of kidney of the male Wistar albino rats. Study Design: A Laboratory based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, CMH Multan Institute of Medical Sciences Multan, Pakistan from September 2020 to March 2022. Methods: The study involved two groups: Group A served as the control, and Group B functioned as the experimental group. Each group consisted of 30 adult male albino rats. The animals of group A were administered 2ml/100g of distilled water by oral gavage along with a diet for laboratory rodents daily for 15 days. The animals of group B were given 4.4mg/kg of itopride hydrochloride dissolved in 2ml/100g body weight of distilled water by oral gavage three times a day for 15 days. The kidney was processed for paraffin embedding and stained with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). The area of Bowman's space was measured by linear micrometer after calibration with a stage micrometer and image J software. The student's t-test was utilized to assess potential differences between the two groups, with significance set at a p-value of ≤ 0.05. Result: The area of Bowman's space was significantly increased in the experimental group as compared to the control group (p= 0.045). Conclusion: Long-term Itopride Hydrochloride administration appears to influence the area of Bowman's Space in Wistar albino rats. How to cite this: Hashmi A, Syed H, Irfan A, Rabbani A, Mir A, Razzaq M. Quantifying Renal Changes: A Study of Area of Bowman's Space Following Prolonged Itopride Hydrochloride Exposure in Albino Rats. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 138-143. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.539

Aim and Background: Obesity is one of the chronic diseases and health problems in all countries, which is related to behavioral factors. New studies show that food consumption and lifestyle patterns that lead to obesity are largely influenced by factors such as social networks, communication with family and friends, media, etc. Methods and Materials: In this review article, to find documents related to the topic of the article, the author systematically reviewed the published background on the factors affecting obesity and the methods used in weight loss, and related studies in PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, google scholar IranDoc, Magiran, SID were used using related keywords such as: obesity, overweight, effective factors, in Farsi and obesity, overweight, determinant in English. Findings: The results of the review of various published studies show that the behavioral factors affecting obesity are divided into three levels: individual, family and social. Effective factors at the individual level include religious beliefs, lifestyle, media and game consumption, education level, and food attitude. At the family level, it includes mother's employment, social support and family. At the community level, it includes social networks, modern culture, capitalism, school, physical environment of society, network of social relations and friends, social comparison, social class and social welfare. Strategies to control social factors affecting obesity at three individual levels (health belief-behavior model), family level (family-centered therapy, lifestyle modification in a health-oriented way) and community level (health-oriented space creation and advertising, community action, network-mediated control social activities, health promotion program, media and health culture, culture-oriented control measures and social marketing method). Conclusions: According to the results, knowing the factors affecting obesity and using methods to control them is an effective solution in reducing overweight and obesity in the individual and social dimension.

Abstract Background Type-1 diabetes (T1D) occurs following autoimmune-induced pancreatic beta cells death. Among several treatment modalities, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation is promising for autoimmune disorders due to immunomodulation, regeneration, and migration to damaged tissue upon systemic injection. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of intravenous injection of autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs in newly diagnosed T1D patients. Methods After receiving informed consent, 21 patients who met the study criteria were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either MSCs or placebo. Each patient in the experimental group received two doses of MSCs and was followed for at least one-year post-transplantation. Results The results have shown that this transplantation is safe and significantly reduces the number of hypoglycemic episodes. MSCs transplantation improved glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), shifted serum cytokine patterns from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory, increased the number of regulatory T-cells in the peripheral blood, and improved quality of life. Early transplantation of MSCs significantly improved HbA1c and C-peptide levels and shifted pro-inflammatory cytokines to anti-inflammatory cytokines. Also, exercise combined with MSCs transplantation improved glycemic and immunologic indices. Conclusions Taken together, autologous MSC transplantation is safe and effective, and its early transplantation is a promising treatment in newly diagnosed T1D children suffering from hypoglycemic episodes. Trial registration: This clinical trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with the identifier IRCT ID: IRCT2016070428786N1 registered on August 20, 2016 (Retrospectively registered) ( https://en.irct.ir/trial/23256 ) and at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov) with the related identifier NCT04078308 registered on September 6, 2019 (Retrospectively registered). ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04078308 ).

Abstract Introduction The current multi-center, randomized, double-blind study was conducted among children with cerebral palsy (CP) to assess the safety and efficacy of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell (UCB-MNC). We performed the diffusion tensor imaging to assess the changes in the white matter structure. Methods Males and females aged 4 to 14 years old with spastic CP were included. Eligible participants were allocated in 4:1 ratio to be in the experimental or control groups; respectively. Individuals who were assigned in UCB-MNC group were tested for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and fully-matched individuals were treated with UCB-MNCs. A single dose (5 × 106 /kg) UCB-MNCs were administered via intrathecal route in experimental group. The changes in gross motor function measure (GMFM)-66 from baseline to one year after treatment were the primary endpoints. The mean changes in modified Ashworth scale (MAS), pediatric evaluation of disability inventory (PEDI), and CP quality of life (CP-QoL) were also evaluated and compared between groups. The mean changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of corticospinal tract (CST) and posterior thalamic radiation (PTR) were the secondary endpoints. Adverse events were safety endpoint. Results There were 72 included individuals (36 cases in each group). The mean GMFM-66 scores increased in experimental group; compared to baseline (+ 9.62; 95%CI: 6.75, 12.49) and control arm (β: 7.10; 95%CI: 2.08, 12.76; Cohen’s d: 0.62) and mean MAS reduced in individuals treated with UCB-MNCs compared to the baseline (-0.87; 95%CI: -1.2, -0.54) and control group (β: -0.58; 95%CI: -1.18, -0.11; Cohen’s d: 0.36). The mean PEDI scores and mean CP-QoL scores in two domains were higher in the experimental group compared to the control. The imaging data indicated that mean FA increased and MD decreased in participants of UCB-MNC group indicating improvements in white matter structure. Lower back pain, headaches, and irritability were the most common adverse events within 24 h of treatment that were related to lumbar puncture. No side effects were observed during follow-up. Conclusions This trial showed that intrathecal injection of UCB-MNCs were safe and effective in children with CP. Trial Registration The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT03795974 ).

Introduction: Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome (AHDS) is a rare X-linked recessive intellectual disability condition with neuromuscular involvements. Altered thyroid function tests are major milestones in AHDS diagnosis. However, due to phenotypic variations in the levels of thyroid hormones in AHDS patients, we believe that the disorder is often underdiagnosed. Here, we reported a 3.5-year-old boy with an AHDS diagnosis and healthy thyroid hormones. Methods: Whole-Exome sequencing followed by data analysis was performed on the patient’s sample. The mutation was confirmed by Sanger sequencing in the patient and his mother. Results: We reported a 3.5-year-old boy with AHDS diagnosis and a novel synonymous missense mutation (c. 1026G>A) in the SLC16A2 gene manifesting normal levels of T3, T4, and TSH. The mutation causes no change in amino acid sequence; however, it affects splicing through alteration of an exonic splicing enhancer. To the best of our knowledge, there are only 3 similar reports in the literature reporting AHDS diagnosis and normal levels of thyroid hormones. Conclusion: The altered levels of thyroid hormones are notable but not necessary markers for diagnosing AHDS. The candidate diagnosis of AHDS should be considered in patients with X-linked recessive intellectual disability syndrome with neuromuscular involvements irrespective of levels of thyroid hormones; otherwise, it could lead to the under-diagnosis of the disorder.

Introduction:Newfound technologies in the communication and information area lead the educational systems ‎‎toward electronic teaching-learning.‎ certainly, the application of e-learning strategy based on ‎components tailored to the needs, desires and skills of students, leads to the creation of numerous ‎and diverse learning opportunities for students. In contrast, the inappropriateness and adaptation ‎of academic activities to the characteristics of students is a cause of motivation and ‎academic failure. The present study tries to identify and explain the requirements of e-‎teaching/learning which are fit for the characteristics of today’s BA students. ‎Method:The research design is mixed and of successive exploratory type. The qualitative part was done using the case study method and the quantitative part was done using the descriptive-survey method. The tools of the qualitative section are semi-structured interviews and the tools of the quantitative section are researcher-made questionnaires. The statistical population of the qualitative section was experts in the two fields of educational sciences and social sciences, of which the sample of them continued purposefully until the saturation of information. The statistical population in the quantitative section consisted of faculty members and BA ‎students of educational and social sciences colleges of Tehran and Isfahan Universities of which the sample of them was chosen with the stratified ‎random method according to the volume. The analysis of the findings in the qualitative part is based on grounded theory and in the quantitative part is based on descriptive and inferential statistics.Results:Regarding the research findings, the most important Requirements of electronic teaching-learning ‎strategy which suits the characteristics of today’s BA students is: using virtual messengers, using ‎soft wares and educational videos, using scientific websites, using remote supplementary trainings, ‎being allowed to search the Internet in classroom, having virtual assignments, taking virtual ‎exams and using smart board.‎Discussion:Based on the findings, it can be concluded, the application of these elements, ‎‏leads to academic ‎motivation and scientific ‎growth of today's students‏ ‏and thus, it is recommended to Professors for ‎the purpose of ‎effective teaching and optimal use of educational opportunities, do not neglect to ‎use them.‎ Universities must also provide the necessary equipment for e-teaching, especially smart ‎boards and high-speed Internet. In addition, in order to acquaint professors and students with e-‎learning skills such as the use of scientific websites, distance education, the use of smart boards, ‎virtual exams, etc., organized training workshops and encourage professors who use these ‎methods.

