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Namık Kemal 19. yüzyılda yaşamış ve kendisinden sonra gelen pek çok kişiyi etkilemiş yazar, şair, münekkit, gazeteci, tarihçi ve devlet adamıdır. Klasik Türk edebiyatında Ehl-i Beyt’e kıymet verilip saygı gösterilerek onlarla ilgili pek çok eser vücuda getirilmiştir. Kendisinden önce ve kendi döneminde pek çok sanatçıda olduğu gibi Ehl-i Beyt kavramı ve bu kavram içinde yer alan kişi ve unsurları şiirlerinde ele alanlardan biri de Namık Kemal’dir. Şair divanında eski geleneğe uyarak onlara kıymet verip onları aşk derecesinde sever. Şiirlerinde Ehl-i Beyt ile ilgili bir hayli unsura rastlamak mümkündür. Şiirlerinde Hz. Mevlana, Hz. Şah-ı Nakşibend ve Alevilik Bektaşilik ile ilgili övgü dolu sözler bulunmasına rağmen sanatçının herhangi bir tarikata intisap ettiğine dair elde herhangi bir delil bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte onun şiirlerinde Hz. Ali ve evlatlarına olan muhabbet yani Ehl-i Beyt ile ilgili hususları yoğun olarak kullandığı görülür. Al-i Aba veya Ehl-i Beyt olarak bilinen Hz. Muhammed, Hz. Ali, Hz. Fatıma, Hz. Hasan ve Hz. Hüseyin’in Namık Kemal’in şiirlerinde ne şekilde ele alındığı şiirlerinden örnekler verilerek incelenmeye çalışılacaktır., Namık Kemal is a writer, poet, critic, journalist, historian and statesman who lived in the 19th century and influenced many people who came after him. In classical Turkish literatüre Ehl-i Beyt was valued and many works related to them were created. Namık Kemal is one of those who deal with the concept of Ehl-i Beyt and the people and elements included in this concept in his poems, as was the case with many artists before him and in his own period. In his divan the poet following the old tradition, values them and loves them at the level of love. In his poems, it is possible to come across many elements related to Ehl-i Beyt. In his poems, Hz. Mevlana, Although there are praiseworthy words about Shah-ı Nakşibend and Alevism Bektashism, there is no evidence that the artist joined any sect. However, in his poems, Hz. Matters related to his love for Ali and his children, that is the Ehl-i Beyt are used extensively. Known as Al-i Aba or Ehl-i Beyt, Hz. Mohammed, Hz. Ali, Hz. Fatima, Hz. Hasan and he will be tried to examine how Hz. Hüseyin is handled in Namık Kemal’s poems by giving examples from his poems.

Subduction of oceanic lithosphere is a diagnostic characteristic of plate tectonics. However, the geodynamic processes from initiation to termination of subduction zones remain enigmatic mainly due to the scarcity of appropriate rock records. We report the first discovery of early Paleozoic boninitic blueschists and associated greenschists from the eastern Proto-Tethyan North Qilian orogenic belt, northeastern Tibet, which have geochemical affinities that are typical of forearc boninites and island arc basalts, respectively. The boninitic protoliths of the blueschists record intra-oceanic subduction initiation at ca. 492–488 Ma in the eastern North Qilian arc/forearc–backarc system, whereas peak blueschist facies metamorphism reflects subsequent subduction of the arc/forearc complex to high pressure at ca. 455 Ma. These relations therefore record the life circle of an intra-oceanic subduction zone within the northeastern Proto-Tethys Ocean. The geodynamic evolution provides an early Paleozoic analogue of the early development of the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc and its later subduction beneath the extant Japanese arc margin. This finding highlights the important role of subduction of former upper plate island arc/forearcs in reducing the likelihood of preservation of initial subduction-related rock records in ancient orogenic belts.

In the US, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) monitors the financial institutions which sell financial products and services to consumers. CFPB ensures that the consumers of financial products receive transparent and competitive services from financial institutions. The chapter contributes to the literature on state-run consumer protection organizations. The CFPB complaint database is used to analyze the performance of CFPB and to find some real-world behaviors of financial institutions from the perceptions of financial consumers. The weaknesses of CFPB are discussed in light of the current social, political, and economic changes happening in the USA. Results show that predatory behaviour is more dominant in non-banking credit and lending institutions. During COVID-19, the people took benefit of others' misery by engaging in manipulative fraud-for-profit schemes. Overall, despite creating awareness, CFPB was not so successful in getting relief for the customer.

