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1. Rapid prototyping of a polymer MEMS droplet dispenser by laser-assisted 3D printing

Author

Rémi Courson, Oleksii Bratash, Ali Maziz, Cloé Desmet, Ricardo Alvarado Meza, Loïc Leroy, Elodie Engel, Arnaud Buhot, Laurent Malaquin, and Thierry Leïchlé

Subjects
Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040
Abstract

Abstract In this work, we introduce a polymer version of a previously developed silicon MEMS drop deposition tool for surface functionalization that consists of a microcantilever integrating an open fluidic channel and a reservoir. The device is fabricated by laser stereolithography, which offers the advantages of low-cost and fast prototyping. Additionally, thanks to the ability to process multiple materials, a magnetic base is incorporated into the cantilever for convenient handling and attachment to the holder of a robotized stage used for spotting. Droplets with diameters ranging from ∼50 µm to ∼300 µm are printed upon direct contact of the cantilever tip with the surface to pattern. Liquid loading is achieved by fully immersing the cantilever into a reservoir drop, where a single load results in the deposition of more than 200 droplets. The influences of the size and shape of the cantilever tip and the reservoir on the printing outcome are studied. As a proof-of-concept of the biofunctionalization capability of this 3D printed droplet dispenser, microarrays of oligonucleotides and antibodies displaying high specificity and no cross-contamination are fabricated, and droplets are deposited at the tip of an optical fiber bundle.

Published
2023
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2. Scalable batch fabrication of ultrathin flexible neural probes using a bioresorbable silk layer

Author

Clement Cointe, Adrian Laborde, Lionel G. Nowak, Dina N. Arvanitis, David Bourrier, Christian Bergaud, and Ali Maziz

Subjects
Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040
Abstract

Abstract Flexible intracerebral probes for neural recording and electrical stimulation have been the focus of many research works to achieve better compliance with the surrounding tissue while minimizing rejection. Strategies have been explored to find the best way to insert flexible probes into the brain while maintaining their flexibility once positioned. Here, we present a novel and versatile scalable batch fabrication approach to deliver ultrathin and flexible probes consisting of a silk-parylene bilayer. The biodegradable silk layer, whose degradation time is programmable, provides a temporary and programmable stiffener to allow the insertion of ultrathin parylene-based flexible devices. Our innovative and robust batch fabrication technology allows complete freedom over probe design in terms of materials, size, shape, and thickness. We demonstrate successful ex vivo insertion of the probe with acute high-fidelity recordings of epileptic seizures in field potentials as well as single-unit action potentials in mouse brain slices. Our novel technological solution for implanting ultraflexible devices in the brain while minimizing rejection risks shows high potential for use in both brain research and clinical therapies.

Published
2022
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3. Progress in conducting polymers for biointerfacing and biorecognition applications

Author

Ali Maziz, Erdoğan Özgür, Christian Bergaud, and Lokman Uzun

Subjects
Conductive polymers, Neural interface, Molecularly imprinted polymers, Mechanotransduction, Tissue engineering, Instruments and machines, QA71-90
Abstract

Conducting polymers are an exciting class of organic electronic materials, which have attracted an increasing interest in the fields of bioelectronics and their biomedical applications. Their unique features such as mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, good biocompatibility, as well as mechanical softness make them favored candidates for an effective conduit between the worlds of electronics and biology. In addition, the facile synthesis, simple functionalization, and ability to electronically control a range of physical and chemical properties of these materials has enabled considerable development for biorecognition and biosensors devices. In this review, we have turned our attention to recent progress in the tailoring of the conducting polymers functionalities, focusing especially on neural interfaces, molecularly imprinted conducting polymers for biorecognition and bioactive scaffolds for mechanotransduction in living cells.

Published
2021
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4. Nanofibrous PEDOT-Carbon Composite on Flexible Probes for Soft Neural Interfacing

Author

Venkata Suresh Vajrala, Valentin Saunier, Lionel G. Nowak, Emmanuel Flahaut, Christian Bergaud, and Ali Maziz

Subjects
PEDOT-Carbon, carbon nanofibers, porous composite, flexible neural interfaces, electrophysiological recording, neural stimulation, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65
Abstract

In this study, we report a flexible implantable 4-channel microelectrode probe coated with highly porous and robust nanocomposite of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) as a solid doping template for high-performance in vivo neuronal recording and stimulation. A simple yet well-controlled deposition strategy was developed via in situ electrochemical polymerization technique to create a porous network of PEDOT and CNFs on a flexible 4-channel gold microelectrode probe. Different morphological and electrochemical characterizations showed that they exhibit remarkable and superior electrochemical properties, yielding microelectrodes combining high surface area, low impedance (16.8 ± 2 MΩ µm2 at 1 kHz) and elevated charge injection capabilities (7.6 ± 1.3 mC/cm2) that exceed those of pure and composite PEDOT layers. In addition, the PEDOT-CNF composite electrode exhibited extended biphasic charge cycle endurance and excellent performance under accelerated lifetime testing, resulting in a negligible physical delamination and/or degradation for long periods of electrical stimulation. In vitro testing on mouse brain slices showed that they can record spontaneous oscillatory field potentials as well as single-unit action potentials and allow to safely deliver electrical stimulation for evoking field potentials. The combined superior electrical properties, durability and 3D microstructure topology of the PEDOT-CNF composite electrodes demonstrate outstanding potential for developing future neural surface interfacing applications.