Introduction:Smoking is one of the global health challenges and a risk factor for death, both in developed and developing countries. Smoking is the second leading risk factor for global disease burden, leading to more than six million deaths worldwide annually. It is noteworthy that many students have turned to smokeing and despite recognizing its harms, smoking among students is increasing. Because many smokers start their first cigarette at the university, university students should be monitored for their smoking behaviors to design tobacco prevention programs. The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate the semantic system of non-native smoker students in the experience of smoking at the university. Materials and Methods:The present study was conducted using the grounded theory qualitative research method. The grounded theory methodology (Glaser & Strauss, 1998; Charmaz, 2006) is a methodological approach in which data collection, analysis, and theory stand in a reciprocal relationship. Participants included 27 students (18-30 years old) who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. The authors conducted semi-structured interviews to collect the data. Data saturation criteria were used for deciding about the sample size, and the sampling process continued until the answers became repetitive and no new concept could be created. Before starting the interviews, the authors collected students’ consent forms. The participants became familiar with the research procedure through the explanation of the research purposes, questions, and methods. After each interview, the authors transcribed the interview talks and data analysis started from the first interview. For data analysis, the theoretical coding (Strause & Corbin, 1998) was utilized by three coding levels including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. During the open coding, interview texts were reviewed and encoded line by line and a concept was assigned for the meaningful phrase of the interviewee talks. In the second phase of coding, axial coding, the constructed concepts were put together and were transformed into categories that were more abstract in comparison to primary concepts. At the third level of coding, categories were linked together and a core category emerged as the final category. The authors tried to achieve a level of credibility in research findings by continuous comparisons of participants’ statements and paying attention to their feedbacks regarding the analysis. Additionally, the authors checked the final concepts by the participants; thisconfirmed the constructed concepts and findings. Discussion of Results and Conclusions:Data analysis was conducted using theoretical coding in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). During the coding process, 7 main categories were constructed. Non-native smoking students’ experiences and interpretations were described in categories including habitus and common action, weaknesses in university welfare services, the anomalies of student life, lesson pressure, risky relationships, weaknesses in parental communication skills, and presence in an unhealthy environment. Each of the discovered categories reflected the conditions of the students that caused them to turn to smoking. Finally, ‘accumulative dissatisfaction’ was emerged as the final category. This concept had two basic dimensions. The first one was the dissatisfaction formed in the students due to the unfavorable conditions in which they were due to leaving the family environment,entering the university environment and living away from the family. Another was the accumulation of such dissatisfaction within them. Living alone and away from the family and in a different environment made the students’ daily lives more difficult. Changes in the life of non-native students led to the formation of a new habitus in which most non-native students shared the same character and actions. Universities and specialists should pay attention to such situations especially by designing a social care system. The strong social security and social care system. Counseling in universities can reduce some negative consequences of smoking for students and reduce the number of smoking students.

Abstract This study evaluates the genetic spectrum of leukodystrophies and leukoencephalopathies in Iran. 152 children, aged from 1 day to 15 years, were genetically tested for leukodystrophies and leukoencephalopathies based on clinical and neuroradiological findings from 2016 to 2019. Patients with a suggestive specific leukodystrophy, e. g. metachromatic leukodystrophy, Canavan disease, Tay-Sachs disease were tested for mutations in single genes (108; 71%) while patients with less suggestive findings were evaluated by NGS. 108 of 152(71%) had MRI patterns and clinical findings suggestive of a known leukodystrophy. In total, 114(75%) affected individuals had (likely) pathogenic variants which included 38 novel variants. 35 different types of leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies were identified. The more common identified disorders included metachromatic leukodystrophy (19 of 152; 13%), Canavan disease (12; 8%), Tay-Sachs disease (11; 7%), megalencephalic leukodystrophy with subcortical cysts (7; 5%), X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (8; 5%), Pelizaeus–Merzbacher-like disease type 1 (8; 5%), Sandhoff disease (6; 4%), Krabbe disease (5; 3%), and vanishing white matter disease (4; 3%). Whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed 90% leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies. The total diagnosis rate was 75%. This unique study presents a national genetic data of leukodystrophies; it may provide clues to the genetic pool of neighboring countries. Patients with clinical and neuroradiological evidence of a genetic leukoencephalopathy should undergo a genetic analysis to reach a definitive diagnosis. This will allow a diagnosis at earlier stages of the disease, reduce the burden of uncertainty and costs, and will provide the basis for genetic counseling and family planning.

Studying the situation of family and its dissolution have different interpretation between men and women in order to their genders. This understanding in men is due to experiencing a kind of losing. This experience is the result of the crossroad of the structure of gender and the institution of family and its effect on the new situation of men. Some part of this transition is related to men and the other parts is due to women’s identity transition which challenge the status of men in family. This study has been conducted to analysis men’s understanding of divorce process with participating of 23 men with at least one experiencing of marriage and divorce. The result shows that the conflict between prior images of marriage and the live experience of that lead men to feel Breaking monopoly strings. Men with core identity knot to monopoly on public and private sphere, feel confused when other ones (women) ask their share on controlling private and public sphere and left them with identity crisis. And it’s consequences.

Introduction The increasing impact of cyberspace and social networks in different areas necessitates the need for more and more accurate attention by the scientific institutions. Focus on ‘the impact of social networks on a specific cultural context’ is one area of ​study. Isfahan, as one of the civilizational areas with a long history in the cultural and social fields, is one of the cultural contexts that has a special role in the social and cultural changes for our country. Nearly two decades after the advent of the Internet and mobile phones in Iran, it may be a good opportunity to examine the works produced by academics and researchers in the context of scientific articles in this field. Certainly, one of the appropriate methods for this purpose is the systematic review method in which the statistical population is the existing research in the field under study. In this article, we seek to answer the following questions: What are the strengths and weaknesses of scientific articles written on the subject of social networks and cyberspace in Isfahan's field problematically, theoretically, and methodologically? And, on the other hand, what is the position of Isfahan`s cultural context in this research area? Finally, on the way forward, what are some suggestions for better policy making in this field of study? Material & Methods The method used in this research is systematic review. The systematic review of the texts is a scientific method to systematically identify some research results and to synthesize them in a standardized and systematic way to answer a related question. A systematic review of the texts has four essential steps: 1) deciding on the type of texts to review, 2) studying and understanding what the authors have brought to their work, 3) evaluating the ideas, research methods and results of each texts, and 4) summarizing the content of the texts or documents or evidence reviewed. The population of this study is scientific articles indexed in internal scientific databases. This research has carried out on 30 scientific articles on the subject of cyberspace whose field of study was Isfahan. The articles have been evaluated by an inverse questionnaire and its results are presented in descriptive and analytical formats. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Based on the results of the research, it seems that the most important factor in selecting the research field was its availability. Most studies are in the field of sociology and political science. The year of publication of articles indicates an increasing trend in the publication of articles on the subject of cyberspace. In most of the papers, the researchers have not pay attention to the context and field of study, since 86% of the articles were survey, but few with qualitative and mix methods. Statistical population in most of the articles were students. Almost one-third of the papers had a clear theoretical framework, among which a few had used media and communication theories in their theoretical model. In summing up the articles, very few articles have focused on providing a strategy based on research results in our systematic review. After reviewing the descriptive dimensions of the articles, the following critiques have presented: cognitive (lack of attention to study context), methodological (lack of methodological diversity, overcoming positivist approach, disregard for interpretive and critical approaches, and generalization). The uncertainty of these studies (theoretical underpinnings, lack of theories related to the subject of research) has also been expressed. Then, appropriate suggestions have been made in three levels of approach (changing attitudes towards 'cultural and social context', 'social networks' in Humanities research), methodology (making more use of qualitative and synthetic methods, as well as using diverse statistical population) and appropriate structure for future research policy and planning.

Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated that both children and adult patients with a history of congenital heart disease (CHD) are at high risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. This study investigates the status of COVID-19 infection among children undergoing surgical repair within the past 2 years.Methods: All alive patients operated on in a tertiary referral center between March 2018 and March 2020 were recruited in the present study. Detailed demographics, past medical and surgical history, and physical examination were reviewed for each patient. During the COVID-19 pandemic, data regarding the patient's status were collected by telephone survey from April 15 to April 30, 2020.Results: A total number of 210 patients are analyzed in this study. Participants' median age was 21.59 months [interquartile range (IQR) = 12–54.67], and 125 (59.5%) were female. The median interval between surgery and COVID-19 assessment was 305 days (IQR = 215–400). In addition, 67 (32%) patients used angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)/angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (spironolactone and/or captopril). Sixteen patients (7.6%) were symptomatic and had positive chest CT results and/or RT-PCR compared to the previously reported prevalence of COVID-19 among the pediatric population (2.4% of children with

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most treatable endocrine disorders in infants and children that can influence the function of many organs in the body. On-time diagnosis and treatment can prevent the adverse effects of thyroid hormone deficiency on the child's neurodevelopment. There are many challenges in screening, post-screening, diagnosis, and managing this disorder. Therefore, this article aimed to mention updated information on this issue. Although there are different approaches for the treatment of hypothyroidism, the authors decided to create a national approach based on the conditions of our country.