Ultramafic massifs are minor but meaningful components of orogens because they record the mantle properties and the processes of plate generation, subduction, accretion, and collision, thus providing key information about crust-mantle interaction processes and the evolution of orogens. Here, we present an integrated study of field observations, whole-rock and mineral geochemistry, zircon U-Pb ages, and whole-rock Sm-Nd and Re-Os isotopes for serpentinized harzburgites and olivine pyroxenites from the Paleoproterozoic Shuiyuesi mélange belt, North Kongling Complex, to constrain the tectonic evolution of the Yangtze craton, South China. The serpentinized harzburgites are characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREEs) and negative εNd(t) (−4.3 to −3.9) values, but they have high olivine Mg# (91.7−93.1) and very low Re contents (

Researchers on the biographies of the figures of the National Struggle make great contributions to the understanding of the period and the National Struggle. As a matter of fact, when the biographies are not known, the incidents could not be recognized properly. Colonel Galatali Şevket Bey is an indispensable figure for understanding the period; he was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress, an organiser and a successful soldier. He was involved in the establishment of the Karakol Society, the symbol of the resistance in Istanbul and its surroundings after the Mudros Armistice Agreement and regarded among the founders of this association. He exerted all his strength to the people seeking to pass to Anatolia in a safe manner as well as dispatching firearms and ammunition to Anatolia. Additionally, he performed a duty as a commander at the Mediterranean Strait Fortified Area Command and he became a key man to contact between the Committee of Representation and Istanbul. He carried out these duties till the occupation of Istanbul officially [March 16, 1920]. Following the occupation, he was arrested by the British officers and exiled to Malta. This study covers the life of Colonel Şevket Bey and was aimed to contribute to the National Struggle period within the scope of biographical information., Millî Mücadele dönemi şahsiyetlerinin biyografileri üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, devrin ve mücadelenin anlaşılmasına ciddî katkılar sağlamaktadır. Nitekim biyografiler bilinemediğinde hadiselerin layıkıyla anlaşılması da mümkün olmaz. Miralay Galatalı Şevket Bey de dönem açısından böyle bir şahsiyettir; İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti üyesi, teşkilatçı ve başarılı bir askerdir. Mondros Mütarekesi sonrası İstanbul ve çevresinde direnişin sembolü haline gelen Karakol Cemiyetinin kurucuları arasında yer almış; gerek Anadolu’ya geçmek isteyen şahsiyetlerin güvenli bir şekilde geçirilmeleri, gerekse de Anadolu’ya silah ve cephane sevki gibi hususlarda ciddî gayret sarf etmiştir. İlaveten, resmî bir vazife olarak Bahr-i Sefid Müstahkem Mevkii Kumandanlığında bulunmuş, Heyet-i Temsiliye ile İstanbul arasında irtibatı sağlayan kilit kişi konumunda olmuştur. İstanbul’un resmî işgaline [16 Mart 1920] kadar bu vazifelerini yerine getiren Şevket Bey, işgal sonrası tutuklanarak İngilizler tarafından Malta adasına sürgün edilmiştir. Miralay Şevket Bey’in hayatını konu edinen bu çalışma, Millî Mücadele dönemine biyografik katkı yapmayı amaçlamaktadır.

The tour guiding profession was much abused in the past while illegal guiding took place, and remains much the same nowadays. With the use of official documents, this paper outlines issues concerning illegal tour guiding from the past to the present. Document analysis as a qualitative research method was applied in this study. Archival research was carried out, and unpublished documents were analysed to contribute to the literature and shed light on the roots of illegal tour guiding. Archival data was combined with travel guidebooks, official reports, and court files. Despite regulations, problems concerning tour guiding continue to exist to the present day. More than ever before, illegal tour guides employed by travel agencies have become a threat to the employment of licenced guides. The number of illegal tour guides proves that current measures remain incapable of prohibiting illegal guiding activities. Touting seems to be the longstanding main motivation for illegal guides. Unethical guiding practices affect the established image of the destination country. From a historical perspective and underlining issues such as touting through unpublished archived documents and official reports, this paper contributes a detailed understanding of the defective points concerning the travel industry.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effect of fear sentiment with a novel data set on Bitcoin’s (BTC) return, volatility and transaction volume. The authors divide the sample into two subperiods to capture the changing dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The authors retrieve the novel fear sentiment data from Thomson Reuters MarketPsych Indices (TRMI). The authors denote the subperiods as pre- and post-COVID-19 considering January 13, 2020, when the first COVID-19 confirmed case was reported outside China. The authors use bivariate vector autoregressive models given below with lag-length k, to investigate the dynamics between BTC variables and fear sentiment. Findings BTC market measures have dissimilar dynamics before and after the Coronavirus outbreak. The results reveal that due to the excessive uncertainty led by the outbreak, an increase in fear sentiment negatively affects the BTC returns more persistently and significantly. For the post-COVID-19 period, an increase in fear also results in more fluctuations in transaction volume while its initial and cumulative effects are both negative. Due to extreme uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, investors may trade more aggressively in the initial phases of the shock. Practical implications The authors are convinced that the results in this paper have more far-reaching implications for other markets regulated by the states. BTC provides a natural benchmark to understand how fear sentiment drives and impacts the markets isolated from any interventions. Hence, the results show that in the absence of regulatory frameworks, market dynamics are likely to be more volatile and the fear sentiment has more persistent impacts. The authors also highlight the importance of using micro, asset-specific sentiment measures to capture market dynamics better. Originality/value BTC is not associated with any regulatory authority and is not produced by the governments and central banks. COVID-19 as a natural experiment provides an opportunity to explore the pure effects of market sentiment on BTC considering its decentralized and unregulated features. The paper has two main contributions. First, the authors use BTC-specific fear sentiment novel data set of TRMI instead of more general market sentiments used in the existing studies. Next, this is the first study to examine the association between fear and BTC before and after COVID-19.