Published
2021
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5. Microelectrodes from PEDOT-carbon nanofiber composite for high performance neural recording, stimulation and neurochemical sensing

Author

Valentin Saunier, Emmanuel Flahaut, Marie-Charline Blatché, Christian Bergaud, and Ali Maziz

Subjects
Electrochemical synthesis of PEDOT:CNF composite on microelectrodes arrays, Science
Abstract

This present method describes a versatile approach for the electrochemical synthesis of a composite material of Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) for neural interfaces and biosensing applications. Oxidized CNFs were utilized as dopants of PEDOT to prepare the composite coating through electrochemical deposition on microelectrodes arrays (MEA). The experimental results of this study showed that PEDOT:CNF microelectrodes exhibit remarkable electrochemical properties, combining low impedance, high surface area, high charge injection capability and reliable neurotransmitters monitoring using amperometric techniques. Taken together, these results suggest the great potential of PEDOT:CNF composite for developing next-generation multifunctional microelectrodes for applications in neural therapies. • A simple approach for the electrochemical synthesis of PEDOT:CNF composite material on microelectrodes for neural interfaces and neurochemical sensing. • PEDOT:CNF microelectrodes exhibit remarkable electrochemical properties, combining low impedance and high charge injection capabilities. • PEDOT:CNF microelectrodes allowed the reliable detection of neurotransmitters with improved sensitivity.

Published
2020
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6. Multiplexed Remote SPR Detection of Biological Interactions through Optical Fiber Bundles

Author

Cloé Desmet, Karim Vindas, Ricardo Alvarado Meza, Patrick Garrigue, Silvia Voci, Neso Sojic, Ali Maziz, Rémi Courson, Laurent Malaquin, Thierry Leichle, Arnaud Buhot, Yoann Roupioz, Loic Leroy, and Elodie Engel

Subjects
optical fiber, biosensor, surface plasmon resonance, spr, label-free, multiplexed detection, biomolecular detection, functionalization, microstructuration, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
Abstract

The development of sensitive methods for in situ detection of biomarkers is a real challenge to bring medical diagnosis a step forward. The proof-of-concept of a remote multiplexed biomolecular interaction detection through a plasmonic optical fiber bundle is demonstrated here. The strategy relies on a fiber optic biosensor designed from a 300 µm diameter bundle composed of 6000 individual optical fibers. When appropriately etched and metallized, each optical fiber exhibits specific plasmonic properties. The surface plasmon resonance phenomenon occurring at the surface of each fiber enables to measure biomolecular interactions, through the changes of the retro-reflected light intensity due to light/plasmon coupling variations. The functionalization of the microstructured bundle by multiple protein probes was performed using new polymeric 3D-printed microcantilevers. Such soft cantilevers allow for immobilizing the probes in micro spots, without damaging the optical microstructures nor the gold layer. We show here the potential of this device to perform the multiplexed detection of two different antibodies with limits of detection down to a few tenths of nanomoles per liter. This tool, adapted for multiparametric, real-time, and label free monitoring is minimally invasive and could then provide a useful platform for in vivo targeted molecular analysis.

Published
2020
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8. Hollow ring-like flexible electrode architecture enabling subcellular multi-directional neural interfacing

Author

Venkata Suresh Vajrala, Kamil Elkhoury, Sophie Pautot, Christian Bergaud, and Ali Maziz

Subjects
Electrochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Biophysics, General Medicine, Biotechnology
Abstract

Implantable neural microelectrodes for recording and stimulating neural activity are critical for research in neuroscience and clinical neuroprosthetic applications. A current need exists for developing new technological solutions for obtaining highly selective and stealthy electrodes that provide reliable neural integration and maintain neuronal viability. This paper reports a novel Hollow Ring-like type electrode to sense and/or stimulate neural activity from three-dimensional neural networks. Due to its unique design, the ring electrode architecture enables easy and reliable access of the electrode to three-dimensional neural networks with reduced pressure on the biological tissue, while providing improved electrical interface with cells. The Hollow ring electrodes, particularly when coated with the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS, show improved electrical properties with extremely low impedance and high charge injection capabilities, when compared to traditional planar disk-type electrodes. The ring design also serves as an optimal architecture for cell gowth to create an optimal subcellular electrical– neural interface. In addition, we demonstrated that the quality of recorded neural signals by the ring electrode was higher than recordings from a traditional disk-type electrode in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and burst detection from 3D neuronal networksin vitro. Overall, our results suggest the great potential of the hollow ring design for developing next-generation microelectrodes for applications in neural interfaces used in physiological studies and neuromodulation applications.