The emergence of digital technology has transformed the way we consume and interact with media, with one of the most significant innovations being the development of e-ink displays. These displays replicate the appearance of ink on paper, providing a low-power, high-contrast alternative to traditional backlit LCD screens. As a result of their advantages such as easy readability, low power consumption, and customization options, e-ink displays have gained widespread adoption in a range of devices such as e-readers, smartwatches, public signage, and transportation timetables. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of e-ink displays by examining their history, technology, current applications, advantages, and limitations. Additionally, the paper discusses the environmental and cost benefits of e-ink displays in contrast to traditional print media. The role e-ink displays can play in reducing paper waste and carbon emissions is emphasized. By exploring the unique features and benefits of e-ink displays, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of this important technology and its impact on the digital landscape.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), if untreated, carries high morbidity and mortality. A higher incidence of CAH is expected in countries where consanguinity is common, such as in the countries of the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO). CAH is managed through lifelong treatment with fludrocortisone and hydrocortisone. In this analysis, performed in the 22 EMRO countries and territories plus Algeria, we review which countries offer a neonatal screening programme for CAH and describe the barriers and opportunities to access oral fludrocortisone and oral and injectable hydrocortisone. Neonatal CAH screening was only available nationally in Qatar, Kuwait and partially in Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. We reviewed the national lists of essential medicines (NEMLs) and found that 13/23 (57%) countries included fludrocortisone and 18/23 (78%) included oral hydrocortisone. Fludrocortisone was not included by any of the low-income countries and oral hydrocortisone was only included by one low-income country. We then contacted paediatric endocrinologists in each country to assess perceived availability of these medicines. Overall, there was a relatively good consistency between inclusion of fludrocortisone and hydrocortisone in the NEML and their actual availability in a country. We propose several mechanisms to improve access, including prequalification by the WHO, a common registration process for groups of countries, pooled procurement, working with local pharmaceutical companies, special access status for medicines not yet registered in a country and compounding. We suggest that access to medicines requires a collaboration between health professionals, families of patients, health authorities, pharmaceutical companies and the WHO.

Abstract Background Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is a rare inborn error of the synthesis or degradation of glycogen metabolism. GSD1, the most common type of GSD, is categorized into GSD1a and GSD1b which caused by the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) and glucose-6-phosphate transporter (SLC37A4), respectively. The high rates of consanguineous marriages in Iran provide a desirable context to facilitate finding the homozygous pathogenic mutations. This study designates to evaluate the clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with GSD1b to assess the possible genotype-phenotype correlation. Results Autozygosity mapping was performed on nineteen GSD suspected families to suggest the causative loci. The mapping was done using two panels of short tandem repeat (STR) markers linked to the corresponding genes. The patients with autozygous haplotype block for the markers flanking the genes were selected for direct sequencing. Six patients showed autozygosity in the candidate markers for SLC37A4. Three causative variants were detected. The recurrent mutation of c.1042_1043delCT (p.Leu348Valfs*53) and a novel missense mutation of c.365G > A (p.G122E) in the homozygous state were identified in the SLC37A4. In silico analysis was performed to predict the pathogenicity of the variants. A novel whole SLC37A4 gene deletion using long-range PCR and sequencing was confirmed as well. Severe and moderate neutropenia was observed in patients with frameshift and missense variants, respectively. The sibling with the whole gene deletion has shown both severe neutropenia and leukopenia. Conclusions The results showed that the hematological findings may have an appropriate correlation with the genotype findings. However, for a definite genotype-phenotype correlation, specifically for the clinical and biochemical phenotype, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed.

Introduction The communication process in Islamic preaching and guidance of people in the realm of beliefs can be effective only when the relationship between people and the clergy is desirably at work, and that people are still willing to listen to clerics’ Islamic teachings. Over the past forty years after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the relationship between people and the clergy in the realm of Islamic preaching have been experiencing ups and downs which require serious pathology despite its efficacy. The researchers in this article investigated the harms in the communication between people and the clergy in Islamic preaching, and the main purpose of this study was to describe this pathological process. What are the harms in the relationship between people and the clergy in Islamic preaching? Is the process of communication formed between people and the clergy in Islamic preaching? Do the clergy preach considering the audience’s social context needs? And do they need the audience’s negative feedback in the process of communication? To answer these questions, the conceptual framework of the study was based on the model of meaning source dealt with the process of communication and its six-fold elements. Material & Methods The population was composed of clergies whose preaching efforts were evaluated annually in the Islamic Propagation Office. The participants of the study were 22 that showed the standard of ‘success in preaching’ in the apex of ‘elitism’ and acquired a high score. They were chosen as the best in two conferences on propagation in terms of such indices as the rate of reception and presence of the youth in religious and cultural activities, selection of appropriate content along with appropriate methods, practical ways of life, social behaviors and interactions, creativity and innovation in proposing religious issues among the youth, creation of spiritual atmosphere, revival of religious rituals, generation of positive attitude toward Islamic Revolution and the clergy, education, compilations, teaching, research, etc. For the purpose of credibility of the results, a meeting under the title of Focus Group was held consisting of seven preaching elites who were among the successful university teachers and lecturers in the realm of preaching. After numerous talks among the researchers, all believed that codes, classifications and conceptual categories were rightly extracted from the interviews, and in addition, a few alterations were suggested and applied to some words and concepts. A qualitative-descriptive method was employed for this study. In the qualitative description, the data collection was conducted through ‘open interview’ or interviewing the ‘focus group’. Utilizing Sandelowski’s (2000) qualitative description, the present researchers, without manipulation, organized and described the data deeply taken from the elite preacher clergies concerning the harms in the relationship between people and the clergy in Islamic preaching in order that the results of the study would be closer to the reality of the data. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Based on the findings of this study, the participants described the harms in the relationship between people and the clergy in Islamic preaching under the umbrella of the process of communication, the role distance, the contextual requirements, the power of communication and the preaching boomerang, and concepts such as waving someone’s flag (advocating someone), judicial and administrative authority and conspiracy theorizing (conspiracy theory) under the category of severing the process of communication, Mokalla cleric (a clergy without a turban), inverted religion, hollow sermons and instrumental cleric (abusing the clerics as a means of achieving one’s ends) under the category of the role distance were introduced. The category of the contextual requirements was described via concepts such as culture eluding (inattentiveness to the audience’s culture), taste eluding (inattentiveness to the audience’s taste), value eluding (inattentiveness to the audience’s values) and the reduction of the power of communication. This category was under the category of the preaching boomerang, nonverbal preaching and envelope preaching (on the basis of wage), which the Islamic preachers should pay attention to.