Cratons, defined by their resistance to deformation, are guardians of crustal and lithospheric material over billion-year time scales. Archean and Proterozoic rocks can be found in many places on earth, but not all of them represent cratonic areas. Some of these old terrains, inappropriately termed “cratons” by some, have been parts of mobile belts and have experienced widespread deformations in response to mantle-plume-generated thermal weakening, uplift and consequent extension and/or various plate boundary deformations well into the Phanerozoic. It is a common misconception that cratons consist only of metamorphosed crystalline rocks at their surface, as shown by the indiscriminate designation of them by many as “shields.” Our compilation shows that this conviction is not completely true. Some recent models argue that craton formation results from crustal thickening caused by shortening and subsequent removal of the upper crust by erosion. This process would expose a high-grade metamorphic crust at the surface, but greenschist-grade metamorphic rocks and even unmetamorphosed supracrustal sedimentary rocks are widespread on some cratonic surfaces today, showing that craton formation does not require total removal of the upper crust. Instead, the granulitization of the roots of arcs may have been responsible for weighing down the collided and thickened pieces and keeping their top surfaces usually near sea level. In this study, we review the nature and origin of cratons on four well-studied examples. The Superior Province (the Canadian Shield), the Barberton Mountain (Kaapvaal province, South Africa), and the Yilgarn province (Western Australia) show the diversity of rocks with different origin and metamorphic degree at their surface. These fairly extensive examples are chosen because they are typical. It would have been impractical to review the entire extant cratonic surfaces on earth today. We chose the inappropriately named North China “Craton” to discuss the requirements to be classified as a craton.

We report a spatially and temporally linked arc magmatic association of 2.55–2.50 Ga mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-affinity gabbros, arc-affinity basalts, high-Mg basalts/basaltic andesites (HMBA), Nb-enriched basalts (NEB), and a tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG)-like granodiorite from the Dengfeng greenstone belt (DFGB), North China Craton. These are identical to arc magmatic rock suites from hot subduction in the present plate mosaic, and resemble suites formed during subduction initiation. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry zircon U-Pb dating indicates that gabbros and granodiorites intruded at ca. 2.55 Ga and the HMBAs formed at ca. 2.50 Ga, indicating a long duration of subduction zone magmatic activity of at least 50 m.y. in the DFGB. The gabbros are characterized by flat light-rare earth element (LREE) patterns without negative Nb and Zr anomalies, showing a MORB-like geochemical affinity. Combined with previously reported normal-MORB-type basalts, we suggest that they may represent magmatic products during intraoceanic subduction initiation where their mantle source was slightly metasomatized by subduction-derived fluids during the initiation stage. The arc-affinity basalts are characterized by slightly enriched LREE patterns with negative Nb and Zr anomalies. The HMBAs have higher contents of MgO, Ni, and Cr and display more fractionated rare earth element (REE) patterns and large negative Nb and Zr anomalies than the arc-affinity basalts. The NEBs are characterized by high absolute contents of Nb (9.9–14 ppm) and high ratios of Nb/Laprimitive mantle (pm) (0.40–0.46) and Nb/Thpm (0.44–0.54), and moderately fractionated REE and minor negative Nb anomalies with no Zr anomalies. One granodiorite sample is characterized by a highly fractionated REE pattern and negative Nb and Zr anomalies. Geochemical modeling suggests that the association of the normal arc-affinity basalt (NAB)-HMBA-NEB can be interpreted to be generated by hybridization of mantle wedge peridotites by slab-derived TTG-like melts. Positive values of whole-rock εNd (t) and zircon εHf (t) of the 2.55–2.50 Ga magmatic associations are consistent with a long-term depleted mantle source for the mafic assemblage. The 2.55–2.50 Ga magmatic association from MORB-affinity gabbros and basalts to arc-affinity NAB-HMBA-NEB may record a continuous Neoarchean geodynamic process from intraoceanic subduction initiation to mature arc magmatism. The NAB-HMBA-NEB association with regional sanukitoids and high-Al TTGs indicates that hot subduction may have played an important role in the production of arc-related magmatism during the Archean.

Classification of rocks is one of the basic parts of geological research and is a difficult task due to the heterogeneous properties of rocks. This process is time consuming and requires sufficiently knowledgeable and experienced specialists in the field of petrography. This paper has a novelty in classifying plutonic rock types for the first time using thin section images; and proposes an approach that uses the deep learning method for automatic classification of 12 types of plutonic rocks. Convolutional neural network based DenseNet121, which is one of the deep learning architectures, is used to extract the features from thin section images of rocks; and the classification process is carried out with a single layer fully connected neural network. The deep learning model is trained and tested on 2400 images. AUC, accuracy, precision, recall and f1-score are used as performance measure. The proposed approach classifies plutonic rock images on the test set with an average accuracy of 97.52% and a maximum of 98.19%. Thus, the applied deep transfer learning is promising in geosciences and can be used to identify rock types quickly and accurately.

PurposeThis study aims to measure economic uncertainty in Turkey by a novel economic uncertainty index (EUI) employing principal component analysis (PCA). We assess the impact of Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey with our constructed uncertainty index.Design/methodology/approachIn order to obtain the EUI, this study employs a dimension reduction method of PCA using 14 macroeconomic indicators that spans from January 2011 to July 2020. The first principal component is picked as a proxy for the economic uncertainty in Turkey which explains 52% of total variation in entire sample. In the second part of our analysis, with our constructed EUI we conduct a structural vector autoregressions (SVAR) analysis simulating the Covid-19-induced uncertainty shock to the real economy.FindingsOur EUI sensitively detects important economic/political events in Turkey as well as Covid-19-induced uncertainty rising to extremely high levels during the outbreak. Our SVAR results imply a significant decline in economic activity and in the sub-indices as well. Namely, industrial production drops immediately by 8.2% and cumulative loss over 8 months will be 15% on average. The losses in the capital and intermediate goods are estimated to be 18 and 25% respectively. Forecast error variance decomposition results imply that uncertainty shocks preserve its explanatory power in the long run, and intermediate goods production is more vulnerable to uncertainty shocks than overall industrial production and capital goods production.Practical implicationsThe results indicate that monetary and fiscal policy should aim to decrease uncertainty during Covid-19. Moreover, since investment expenditures are affected severely during the outbreak, policymakers should impose investment subsidies.Originality/valueThis is the first study constructing a novel EUI which sensitively captures the critical economic/political events in Turkey. Moreover, we assess the impact of Covid-19-driven uncertainty on Turkish Economy with a SVAR model.

PurposeThe authors investigate the impact of governance on the leverage of East Asian firms in the financial crisis context, in order to understand the puzzle whether debt acts as a substitute for governance or an outcome of the governance mechanism.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use 86,030 firm-years and the country-level governance data from eight East Asian countries over the period 1996–2017. The authors employ the fixed effects (FE) model, in the main analysis and the weighted least squares model, as a robustness check in order to compare the two competing hypotheses of agency theory, substitute and outcome models.FindingsThe authors’ results show that debt acts as a substitute for governance before the GFC, but during and after the GFC the picture changes. Namely, debt acts as an outcome of the governance mechanism during the GFC and its aftermath. Since during financial downturns both agency costs increase, and information asymmetry widens, firms in poor-governed countries may be reluctant to increase their leverage in order not to face financial distress and additional restrictions. Thus, the results imply that the use of debt as a tool to mitigate agency conflicts and a substitute for governance strongly depends on the environment that the firms operate and the general macroeconomic conditions, such as facing a financial crisis or not.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides an interesting case of the firms' capacity to raise money during a crisis and that governance plays an important role in borrowing activities of firms. This will undoubtedly help motivating owners and policymakers for improving governance. The authors’ findings may be useful for policymakers to develop policies considering the adverse effects caused by exogenous shocks. This is crucial because the severity of GFC as a shock seems to change the macro and institutional environment that firms operate. While the authors properly address the research hypotheses using country governance data, future research may employ corporate governance data to attain firm-level results by testing two competing hypotheses.Originality/valueThere are several important areas where this study makes original contributions. First, while Tsoy and Heshmati (2019) focus on the dynamics of capital structure for only Korean firms, the authors extend the sample including eight East Asian countries considering the impact of country governance on capital structure policy. Specifically, this study is the first in using the robust country governance data, which differs by country and year, in the crisis context. Next, the authors investigate both the AFC and GFC to compare whether these two crises have different effects on capital structure policy of East Asian firms. Finally, the authors aim to understand whether leverage is used as a substitute for governance or an outcome of governance mechanism considering recessions.