Introduction Human beings are creatures with physical bodies and material body is a construct in which gender, race, ethnic, and class differences are shaped and manifested. Thus, the focused attention to body together with its prevalence in the sociological texts, in particular within the recent two decades, has raised considerable debates concerning issues including identity, social movements, consumer culture, lifestyle, and ethics (Zokaie, 2007). One of the issues proposed in relation to the lifestyle indicators is body management which is so pervasive among the youths nowadays. Body management can be stated as the actions and deeds including appearance, make-up, sports interests, and dietary. According to the analysts and based on some statistics and evidence, the attention to the body has dramatically increased in Iran in recent years (Zaer Rezaie, 2006) so that over 36000 Iranians undergo cosmetic surgery each year, as said by unofficial statistics. It is worth mentioning that Iran holds a high rank among different cosmetic surgeries, e.g. the first place in rhinoplasty or nose surgery in 2010. In the present study, given the importance of body in general, problematic status of plastic surgery, and growing desire to manipulate the body in Iran in particular, the documentary "Nose, Iranian Style" was investigated using discourse-historical approach of critical discourse analysis (CDA). Accordingly, it was tried to answer the following questions: How was the body articulated as a discourse in this documentary and which of the discourses related to the body were focused and decentered respectively? Generally, how were the cosmetic surgery and body represented in the documentary "Nose, Iranian Style"? In what social discourses was the documentary made and how was this discourse setting represented in the documentary? The conceptual framework of this study and its fundamental concepts include body, body management, and cosmetic surgery which will be defined in the following. Body: body is generally perceived as the collection of the flesh and organic bones; however, this concept enjoys a particular style and role and is considered to be under the control of the culture in the cultural studies. It is constantly called for playing roles or doing physical activities in the form of dietary, exercise or cosmetic surgery (Barker, 2008, p. 786). Body management: as one of the lifestyle indicators, body management is regarded as any constant control and manipulation of the apparent and outward features of the body which is done by different surgeries and make-up (Chavoshian & Azadarmaki, 2002, p. 64). Cosmetics and medical care behaviors are among different dimensions of this indicator. Cosmetic Surgery: cosmetic Surgery has no medical significance or necessity and is purely for the sake of beauty. This surgery is true of healthy people (kuczynski, 2006, p.8; as cited in Feynman, 2010). Contrary to the reconstructive surgery, cosmetic surgery is to improve the organ which is already normal without any surgery (Hayes & Jones, 2013). In this respect, these surgeries, in Jones’s (2008) terms, are selective. Material and Methods Having considered the society as a discourse setting, emphasizing the significance of the visual culture and media representation, and taking this presumption that the dominant discourse system of the society produces the cultural products including movies (here documentary) which are under the control of power, the authors of this study made an attempt analyze the documentary "Nose, Iranian Style". Documentaries, particularly social-political documentaries, are of the media texts that are of particular interest to audio-visual media audience due to their close relationship with the power structure (Alavi, 2013). "Nose, Iranian Style" was made by Mehrdad Oskouei in 2005. In the reconstruction tradition, this study tried to qualitatively provide a critical discourse analysis of the text of the documentary. Moreover, the theoretical approach of the study was sociological and in the domain of cultural studies. The significance of the cultural studies approach has been due to the interconnection of the physical, cultural, and social aspects of the human experiences. This study was based on the discourse-historical approach of Ruth Wodak in CDA. As one of the scholars in critical discourse analysis, Wodak regards discourse as complex mingling of the discourse actions which are interrelated simultaneously and successively and indicate itself in and through the social areas of actions, genres, symbols, and oral or written texts. In Wodak’s words (2001, pp. 11-12), discourse analysis is to indicate how discourses are made by social institutions and conversely in what ways social institutions make those discourses; what function ideology has in social institutions and how the power is achieved and reserved. To operationalize the discourse-historical approach, Wodak refers to five discourse strategies including nomination, prediction, argumentation, perspetivisation, Intensification, and Mitigation which each are employed in the form of the conflict of competing discourses for the sake of their own positive and the other’s negative representations. Conclusion With regards to the institution, it can be said that the documentary and its dominant narration were laid upon a number of effective institutions concerning the body and cosmetic surgery, namely education, religious, and medical institutions whose fields of action and speakers were schools and only girl students, religious schools and clergymen and preachers, and hospitals, medical conferences and physicians, surgeons, and nurses respectively. Another institute was cultural institution whose representatives were the staff and advocates of media, arts, and cinema. Within the school institution, the documentary solely highlighted the students’ narration and eliminated the teachers, instructors, and educators. At this level, students largely agreed with the cosmetic surgery. The medical discourse concerning the body was heard from the voice of plastic surgeons through which they dramatically and confidently confirmed such actions and talked about the unique and artistic expertise of the cosmetic surgeons, economical prices of the surgery, its positive consequences and social privileges obtained due to the surgery. All in all, they advocated the nose surgery and the significance of the physical body. Another institution was religious institution which found a public arena to talk and deliver a speech. At this level, clergymen and preachers, instead of directly and explicitly condemning nose surgery, deeply and pathologically talked about why the Islamic culture of the youths of the 60s in Iran faded out, how the war discourse was formed and the values of the Islamic society went down. Among their reasons, loss of identity, alienation, flaw, apparent lack, and self-centeredness were mostly highlighted. In the arts arena, particularly cinema, the experts considered the operated noses as a problem making all the applicants of acting the same and expressed their dissent in this regard. Moreover, another part of the documentary was about those who had already undergone the nose surgery including both girls and boys. On one hand, these respondents confirmed this action and referring to it as a “right”, they stated that they accepted the suggestion of the physicians and relatives and underwent this surgery. On the other hand, they were not dare enough to take responsibility for their actions individually and were placed in the dialectics like trust-doubt, anxiety-fun, and pleasure-individuality. Generally speaking, the results of this study revealed that in the discourse of the documentary, institutions like education, religion, medicine, and arts were the main elements. Indeed, the documentary, as a discourse text, was the manifestation of the discourse conflict and value conflicts of the related discourses. The narration of the documentary also indicated that none of the aforementioned discourses preceded the other and dominated the discourse setting. In other words, as implied, the narration indicated that none of the central discourses concerning the body can totally be hegemonic due to the changes occurred and existed in the social context of Iran and can dominate the mentioned arena.

Premature pubarche (PP) is the appearance of sexual hair in children before puberty. The PP phenotype may attribute to nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NC-CAH). In this study, we investigated the role of CYP21A2 gene variants in patients with PP in the Iranian population. Forty patients (13 males and 27 females), clinically diagnosed with PP, were analyzed for molecular testing of CYP21A2 gene variants. Direct sequencing was performed for the samples. Also, gene dosage analysis was performed for the cases. Fourteen patients (35%) had a mutation of p.Gln318X and p.Val281Leu, out of which 10% had regulatory variants. Approximately 10% of the patients were homozygous (NC-CAH). 78.5% (11/14) of patients had trimodular RCCX of which 5 patients had two copies of CYP21A1P pseudogene. The prevalence of p.Val281Leu was higher than p.Gln318X in PP patients. In conclusion, CYP21A2 variant detection has implications in the genetic diagnosis of PP phenotype. The genetic characterization of the CYP21A2 gene is important for characterizing the variable phenotype of carriers and genetic counseling of PP and NC-CAH patients.

Familial glucocorticoid deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder which belongs to a group of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) and is mainly caused by mutations in the MC2R and MRAP genes. A comprehensive search was conducted to find the reported variants of MC2R and MRAP genes. In silico pathogenic analysis was performed for the reported variants. PCR amplification and sequencing were performed for three patients. Structural analysis, modeling, and interactome analysis were applied to characterize novel MC2R variants and their proteins. About 80% of MC2R-related cases showed the clinical symptoms which were diagnosed at G (p.Leu43Arg) and c.251T > A (p.Ile84Asn), were found in two patients at the age of above and below 2 years, respectively. Mutations in MC2R and MRAP genes are the main cause of FGD. Genetic studies and in silico analysis will help to confirm the diagnosis.

Introduction Religion influences the society in an interactional process with it and it can be considered as an important part of culture and among the most important factors affecting individuals’ behaviors and actions. Commitment to religion can be drawn in to general belief and behavioral parts. In other words, we consider a person as religious when he has accepted belief issues and founds his behaviors based on his beliefs. Therefore, any deficit in each of these two dimensions can influence the other. Festinger names the deep gap between beliefs and ritual behaviors as cognitive discordance. The present study has tried to investigate the cognitive dissonance about religion using a social interpretivism. Using the grounded theory, a situational, particular, and deductive model of participants’ understanding. This model in fact has been the reflection of evaluation and understanding of participants from the direction of the gap between theory and practice about religion. In the present study, the researcher based on the logic that the qualitative methodology is only an instrument for extracting and categorizing that which is occurring in the field of the study. Method The methodology of the present study is qualitative and the method of grounded theory has been used. The data collection technique is the semi-structured interview, and to select participants, the convenient and theoretical sampling methods were used. Discussion, results and conclusions In the present study, what has been considered as the first point was that the degree of Iranian youth’s religiosity has not been trapped in a critical situation and the youth have deeply believed in basic religious beliefs. According to this issue, it seems that the process of religious socialization can comprehensively transfer the genuine religious beliefs to the younger generation because most participants had firm beliefs about principles of the religion such as belief in God, acceptance of the day of Doom, and imamate (the Imam of the Age). Accordingly, it can be said that the society has been able to act appropriately in terms of internalizing this dimension, i.e. deepening basic beliefs of the religion among the younger generation. Regarding the ritual dimension, it can be said that the youth are oriented towards private religion and the selective reactions to religion. It means that regarding some of the religion aspect (ritual dimension), they acted totally subjective. The other issue is that the youth due to their own mental capabilities, cannot tolerate merely imitative religion. They reject religious beliefs which have been induced imitatively and are to accept that religion consistent with their thoughts. The other issue is the acceptance of pluralism in religion. In fact, students do not tend to imitate a particular type of customs and principles. The results of the present study indicate that young participants in the dimension of basic beliefs have confirmed beliefs by religion, but in other dimensions, particularly in the ritual dimension of participants, they re-conceptualize issues in this field and based on their understanding, and even in case of contradiction with religion, they adopted some methods. From among the reasons of the discontinuation based on grounded and mediator conditions, the weakness of textbooks contents, religious experts, incompatibility of promises and practices of claimers of religion, and family-environmental atmospheres can be referred to. Participants of the present study can be divided into two groups: The first group are those individuals who have no intellectual coherency in the attitudinal dimension (ritual and ethical beliefs) and are involved with tensions in each field. The second group are those individuals who enjoy intellectual coherency and integrity in each of the attitudinal fields, but their attitudinal and behavioral dimensions have no compatibility with each other. But regarding the approach adopted by the studied students, the three following groups can be considered: Those who after confusions and crises, achieve a firm understanding and belief about their religion Individuals who suffer from incoordination and have not been able to cope with this incoordination and Those who change their attitudinal dimension and avoid religion in one way or another in order to be free of their internal tensions. In case of temporal sections when individuals face incoordination, it should be noted that in ages from 15-18 years old, i.e. years of high school, individuals face questions and doubts in their religious beliefs and are meant to answer questions and find their own ambiguities, but unfortunately, they face more frustration. As a result, the weakness of the individuals who are considered as religious experts and missionaries is another reason of the youth’s aversion of religion. Not only these individuals have not been able to answer uncertainties of the young generation, but also their repulsiveness causes the aversion from religion among some of the youth and the confusion of some others due to their inappropriate behaviors as well as weaknesses in their own knowledge. Our religious books, whether that set which are taught as general courses in universities or those which are sold in markets are not appropriate for doubts and questions of the new generation. Repetitive and old subject matters, shallow thoughts and failure to be unbiased in arguments have caused that these intellectual thoughts practically lose their own effectiveness in educating this generation. In addition, in most text books and non-academic books in the field of religion emphasize more the emotional and sensual dimensions rather than rational and logical aspects and this issue has caused that the youth see the issue of religion as a merely peripheral subject.

The my thical literature is the most important parts of nations’ culture, history and art through while one can get a betterunderstanding theirthoughts during various ages. the comparative-based researchersin this field whit the aim of achievingjoint factors in the nathions’ beliefs and ideas enable us to artistically define it throughthe comfarsion ofmythical and literary masterpieces. Surveying and comparing of the Shahnameh and Armenian epic references considering theoretical mythology concepts and principles lead us to the interesting and outstuding (considerable) results in the field of common legends, names and events of the two nations. It also tries to clarify the mental origins of a part of the nations’ epic more than anything else. The present study is based on the comparing of the enchained Artavazd in Armenian option and Armanian in Grorgia option and Zahak in Iranian option. The Armenian researchers’ works help us in such a way that the work’s personality developmental process, thathero of the Iranian option of this legend to be clarified. Meanwhile, the comparison of the enchainedlegend in the caves of the volcanic mountains clarifies the common feathers between the heroes and reviews the unknown mythological dimensions and defines the special characteristics of the enchained individual that have not been mentioned in the Shahnameh.

Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by the generalized absence of subcutaneous fat and muscular hypertrophy. Meanwhile other signs and symptoms have already been reported with this genetic disorder. Herein, we report an infant with BSCL, who was referred to our center because of acromegaloid and muscular appearance from the age of three months. He had dark skin, hypertrichosis prominent subcutaneous vessels and organomegaly in physical examination. Genetic study showed novel homozygous mutations in the AGPAT2 gene, which confirmed diagnosis of BSCL in this patient. Although clinical suspicious could help us to make diagnosis of congenital disorders, definite diagnosis relies on genetic studies.

علی ربانی خوراسگانی، دانشیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه اصفهان، ایران محمد میرزایی، دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جامعه‌شناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، ایران * نوشتار حاضر درصدد است تا تقابل گفتمان‌های اصول‌گرایی و اصلاح‌طلبی را در دهمین دوره انتخابات ریاست جمهوری بررسی کند. در این تحقیق از چارچوب نظری لاکلاو و موف همراه با عناصر و مفاهیمی از نظریه فرکلاف و از تحلیل گفتمان به عنوان روش تحقیق بهره برده شد. ضمن بیان زمینه‌های بروز و ظهور این دو گفتمان در فضای گفتمانی انقلاب اسلامی، برای تحلیل تقابل گفتمان‌ها در دهمین دوره انتخابات ریاست جمهوری متون مطبوعاتی وابسته به یک نماینده اصول‌گرایان و دو نماینده اصلاحات به‏طور جداگانه از طریق تحلیل متنی بررسی شد. تحلیل متن نشان داد احمدی‌نژاد به عنوان نماینده اصول‌گرایان در دوره دهم تغییرات چشمگیری را در مفصل‌بندی سیاسی خویش صورت داده بود. در مرکز مفصل‌بندی او "ملت" به عنوان نقطه کانونی نشسته بود. "مدیریت صالح در دو فرم مدیریت مردمی و مدیریت جهان"، "دولت اسلامی"، "عدالت اجتماعی" و "دیپلماسی شالوده‌شکن عدم تعهد" گفتمان وی را تشکیل می‌دادند. مفصل‌بندی گفتمانی موسوی با دال‌های "آزادی"، "جامعه مدنی"، " قانون"، "تشنج‌زدایی"، "صداقت یا شفافیت" حول دال مرکزی "مردم" تشکیل شده بود. مفصل‌بندی سیاسی کروبی نیز آرایشی شبیه گفتمان موسوی داشت با این تفاوت که نشانه "حقوق شهروندی" در گفتمان کروبی اضافه شده بود. نتیجه تحقیق نشان داد مفصل‌بندی سیاسی موسوی و کروبی با اختلاف بسیار اندکی نسبت به هم، مشابه مفصل‌بندی سیاسی مصطفی معین در دوره نهم انتخابات ریاست جمهوری بود و هرسه آن‏ها تجددگرایی را در گفتمان خود منعکس کرده بودند. در این دوره از رقابت‌ها، گفتمان اصول‌گرایی توانایی منحصر به فردی را از خود در قطبی کردن جامعه به نمایش گذاشت که در نهایت همراه با تازه سازی ارکان مفصل‌بندی گفتمانش توانست هژمونیک شود. تحلیل متون نشان داد گفتمان اصلاحات در انتخابات دهم دچار تصلب معنایی و شکلی است؛ به این معنا که در این دوره مفصل بندی پیشین خود را تکرار کرد ه بود که به دلیل انطباق نیافتن بر نظام دانایی حاکم بر جامعه و عدم آگاهی دقیق از وضعیت سیاسی کشور و رقیب نتوانست بر ایستارهای جامعه وقوف و سیطره یابد .

Introduction: The strict control of blood glucose levels in adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is accompanied with a considerable long term decrease in microvasular and macrovascular complications. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of metformin as an adjunct therapy in adolescents with poorly controlled Type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods: It was a quasi-experimental (an uncontrolled before and after) study. The study population consisted of the patients aged over 10 years with T1DM. Metformin tablet was added to patient’s insulin therapy for 12 months. Haemoglobin A1c protein was measured in the beginning of the study and repeated with three months intervals till the end of it. Insulin dosage, Body Mass Index (BMI), serum lipid, creatinine and lactate level were measured twice; in the beginning of the study and at the end of it (after 12 months). Data was analysed by SPSS (version 18) software. Pairedt-test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test and Repeated Measure ANOVA were used to examine the study’s hypothesis. A p-value

the requirements for maintenance management have change drastically from the old concept of ‘fix-it-when-broken’ to a more complex approach, which entails adopting a maintenance strategy for a more integrated approach and alignment. This paper presents a Goal Programming (GP) approach to define the best strategies for the maintenance of some criticalpumps in a paper industry. For each pump failure mode, the model allows to take into account the maintenance policy burden in terms of inspection or repair and in terms of the manpower involved, linking them to efficiency-risk aspects quantified as in FMEA methodology through the use of the classic parameters occurrence (O), severity (S) and detectability (D), evaluated through an adequate application of the Analytic network process. (ANP) technique. An extended presentation of the data and results of the case analysed is proposed in order to show the characteristics and performance of this approach. The result is in the situation studied predictive and preventive maintenance obtain the best compromise between resource usage and reduction of failure effects. This fact is non-surprising since these policy allows failure prediction, thus providing the maintenance manager with useful information to limit the negative failure aspects.

Introduction Second Pahlavi’s era, due to its unique role in providing the context for the Islamic Revolution of Iran, is very important in contemporary history of Iran. According to the studies on this era, we can say that formation of the Islamic Revolution had a close interrelationship with policies which were adopted in the period. In describing the nature of the state at Pahlavi’s era, different researchers have expressed their views derived from different perspectives. Among them, we can see three different groups: the first group sees the state as a dependent capitalism and the second group sees it as a rentier state and the third group sees it as an absolutist state or despotism. Despite of differences between these groups, they all agree that the nature of the state at Pahlavi’s era is essentially different from previous periods in which government was under the dominance of tribal systems. First Pahlavi with proceedings such as formation of national boundaries, promotion of nationalism, reviving of ancient traditions, debilitation of pre-modern classes, the use of new ways of taxing, unification of clothing and education and creation of modern army and bureaucracy, fulfilled his absolutist power by using naked force (Kasraai, 2013). However, the process continued during the second Pahlavi era, which is the focus of this article, but during this time the 1953 Iranian coup, 28 Mordad coup, was a critical turning point. The occurrence of this coup was an important indicator showing that the king’s attitude toward the governance had changed. Since the Mohammad Reza Shah’s political positions had a significant effect on the social and political transformations of the period, we attempted to study the king’s attitude toward governance, classes, and influential social movements in the period following the 1953 Coup. Materials & Methods In this research, we studied the Mohammad Reza Shah’s attitude toward governance, classes and influential social movements in the period following the 1953 coup by content analysis of the shah's speeches, messages and interviews during two main periods: before and after the White Revolution (1963). In this content analysis, the recording unit is subject, which is defined as a single expression about things, and the context unit is paragraph. Besides, we adopted indicators that in the Iranian Despotism Theory are brought up for dictatorship and arbitrary rule concepts and then tried to answer two main questions: 1) was the attitude of Mohammad Reza Shah toward governance, classes and influential social movements during the period before White Revolution (1342/1963) totalitarian? And 2) was the attitude of Mohammad Reza Shah toward governance, influential social classes and movements during the period after White Revolution (1342/1963) arbitrary? Analyzed texts include all speeches, interviews and messages of the Shah in the period after the 1953 Coup, which were collected from a ten-volume book named “ Writings, Speeches, Messages, Interviews And Expressions Of Iran’s Shah; Mohammad Reza Shah-E Pahlavi” published by Keyhanak Publication Company. The texts selected by using purposive sampling. Discussion of Results & Conclusions In the post period of the 1953 coup, with The White Revolution, a noticeable turn happened in the Shah’s attitude toward governance, classes and influential social movements, religion, the constitution, the West and global order. This era can be divided into two main periods: before and after the White Revolution (1963/1342). Thus, this event was a turning point which facilitated Shah's change from a totalitarian king to an arbitrary one. The findings show that the transformation in the attitude of Shah depended on three elements: 1) existence or nonexistence of independent and influential individuals or groups in the political sphere, 2) condition of oil incomes and 3) the U.S protection policies of the Shah. However, none of the periods were smooth and flat. To put it in a nutshell, all findings support the ideas of the Iranian Despotism Theory, proposed by Homa Katouzian, which shares some features with three approaches on the nature of state in Iran that mentioned above, as its emphasis on dependent development, rentier nature of modern Iran’s state and its historical despotism.