We investigate the change in adjustment speed of debt maturity for East Asian firms between 1990 and 2017 by including two exogenous shocks: the Asian Financial Crisis 1997-1998 (AFC) and the Global Financial Crisis 2007-2009 (GFC). We employ the least square dummy variable correction and find that East Asian firms have a slower adjustment of long-term debt over time. Besides, the decrease in adjustment speed of long-term debt after the GFC is more compared to the decrease after the AFC. Further analysis shows the optimal debt maturity differs across countries and industries. Another important implication of our results is that firms in high governance countries are more likely to close the gap between the actual and target debt maturity in time. Overall, debt holders and investors should consider financial uncertainties. © 2021 Ege Universitesi. All rights reserved.

In this study, efficient deep transfer learning models are proposed to classify six types of volcanic rocks, and this paper has a novelty in classifying volcanic rock types for the first time using thin section images. Convolutional neural network-based DenseNet121 and ResNet50 networks, which are transfer learning methods, are used to extract the features from thin section images of rocks, and the classification process is carried out with a single-layer fully connected neural network. The proposed models are trained and tested on 1200 thin section images using four different optimizers (Adadelta, ADAM, RMSprop, SGD). AUC, accuracy, precision, recall and f1-score are used as performance metrics. Proposed models are run 10 times for each optimizer. DenseNet121 classifies volcanic rock types using RMSprop with an average accuracy of 99.50% and a maximum of 100.00%, and ResNet50 classifies using ADAM with an average accuracy of 98.80% and a maximum of 99.72%. Thus, the applied deep transfer learning is promising in geosciences and can be used to identify rock types quickly and accurately.

The West Junggar orogen, located in the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), preserves an abundant record of tectonic processes associated with the evolution of the Junggar Ocean. In this study, we use detrital zircon U-Pb age data from Ordovician to Carboniferous sandstones in the southern and central West Junggar domains, complemented by literature data, to better constrain the tectonic evolution of the southwestern CAOB. The Kekeshayi, Qiargaye, and Laba formations in the southern West Junggar domain were deposited during the Darriwilian-Sandbian, Katian-Aeronian, and Homerian-Emsian, respectively. Detrital zircon provenances of these formations display a marked shift from the southern West Junggar domain to the Paleo-Kazakhstan Continent (PKC). This suggests that the southern West Junggar intra-oceanic arc might have gradually accreted to the northern margin of the PKC prior to the Emsian, which has significantly contributed to the lateral growth of the PKC. The Carboniferous strata, Xibeikulasi, Baogutu, and Tailegula formations, in the central West Junggar domain represent a coherent sequence of volcaniclastic turbidites and were deposited in a progressively shrinking remnant oceanic basin during the Visean to Moscovian. They contain unimodal detrital zircon distributions and are derived from the local and coeval magmatic rocks in the central West Junggar domain. We propose that the final closure of the Junggar Ocean likely occurred in the end of the Late Carboniferous in response to regional amalgamation events in the southwestern CAOB, which marks the final assembly of the Kazakhstan Orocline. The central and southern West Junggar domains underwent individual evolution in the Paleozoic, and were recombined by the significant intra-continental reworking along the large-scale strike-slip faults.

Türkiye, bulunduğu coğrafi ve jeolojik konumundan dolayı doğal afetlerden önemli ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Deprem, heyelan ve taşkından sonra en çok etkilenilen afet türü kaya düşmeleridir. Bu afet türünden korunmak için çeşitli önlem yöntemleri kullanılabilir. Bu yöntemlerin seçiminde ve projelendirilmesinde kaya düşmesi analizlerinin yapılması gerekmektedir. Rockyfor3D (RF3D) kaya düşmesi analizlerinde kullanılan başarılı bir yazılımdır. Ancak, veri hazırlama süreçleri çok karmaşıktır. CBS (Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi) bilgisi gerektirir ve uzun zaman alır. Bu çalışmada, RF3D yazılımı için veri hazırlama süreçlerini otomatik olarak yapan bir araç oluşturulmuş ve kaya düşmesi analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu araç Python programlama dili ile oluşturulup ArcGIS yazılımına entegre edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın uygulaması, Sivas il merkezinin batısında yer alan Kavak köyünde yapılmıştır. Düşmesi muhtemel kaya bloklarının kinetik enerji değerleri, zıplama yükseklikleri ve ulaşma mesafeleri gibi özellikleri başarıyla hesaplanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar kaya düşmesi önlem projelerinde, yer seçimi çalışmalarında, tehlike ve risk değerlendirme çalışmalarında kullanılabilir ve böylece karar vericiler tarafından daha doğru kararlar verilebilir. Turkey is significantly affected by natural disasters due to its geographical and geological location. After the earthquake, landslide and flooding, the most adverse type of disaster is rockfall. A number of methods can be used to prevent this type of disaster. Rockfall analyzes should be carried out to select and project such mitigation methods. Rockyfor3D (RF3D) is a successful software used in rockfall analysis. However, data preparation processes are complicated. It requires GIS (Geographic Information System) knowledge and preparation processes take a long time. In this study, a tool was created to prepare data for Rockyfor3D (RF3D) software and rockfall analyses were executed. This tool was designed with Python scripting and integrated into ArcGIS. The proposed methodology was applied for the Kavak region in the west of Sivas city. Kinetic energy and bounce height values as well as runout distances of blocks that have tendency to fall were successfully calculated. The data preparation process required by the software was performed automatically and quickly using the tool prepared in this study. These results can be used in rockfall mitigation projects, site selection studies, hazard and risk assessment studies, and so, more accurate decisions can be made by decision-makers.

Turkey is highly prone to landslides because of the geological and geographic location. The study area, which is located in a tectonically active region, has been significantly affected by mass movements. Flow type landslides are frequently observed due to this location. This study aims at determining the source area and propagation of debris flows in the study area. We used the heuristic method to extract source areas of debris flow, and then used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to assess the performance of the method, and finally calculated the Area under curve (AUC) values being 83.64% and 80.39% for the success rate and prediction rate, respectively. We calculated potential propagation area and runout distance with Flow-R software. In conclusion, the obtained results (susceptibility map, propagation and runout distance) are very important for decision-makers at the region located on an active fault zone, which is highly prone to natural disasters. The outputs of this study could be used in site selection studies, designing erosion prevention systems and protecting existing human-made structures.

Temsil ve risk paylaşımı problemleri büyük firmalarda sahiplik ve kontrolün ayrılmış olmasından dolayı, müvekkil (sahipler) ve vekil (yöneticiler) arasında çıkar çatışması olduğunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu problemler temel olarak bilgi asimetrisinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu da müvekkil için vekalet maliyeti ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Halihazırdaki önemli teorilerden biri olan Vekil Teorisi vekalet ilişkilerindeki maliyetleri minimize etmeye odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma müvekkil-vekil ilişkilerini daha iyi anlamak için, kurumsal finans alanındaki hissedar-yönetici ve tahvil sahibi-hissedar ilişkilerine odaklanarak, müvekkil-vekil ilişkilerini kritik bir şekilde değerlendirmektedir.