Introduction Second Pahlaviâs era, due to its unique role in providing the context for the Islamic Revolution of Iran, is very important in contemporary history of Iran. According to the studies on this era, we can say that formation of the Islamic Revolution had a close interrelationship with policies which were adopted in the period. In describing the nature of the state at Pahlaviâs era, different researchers have expressed their views derived from different perspectives. Among them, we can see three different groups: the first group sees the state as a dependent capitalism and the second group sees it as a rentier state and the third group sees it as an absolutist state or despotism. Despite of differences between these groups, they all agree that the nature of the state at Pahlaviâs era is essentially different from previous periods in which government was under the dominance of tribal systems. First Pahlavi with proceedings such as formation of national boundaries, promotion of nationalism, reviving of ancient traditions, debilitation of pre-modern classes, the use of new ways of taxing, unification of clothing and education and creation of modern army and bureaucracy, fulfilled his absolutist power by using naked force (Kasraai, 2013). However, the process continued during the second Pahlavi era, which is the focus of this article, but during this time the 1953 Iranian coup, 28 Mordad coup, was a critical turning point. The occurrence of this coup was an important indicator showing that the kingâs attitude toward the governance had changed. Since the Mohammad Reza Shahâs political positions had a significant effect on the social and political transformations of the period, we attempted to study the kingâs attitude toward governance, classes, and influential social movements in the period following the 1953 Coup. Materials & Methods In this research, we studied the Mohammad Reza Shahâs attitude toward governance, classes and influential social movements in the period following the 1953 coup by content analysis of the shah's speeches, messages and interviews during two main periods: before and after the White Revolution (1963). In this content analysis, the recording unit is subject, which is defined as a single expression about things, and the context unit is paragraph. Besides, we adopted indicators that in the Iranian Despotism Theory are brought up for dictatorship and arbitrary rule concepts and then tried to answer two main questions: 1) was the attitude of Mohammad Reza Shah toward governance, classes and influential social movements during the period before White Revolution (1342/1963) totalitarian? And 2) was the attitude of Mohammad Reza Shah toward governance, influential social classes and movements during the period after White Revolution (1342/1963) arbitrary? Analyzed texts include all speeches, interviews and messages of the Shah in the period after the 1953 Coup, which were collected from a ten-volume book named â Writings, Speeches, Messages, Interviews And Expressions Of Iranâs Shah Mohammad Reza Shah-E Pahlaviâ published by Keyhanak Publication Company. The texts selected by using purposive sampling. Discussion of Results & Conclusions In the post period of the 1953 coup, with The White Revolution, a noticeable turn happened in the Shahâs attitude toward governance, classes and influential social movements, religion, the constitution, the West and global order. This era can be divided into two main periods: before and after the White Revolution (1963/1342). Thus, this event was a turning point which facilitated Shah's change from a totalitarian king to an arbitrary one. The findings show that the transformation in the attitude of Shah depended on three elements: 1) existence or nonexistence of independent and influential individuals or groups in the political sphere, 2) condition of oil incomes and 3) the U.S protection policies of the Shah. However, none of the periods were smooth and flat. To put it in a nutshell, all findings support the ideas of the Iranian Despotism Theory, proposed by Homa Katouzian, which shares some features with three approaches on the nature of state in Iran that mentioned above, as its emphasis on dependent development, rentier nature of modern Iranâs state and its historical despotism.

The main characteristic (feature) of the sociology of knowledge and science is its emphasis on the culture and cultural analysis within the scientific and technological research. This study concerns with the study of two research fields in which new sociologists of science and technology have presented their cultural analysis. These two fields include: sociology of scientific knowledge and cultural studies of science.Sociology of scientific knowledge is the first school of thought which makes the content of scientific knowledge inclined to and compliant with the cultural and sociological analysis. In SSK, the main presupposition is that “the scientific knowledge is totally arbitrary.” Accordingly, the design and evaluation of scientific theories and claims are the consequence of social interests and cultural inclinations (trends), in a way that the scientific theories become a tool for the justification, legitimating, encouragement and contentment.At the early 1990s, with the rise of crisis (chaos) within the explanations of sociology of scientific knowledge and a flood of criticism against it, the whole subjectivity of the field came to a standstill (reached an impasse) and the initiatives in scientific research were replaced by different theoretical orientations like cultural studies. In contrast to the sociology of scientific knowledge, the cultural studies of science concerns with the rejection of “explanation” and, instead, focuses on the “meaning” and “understanding”. In other words, it has come back to an old dispute between explanatory and hermeneutic approaches and those which pursue the regulative (legalistic) comprehensiveness along the more positivistic lines.This emerging field emphasizes the issue that the uncertainty, instability, ambiguity (vagueness) and difference must be given a more important role in sciences. Cultural studies of science gave rise to a change from the sociology of scientific knowledge to a new culturalism.

To determine the prevalence of 6R-Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) responsive phenylketonuria (PKU) in 53 cases of patients with various classification of hyperphenylalaninemia and PKU Excluding the BH4 deficient type referring to children's medical center in Iran (phenylalanine 360–2420 μmol/L), the single dose of 20 mg/kg (Kuvan®) and duration of 24 h was used. Results: Among the 4 different categories of mild hyperphenylalaninemia requiring treatment, mild, moderate and classic PKU, the BH4 responders were 90%, 35.7%, 5.6% and 0% respectively after 24 h. Conclusion: BH4 responsiveness is more prevalent in mild hyperphenylalaninemia and mild PKU patients in Iran.

Introduction Nowadays women are increasingly participating in economic activities in Iran. This has attracted a lot of attention, so some people consider its positive aspects and put emphasis on more engagement of women in different areas, while others consider its negative aspects and speak about the conflict between satisfactory performance at both job and family at the same time. Almost all of the surveys carried out about the counter relationship between job and family showed that the so called conflict can have negative influences on the quality of occupational and family lives, reducing therefore the individual satisfaction with life, increasing occupational and family problems, and resulting in depression and poor health. But in some of the studies, the focus has been on the importance of role reproduction and its positive influences on improving women's physical and mental conditions. Durkheim believes that "women's engagement in work increase their sense of independence, self-confidence and hopefulness, and help them to know themselves as useful and beneficial members of the society, strengthening therefore their solidarity with other members of the family". Given these different ideas, it seems that women's occupation is a controversial issue. Also, we should consider different individual, family and social dimensions of this problem, because occupation is a human phenomenon with various aspects. This study addresses the experiences of married female managers in Isfahan City to see what their experiences are with regard to occupation. Materials & Methods This study uses phenomenology approach that is a qualitative method. In this viewpoint, we try to find the relationship between individual knowledge and social life. On this basis, a phenomenologist seeks to understand how human knowledge is present in social interactions, social status and social world. The Phenomenological method aims at understanding meaningful and deep layers of lived experiences of research subjects about a concept or phenomenon. In this regard, we interviewed 10 female managers of Isfahan City to understand what problems and challenges they experience as a result of performing job and family roles at the same time. Because the management is beyond a fulltime job and requires special skills in professional, individual and social contexts, and because the married women have obligations like being a wife or a mother, and in some of the cases there are interferes between their maternal and family functions, thus the sample consists of 10 female married managers with at least one child. In most phenomenological studies, the sample has been less than 10 subjects. The sampling method was purposeful and was carried out on a snowball basis. After 10 interviews we reached at data saturation. The data was analyzed using Collizzi's 7-step method. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Overall, 118 codes were extracted after clustering, assimilating repeatable codes and forming new categorization. This formulated meanings were categorized in the bunches of topics, which in this study are recognized as conceptions (descriptive codes) or codes that are closer to the terms used by research subjects. After this step, all of the resultant ideas were integrated in the frame of a detailed description from underlying phenomenon (appendix to title of interpretative codes). At this step, 28 interpretative codes were extracted that were compacted into 10 interpretative codes. Finally, interpretative codes were reduced to 3 explanative (making clear) codes. Obtained Results and codes, in three descriptive (primary coding), interpretative (intensive coding) and explanative levels rely on women's experiences regarding occupational management in three levels of individual, social and family. In other words, using explanative codes, we could categorize these experiences in three areas of individual life, individual experience from family life and individual experiences from social and occupational life. Subject experiences from individual life is an explanative code, which, at interpretative level, is consisted of health status, subject personality, individual point of views and sports. The explanative code of subject experiences from family life is formed from interpretative codes of maternal role, housekeeping role, and partner role and power distribution in the family. Explanative code of subject experiences from social and occupational life explains their experiences during occupation and is constituted from interpretative codes of occupational motivation and job satisfaction. This study provides profound information about the subjects' experiences with occupation. In comparison and summing up the experiences that are clustered in three mentioned areas with different levels, we encounter two different situations. In fact, one of them is subjects' experience with occupational effects that increase their satisfaction with life, and the other is occupational effects that create contrast between job and family roles. Following subjects' experiences in this context showed that having a job outside the home creates some problems such as anxiety about wellbeing of the children, mental and physical tiredness, lack of time for study at the university, facing massive home choirs with little rest, stress, feeling of being indebted to the family and so on. On the other hand, being employed as a manager has positive influences on different aspects of individual, social and family life. Some of the advantages, according to research subjects, are increasing self-confidence, diversification of life experiences and social relations, giving advice to husband, more interpersonal understanding, financial independence, satisfying personal needs, creating good spirit and mood, positive effects for society and so on. Other findings of the study show that the contrast between job and family is more acute when the subject has no ability or control over her occupation out of the house. In another words, when she cannot create a kind of coordination between the two dimensions. The participants believe that a way for solving the conflict between job and family is to have a schedule for tasks and responsibilities. If the subjects have the ability to make equilibrium between responsibilities and tasks in family and occupational life, and avoid any conflict in this regard, then it has positive effects in their lives. Some of the effects of this successful balance are: decreasing occupational stress, improving occupational performance, increasing matrimonial satisfaction, increasing the quality and quantity of the relationship with spouse, increasing life satisfaction, spirit and meaning in life, better relationship with children and relatives, increasing the quality of performing duties of the house and decreasing physical illness. Participants' experiences show that women can perform several roles simultaneously if they develop their capacities and abilities, and when they are doing two or three roles altogether, they can increase their strength and capabilities.

Introduction Entering the twenty-first century, the world witnessed several major developments that affect all aspects of human life, and in the midst of one of the most challenging changes, it is a change in the cognitive dimension and more precisely, identity of the people. In the past, never was identity an important issue of the day and had only a designated path guided by traditional beliefs and values, which were themselves supported by such social institutions as family and religion. However, new identities have emerged as media, technology and the overall process of modernization and development make individual identity a more salient phenomenon. National identity brings solidarity among individuals and emphasizes their collective purpose. Governments rely on national identity, and support it through their own value system by training, socialization, advertising and other means to induce unite their citizens. The key variable in defining national identity is values and social norms of a society. Industrialization of urban environments, technological development, cultural products, and the increasing use of new communicational insturments, has led to fundamental changes in cultural life of the people (Aghdam Alizadeh et al, 2010).This paper is an investigation in the status of national identity among Isfahani citizens and those socio-cultural variables which affect national identity. Material & Methods The method used in this survey is based on the objectives and research questions. Data has been collected through questionnaires, which is consisted of two parts. They assess situational variables related to dependent and independent variables. A total of 26 items were used to measure the dependent variable (national identity). Also, 11 items were dedicated to situational variables, 8 items to feeling of inequality, 6 items to individual variables, and 10 items to cultural capital. Research population according to the requirement of the research questions, include all residents of Isfahan who are over 18 years old. The sample size of 384 was based on Cochran's formula. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The result shows that a significant reverse relationship exists between respondents' sense of national identity and inequality. Respondents feel more attached to their national identity if they feel less inequality and vice versa. Correlation coefficient also revealed a significant negative correlation between individualism and national identity. In fact, with the rise of individualism respondents' sense of belonging to dimensions of national identity decreases. Also, there is a significant reverse relationship between national identity and cultural capital respondents. In fact, in this study higher levels of cultural capital lead to a declined level of national identity. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the variables of national identity shows that there is a significant negative relationship between the media consumption and national identity. Finally, Relationship between income and national identity is also significantly negative, meaning that respondents with higher levels of income belong to the elements of national identity less seriously. Results of regression analysis indicate that the independent variable of individualism, has a significant relationship with national identity. Feeling of inequality and media consumption variables had the greatest impact on national identity and cultural capital variable is related national identity with the minimal impact of just 0.04 %. Overall, findings of this study show that most of the research variables have reverse relationships with national identity except age.

The main aim of this article was sociological Analysis on the modes of science, survey of new Approaches in this context, description of available Approaches relevant to Application of Indigenous paradigm in prodvetion of knowledge and conclusion to attain imitated Approaches from Analysis and mentioned discussions for planning in space of science production in society of Iran. After Analysis of propound Approaches in sociology of science concreted that sociology of science three generation transitioned yet : classic sociology of science (OSS) [ Theories of Merton ] , New sociology of science ( NSS ) [Theories of Thomas kuhn and others ] and Third generation sociology of science that consisted of non - Marxist composinal and processive Approaches for example: Actor - Network theory (ANT), Triple Helix Theory life eyeles, mode 2 and Mode 3. On the other hand , because science production is encompass process in social structures and social communications , allowance for Analysis of Recent Development in mode of science production , three paradigm Analysis and critiqued titles mode 1 , 2 , 3 production of knowledge . Also, Application of Indigenous paradigm studied in production of knowledge and introduced two groups: A - External Approaches B - Internal Approaches that each of two groups propounded Ideas relevant to Indigenous knowledge and Indigenization of knowledge. In the final section, mode an efforted to answered this question that what doctrines can be concluded from these discourse in order to improve the conditions in Iran.

Formerly most sociologists of science and technology did little to research in the formal literature of the Sociology of Culture and may even were resistant to cultural analysis. The sociologists of culture have also written little analysis on the process of knowledge and technology production. This is contrary to the basic characteristic of the new sociology of knowledge and science that is emphasis on culture and cultural analysis in science and technology studies. In this article, we trace and analyze how sociologists of science and technology have performed cultural analysis. More recent moves to extend studies of science and technology "outward" beyond formal scientific settings have created new possibilities for the sociology of culture. They have also attracted more attention to the place of culture in knowledge and technology studies. Of these recent attempts are the studies on materialistic culture, scientific citizenship, macro - epistemic (culture in knowledge society), and finally civic epistemologies.

This paper intends to investigate generational value gap between mothers and daughter of Mashhad, with an emphasis on religious values. In doing so, a group of 30 female respondents (18-29 years old daughters and their mothers) were included in the study by means of purposive sampling. Research tool was in-depth interviewing . The theoretical framework of this study is based on macro theories in the field of generational gap. Four viewpoints about the existence and/or absence of generational gap are considered in this study. The results of the study indicate that mothers have a great influence on the religious values of their daughters, and any conflict between values of the two groups would not affect their relationship. So it is possible to say that there are generational differences between young daughters and their mothers in religious values.

Mental health problems including emotional and behavioral problems during puberty may be under influence of different risk factors including cultures, living in urban or rural areas and ethnic factors which may vary between different countries. The main aim of this study is to investigate the profile of emotional and behavioral problems and the role of factors such as age, stage of puberty, ethnicity, rurality and living in urban area, as risk factors in Iranian girls. As a part of a large national study we evaluated the emotional and behavioral problems in different stages of puberty in a community sample of Iranian adolescent girls from public schools that were selected by clustered random sampling method. In all subjects, demographic characteristics, and pubertal stages were measured. Emotional and behavioral problems were evaluated using Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The associations of age, pubertal development indices, socioeconomic and demographic factors with the behavioral problems were assessed. A total number of 4576 students enrolled the study and responded to the questions. The mean age of participants was 13.83 2.19 years. The mean total score of difficulties in participants was 14.34 5.81. According to these results 813 (17.8%) adolescents had total problem scores higher than Goodmans cutoff points and the most frequent problem domain was conduct problems (20.5%). According to the results the most related variable with the total difficulty score of SDQ were ethnicity, residency in urban areas and development of menstrual cycle respectively. The results of this study showed that the most correlated factors with mental health problems in Iranian girls during puberty are ethnicity, urbanity and development of menstrual cycle.

In this article, we try scientfically to response that what the relationship is between national identity and relative deprivation? To investigate the relationship, we have survey concept of national identity and have explained the causes of ambiguity in the definition of national identity. In present article, national identity is as a social identity, therefore in the view the spher of community and nation are conformed. Therefore in order to explain of national identity have used the Social Identity Perspective. Social Identity Perspective is conceptualized by Tajfel, and is the individual’s knowledge that he belongs to certain social group stogether with some emotional and value significance to him of this group membership. much of social identity can be seen as an attempt to articulate some of the social psychological processes which are responsible for the genesis and functioning of relative deprivation. Social identity and relative deprivation are interrupted. Then we are explained a integrated perspective, in this paper integrates social identity theory with relative deprivation theory so as to specify the social psychological conditions under which individuals form strong intentions to engage in collective protest actions in order to achieve social change. It is considered that this research has been carried out through a survey using questionnaire distributed among students from Isfahan university in the academic year of 1398-89. In the first stage of the research, stratified sampling and in the second stage, quota sampling were used. Some 490 subjects were selected as the sample. the basic hypothese is that there is relationship the attitude of students to national identity and relative deprivation. The experimental findings confirms the basic hypotheses in the Statistical society and shows that there is inverse correlation and relatively streng between relative deprivation and tendency to national identity.