Recognition of accretionary tectonics in ancient orogenic collages is important for reconstructing the long-term subduction, accretion, and erosional history of fossil convergent margins, and for understanding crustal growth and supercontinent assembly. The North Qilian orogenic belt (NQOB), located between the Alxa block and the Central Qilian–Qaidam block in northeastern Tibet, is a typical Phanerozoic accretionary-to-collisional orogenic belt that represents the termination of the northern branch of the Proto-Tethys Ocean. It contains two subparallel ophiolitic belts, arcs, and subduction complexes; the ophiolitic rocks in the northern belt have generally been considered to have formed in a back-arc setting. However, the subduction-accretion-collision history, subduction polarity, and timing of closure of the back-arc ocean remain equivocal. To address these problems, we conducted detailed field, structural, and geochronological investigations of the Laohushan ophiolite–accretionary complex and related sedimentary rocks in the eastern NQOB. The Laohushan Complex is divisible into (1) a northern sedimentary forearc, and a supra-subduction zone-type ultramafic-mafic forearc (ca. 450 Ma) composed of serpentinized harzburgite, gabbro, basalt, and plagiogranite; and (2) a southern accretionary complex, which consists of relatively coherent basalt-chert-mudstone ocean plate stratigraphy that is structurally repeated many times, trench-fill turbidites, mélanges, and widespread thrust imbricates and duplexes, block-in-matrix and asymmetric structures. Kinematic analysis indicates that the accretionary complex underwent southward thrusting and shearing; coupled with the spatial architecture of the different tectonic units, which suggests northward subduction beneath the northern forearc on the southern margin of the Alxa block. Detrital zircon ages of forearc clastic sandstones, pelagic mudstones, trench-fill turbidites, and the matrix of mélanges, together with the zircon ages of igneous ophiolitic rocks and post-accretionary intrusions, indicate that the terminal accretion and tectonic stacking of the Laohushan subduction complex was between ca. 447 and 430 Ma. We propose a geodynamic model involving back-arc basin opening (ca. 517–449 Ma), intra-oceanic subduction-accretion (ca. 449–430 Ma), and final obduction of the northern forearc to account for the evolutionary processes of the North Qilian back-arc basin. The anatomy of the forearc ophiolite and structurally lower accretionary complex indicates the complicated origins and mechanism of emplacement of the ophiolitic rocks. Field-based reconstruction of accretionary complexes and upper plate ophiolites, together with provenance analysis of related sedimentary sequences, provide crucial constraints on the prolonged evolution of paleo-ocean basins and accretionary-to-collisional orogens.

One of the most important events of the 2nd Constitutional period, the March 31 Incident, was completely suppressed after the Movement Army took control of the city and the Yıldız Palace after walking from Istanbul to Thessaloniki. Subsequently, Sultan Abdulhamid II was “related” to the incident and was exiled to Thessaloniki.When it came to the Armistice period, the Movement Army has been allegedly raided by the Yıldız Palace in the process of taking it under control. Opponents of the Committee of Union and Progress have accused members of the Union and Movement Army of looting the Yıldız Palace, seizing money and valuables in it. These accusations, perhaps which were voiced after the end of 1909, was highlighted since October 1918, when the Unionists were forced to abandon their power. Because after the Union and Progress left the power, the Unionists began to be regarded as a relentless "enemy" of the state and the nation.. Thus, during the Armistice period, the judgments against the Unionists, which were considered to be responsible of every evil, were initiated. One of the accusations against the Unionist in this process was the allegations of 1909 Yıldız Palace Looting. Thus, the claims of looting became the subject of litigation. In the consequence of the judgment carried out by the 1st Customary Court Martial in the chairmanship of Nemrut Mustafa Pasha, and many people including Landed Proprietor member Ferik Hüseyin Hüsnü, Galip and Riza Pashas were expelled from the military profession on the grounds of “looting” and they have been sentenced to various kinds of punishment.In this study, in the light of archive resources, newspapers and memories, the dimensions of the claims of Yıldız Palace looting after the dethronement of Abdulhamid will be discussed. In addition, it will focus on the judgments and punishment over the allegations of looting during the Armistice period., II. Meşrutiyet döneminin en mühim hadiselerinden biri olan 31 Mart Vak‘ası, Hareket Ordusu’nun Selanik’ten İstanbul’a yürüyüşünün akabinde, şehri ve Yıldız Sarayı’nı kontrol altına almasıyla tamamen bastırıldı. Akabinde de Sultan II. Abdülhamid, hadise ile “ilişkilendirilerek” tahttan indirildi ve Selanik’e sürgün edildi.Mütareke dönemine gelindiğinde, Hareket Ordusu’nun Yıldız Sarayı’nın kontrol altına alması sürecinde Saray’ın yağmalandığı yönünde iddialar gündeme getirildi. İttihâd ve Terakki Cemiyeti muhalifleri, İttihâdçıları ve Hareket Ordusu mensuplarını, Yıldız’ı yağmalamak, Saray’daki para ve değerli eşyalara el koymakla itham ettiler. Belki 1909 sonrasında kısık seslerle dile getirilen bu ithamlar, İttihâdçıların iktidarı bırakmak zorunda kaldıkları Ekim 1918’den itibaren gür bir şekilde öne çıkarıldı. Zira İttihâd ve Terakki’nin iktidarı bırakması sonrasında İttihâdçılar, devlet ve milletin amansız bir “düşmanı” olarak telakki edilmeye başlanmışlardı. Nitekim Mütareke döneminde, her kötülüğün müsebbibi olarak değerlendirilen İttihâdçılara yönelik muhakemeler başlatıldı. Bu süreçte İttihâdçılara yöneltilen suçlamalardan biri de 1909 Yıldız yağması iddiaları idi. Nitekim yağma iddiaları da dava konusu haline getirildi Nemrut Mustafa Paşa riyasetindeki I. Divân-ı Harb-i Örfî tarafından gerçekleştirilen muhakeme neticesinde Ayan azası Ferik Hüseyin Hüsnü, Galip ve Rıza Paşaların da dâhil olduğu pek çok şahıs “yağmagerlik” yaptıkları gerekçesiyle askerlik mesleğinden ihraç edilerek çeşitli cezalara çarptırıldılar.Bu çalışmada; arşiv kaynakları, gazete ve hatıralar ışığında, Abdülhamid’in hal‘i sonrasında Yıldız Sarayı’na yönelik yağma iddialarının boyutlarının ele alınmasına çalışılacaktır. İlaveten, Mütareke dönemindeki yağma iddiaları üzerine gerçekleştirilen muhakeme ve cezalandırmalar üzerinde durulacaktır.

We investigate how governance and the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) affect cash management. Assessing 169,916 firm-years in 26 developing Asian countries, our empirical results show that firms in good (poor) governance countries tend to hold more cash before (after) the GFC. In particular, the outcome effect of governance on cash holdings in the pre-crisis and crisis periods shifts to a substitution effect for governance in the post-crisis period in developing Asia.

Detailed field observations indicate that Neoarchean S-type granites were emplaced along and (or) proximal to some terrane (tectonic) boundary zones in the western Superior Province, southeastern Manitoba. These S-type granites are characterized by the presence of at least one diagnostic indicator mineral, such as sillimanite, cordierite, muscovite, garnet, and tourmaline. They are medium- to high-K calc-alkaline, moderately to strongly peraluminous (ANKC >1.1), and contain >1% CIPW normative corundum. Compared with more voluminous, older I-type granitoids in tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite suites in the region, the S-type granites occur as relatively small intrusions and have high (SiO2 >72 wt.%) contents with a small silica range (SiO2 = 72.2–81.2 wt.%), but a large range of Zr/Hf (17.1–43.8) and Nb/Ta (0.3–16.0) ratios. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the S-type granites were derived from partial melting of heterogeneous sedimentary rocks deposited as synorogenic flysch that underwent burial and crustal thickening during terrane collision. Although the S-type granites display geochemical variations in individual and between different plutons, their low Sr (

High-K granitoids are among the most abundant rock types in many Archean cratons. Late Neoarchean monzogranitic to syenogranitic gneisses with high-K affinities are widely distributed in the Anshan, Suizhong, Qinhuangdao, and Aolaishan areas on the northeastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). In this contribution, we present an integrated study of zircon U–Pb–Hf–O isotopic compositions and whole-rock elemental compositions of amphibolites and trondhjemitic and monzo–syenogranitic gneisses of the Jinzhou area in the metamorphic basement of eastern Hebei–western Liaoning, with the aim of constraining their petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. Emplacement ages of the amphibolites and trondhjemitic–monzogranitic gneisses are 2543 ± 27, 2532 ± 19, and 2513 ± 7 Ma, respectively. The amphibolites are tholeiitic in composition with SiO2 contents of 49.7–50.8 wt%, variable degrees of light rare-earth-element (LREE) enrichment and high-field-strength element (HFSE) depletion, and high zircon eHf(t) values of +2.6 to +6.3, suggesting a depleted lithospheric mantle origin. The major- and trace-element compositions of the trondhjemitic gneisses are similar to those of the low-pressure tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) suite. The zircon Hf (eHf(t) = +1.6 to +3.9) and O (δ18O = +3.76‰ to +5.73‰) isotopic compositions of the trondhjemitic gneisses indicate a juvenile basaltic source at the base of a thickened magmatic arc. The monzogranitic gneisses differ from their TTG counterparts in that they have lower SiO2 and higher MgO, K2O, and incompatible-element (especially Ba, Th, Sr, P, and LREE) contents. They also have slightly evolved zircon eHf(t) values (+0.6 to +3.8) and higher δ18O values (+4.69‰ to +6.13‰). These features suggest that the monzogranitic gneisses represent sanukitoid-type rocks, with a mantle source modified by crust-derived melts. The weakly deformed syenogranitic gneisses are characterized by high SiO2 and K2O, and very low MgO, Cr, and Ni contents, suggesting that they were formed by partial melting of local TTG rocks. Our results, together with those of previous investigations, suggest that the 2554–2513 Ma low- to high-K magmatism in the Jinzhou area most likely originated in an arc–back-arc tectonic setting on the northern margin of the NCC. The large volumes of high-K granitoids in eastern Hebei–western Liaoning are related to extensive mantle–crust interactions and crustal reworking in such a setting.