Background: Calcium metabolism disorders can be acute or chronic and chronic disorders can cause different disease states such as dental problems. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study done in Children's Medical Center affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2005-2009, all (93) patients with hypoparathyroidism, nutritional rickets, hypophosphatemic rickets and renal osteodysthrophy from the endocrinology and nephrology departments of the Center were referred to a dentist there for orodental examination. Subsequently, the frequency of dental problems including taurodontism, enamel hypoplasia, dental abscess, dental caries and gingivitis were recorded and analyzed. Results: Nutritional rickets was the most common disorder in this study and delay in dentition was the most frequent dental problem in the patients (61.9%). Most cases of taurdontism and enamel hypoplasia were seen in patients with hypoparathyroidism (33% and 50%, respectively). Dental abscess, dental caries and gingivitis were more common in patients with renal osteodysthrophia (50%, 90% and 20%, respectively). In addition, dental caries and delay in dentition were the most prevalent disorders in this study (69.8% and 49.5%, respectively). Conclusion: According to the above findings, it seems that effective screening, regular periodic examinations, proper diagnosis and timely treatment of dental diseases are the main principles of prevention of orodental problems. Moreover, dentists as well as pediatricians should be aware of the features of the aforesaid disorders which lead to dental problems so that early intervention could prevent subsequent serious and more invasive dental problems.

Background: This study aimed to compare the timing of puberty between various geographic locations and different ethnicities. Methods: This national survey was conducted in 20 provinces in Iran. Healthy Iranian girls were selected from public schools using cluster random sampling. A total number of 30 clusters including 7493 girls, aged 6.0-20 years, were selected. In order to compare different areas, the national classification of the provinces based on climate, ethnicity, geographic locations, and socioeconomic variables were used. Accordingly, there are 11 regions in Iran. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean ages of menarche, pubarche, and thelarche in different regions. Results: Tehranian girls, with 11.99 ± 1.35 years (mean ± SD), had the lowest age of menarche which was statistically significantly. The second region with lowest age at menarche was Fars (12.40 ± 1.27 years). The mean age at breast bud stage (B2) was significantly lower in Ghazvin-Zanjan region (8.97 ± 1.45 years). In Fars region, the mean age at B2 stage of breast development (11.01 ± 1.88 years) was higher than other regions except for Mazendran-Guilan and Tehran-related cities. The mean age at public hair development at Tanner stage 2 (PH2) in Kordestan-Lorestan-Ilam region (10.70 ± 1.23 years) was significantly higher than other regions. Conclusions: We found significant differences in the age of pubertal stages of girls living in various regions with different ethnicity and geographic characteristics. Considering the impact of pubertal age on general health, more studies should be done about the lifestyle and environmental factors affecting the onset of puberty.

AbstractAccording to social changes in global level, social scientist introduced new theories to explanation of socialphenomena. According to appearance new theories, research methods have changed. The Idea is that,Simultaneity with Appearance post positivist theories, research approaches such a grounded theory hasestablished. This method, acts in the base of qualitative methods and use systematic complex of multipleProcedures to gathering data for theory development upon induction. This method with characteristics as ifflexibility, reflexivity, has caused many of researchers used it. In the present article, we paid to introductionof grounded theory and its critics.

AbstractThe sociology of emotions as one of the sub-disciplines of sociology received attention aroundthe late 70s and mid 80s in American sociology. During this period several important contributionstook place to make the roots of the sub-discipline robust. Drawing upon five theoretical discourses,this paper aimed at presenting a general picture of emotions in sociology. Among all, Shott’ssymbolic interactionist theory and Hochschild’s normative theory, which are labeled as socialconstructionist approaches, together with structural-relational theory of Kemper and Collins’sconflict theory, which are categorized as positivist approaches, are discussed. Having reviewedthese four theories, the paper goes on to consider synthetic approach introduced by Turner, which isknown as general sociological theory of emotions.

Fanconi- Bickel Syndrome (FBS) is a rare type of glycogen storage disease (GSD) Characterized by hepatomegaly, proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and marked growth retardation. We report a case of FBS presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis and transient neonatal diabetes. A female infant, product of consanguineous marriage presented with diabetic ketoacidosis at age 33 days, and was treated as neonatal diabetes with insulin. At age 14 months, insulin was discontinued. She presented with short stature, hepatomegaly, RTA and hypophosphatemic rickets at age 4 and (FBS) was diagnosed. Diagnosis was confirmed by mutation analysis, showing mutation in SLC2 A2 gene. In conclusion,: neonatal diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis may be the first presentation of infants with FBS.

Hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is a rare intracranial lesion that usually presents with classic triad of central precocious puberty, gelastic epilepsy, and developmental delay. Herein, a 14-year old boy is presented in whom the diagnosis of HH was made by magnetic resonance imaging. While he did not have any complain of precocious puberty, he surprisingly suffered from delay in puberty. The definite diagnosis of HH can only be made by appropriate imaging, in a case with atypical feature of delay in puberty and in the absence of gelastic epilepsy. To our best knowledge, this is the first case of HH who is presented with delay in puberty as of first manifestation.

Mental health problems including emotional and behavioral problems during puberty may be under influence of different risk factors including cultures, living in urban or rural areas and ethnic factors which may vary between different countries. The main aim of this study is to investigate the profile of emotional and behavioral problems and the role of factors such as age, stage of puberty, ethnicity, rurality and living in urban area, as risk factors in Iranian girls. As a part of a large national study we evaluated the emotional and behavioral problems in different stages of puberty in a community sample of Iranian adolescent girls from public schools that were selected by clustered random sampling method. In all subjects, demographic characteristics, and pubertal stages were measured. Emotional and behavioral problems were evaluated using Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The associations of age, pubertal development indices, socioeconomic and demographic factors with the behavioral problems were assessed. A total number of 4576 students enrolled the study and responded to the questions. The mean age of participants was 13.83±2.19 years. The mean total score of difficulties in participants was 14.34±5.81. According to these results 813 (17.8%) adolescents had total problem scores higher than Goodman's cutoff points and the most frequent problem domain was conduct problems (20.5%). According to the results the most related variable with the total difficulty score of SDQ were ethnicity, residency in urban areas and development of menstrual cycle respectively. The results of this study showed that the most correlated factors with mental health problems in Iranian girls during puberty are ethnicity, urbanity and development of menstrual cycle.

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to mutations in the gene encoding 21-hydroxilase is one of common disease with an autosomal recessive form. In this study, our aim is to detect the prevalence of eight common mutations in nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH). Materials and Methods: A total of 30 patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of NCAH was selected. Gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) without contamination of pseudogene was carried out, and PCR product of this step was used to amplification-refractory mutation system PCR on eight common mutations in CYP21A2 gene. Results: Two heterozygote patients for I2G mutation and six heterozygote patients for Q318X mutation is reported in our study. These mutations associated with the classic form of CAH, and heterozygotes presented with NC symptom, including premature pubarche and hirsutism. Conclusion: There are some data about the association of the mutation with the clinical form of CAH including classic (salt-wasting and simple virilizing) and NC form. I2G and Q318X mutations were reported in classic form in homozygote state, but the heterozygote form associated with NC form. CAH diagnosis with NC symptom and with measurement of 17-hydroxyprogestrone as NCAH is not a trusted assessment and require to molecular analysis for accurate diagnosis.

The present paper is to look at the works of Allameh Mohammad Taghi Ja'fari (RA) (1923 - 1998); who is regarded as one of the most prominent thinkers and intellectuals of Iran's scientific legacy[t1] , in a different way from the prevailing European views and tries to constitute a systematic framework of his attitudes on the issue of the relationship between structure and agency. This enterprise has been recognized as one of the most important issues in the field of sociology mainly arguable in the realm of social ontology. In this paper, by referring to his works it is initially tried to explore, articulate and develop Allameh Ja'fari's views and thoughts and then with a comprehensive outlook to all of his works it is attempted to infer sociological implications relating to this issue. Finally his precise theory would be explained by gathering its components which seems to be disseminated in Ja'fari's works. This research has a descriptive-analytical approach. It seems that Ja'fari has a dualist view to the issue of structure and agency. This means that his remarks do not entail any general rule about all structures and all agencies. He believes that every person is brought into existence with a preliminary nature and outside the chain of deterministic causes. In one hand, these basic features can bring a unique identity for each person and grant him/her an independent personality. On the other hand, people as social actors do not grow in a vacuum, but after the birth, will be affected by natural and environmental factors, pre-formed social structures and even particular instincts and his/her natural self. The type of individual life and how to deal with these influential sources determine the supremacy of the action or the supremacy of social structures.