Published
2022
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9. A Top-Down Fabrication Approach For Delivering Implantable and Ultrathin Flexible Brain Probes

Author

Clement Cointe, Asma Eddarir, Dina N Arvanitis, Christian Bergaud, Ali Maziz, Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Subjects
[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology
Abstract

International audience; For long-term performance, chronically implanted brain probes need to be further reduced in size with a low mechanical mismatch to meet that of the surrounding neural tissue. However, the fabrication of these complaint devices has brought up insertion issues due to the lack of rigidity that brings additional complications in assembling and surgery. To address this challenge, this paper reports a novel and versatile batch fabrication approach to deliver ultra-thin and flexible penetrating probes utilizing biodegradable and programmable sacrificial layers. The innovative and yet robust batch fabrication technology allows complete design freedom of the neural probe in terms of materials, size, shape and stiffness. These results provide a novel technological solution for implanting flexible and ultrathin devices, which possesses great potential for brain research.

Published
2022
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10. Scalable Batch Fabrication of Ultrathin Flexible Neural Probes using Bioresorbable Silk Layer

Author

David Bourrier, Clement Cointe, Ali Maziz, Adrian Laborde, Christian Bergaud, Lionel G. Nowak, Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Service Techniques et Équipements Appliqués à la Microélectronique (LAAS-TEAM), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Flexibility (engineering), Computer science, Brain research, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Brain tissue, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0302 clinical medicine, SILK, Parylene, chemistry, Scalability, Batch fabrication, 0210 nano-technology, Layer (electronics), 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Flexible deep brain probes have been the focus of many research works and aims at achieving better compliance with the surrounding brain tissue while maintaining minimal rejection. Strategies have been explored to find the best way to implant a flexible probe in the brain, while maintaining its flexibility once positioned in the cortex. Here, we present a novel and versatile scalable batch fabrication approach to deliver ultra-thin and flexible penetrating neural probe consisting of a silk-parylene bilayer. The biodegradable silk layer provides a temporary and programmable stiffener to ensure ease of insertion of the ultrathin parylene-based flexible devices. The innovative and yet robust batch fabrication technology allows complete design freedom of the neural probe in terms of materials, size, shape and thickness. These results provide a novel technological solution for implanting ultra-flexible and ultrathin devices, which possesses great potential for brain research.

Published
2021

11. Nanofibrous PEDOT-Carbon Composite on Flexible Probes for Soft Neural Interfacing

Author

Ali Maziz, Valentin Saunier, Lionel G. Nowak, Christian Bergaud, Emmanuel Flahaut, Venkata Suresh Vajrala, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux (CIRIMAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), This project was financially supported by the CNRS ('Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique') and the ANR ('Agence Nationale pour la Recherche', project 3D-Brain (ANR-19-CE19-0002-01).The technological realisations and associated research works were 486 partly supported by the French RENATECH network., ANR-19-CE19-0002,3-DBrain,Développement d'électrodes implantables multidimensionnelles pour la détection électrochimique de biomarqueurs des troubles du cerveau(2019), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP)

Subjects
porous composite, electrophysiological recording, Histology, Materials science, Matériaux, Composite number, Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Electrochemistry, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Carbon nanofibers, PEDOT:PSS, Electrophysiologicalrecording, neural stimulation, Original Research, Nanocomposite, Porous composite, Flexible neural interfaces, business.industry, Carbon nanofiber, Delamination, Bioengineering and Biotechnology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Microstructure, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Microelectrode, Electrophysiological recording, Electrode, carbon nanofibers, Optoelectronics, PEDOT-Carbon, flexible neural interfaces, Neural stimulation, 0210 nano-technology, business, TP248.13-248.65, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Biotechnology
Abstract

In this study, we report a flexible implantable 4-channel microelectrode probe coated with highly porous and robust nanocomposite of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) as a solid doping template for high-performance in vivo neuronal recording and stimulation. A simple yet well-controlled deposition strategy was developed via in situ electrochemical polymerization technique to create a porous network of PEDOT and CNFs on a flexible 4-channel gold microelectrode probe. Different morphological and electrochemical characterizations showed that they exhibit remarkable and superior electrochemical properties, yielding microelectrodes combining high surface area, low impedance (16.8 ± 2 MΩ µm2 at 1 kHz) and elevated charge injection capabilities (7.6 ± 1.3 mC/cm2) that exceed those of pure and composite PEDOT layers. In addition, the PEDOT-CNF composite electrode exhibited extended biphasic charge cycle endurance and excellent performance under accelerated lifetime testing, resulting in a negligible physical delamination and/or degradation for long periods of electrical stimulation. In vitro testing on mouse brain slices showed that they can record spontaneous oscillatory field potentials as well as single-unit action potentials and allow to safely deliver electrical stimulation for evoking field potentials. The combined superior electrical properties, durability and 3D microstructure topology of the PEDOT-CNF composite electrodes demonstrate outstanding potential for developing future neural surface interfacing applications.

Published
2021
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12. Carbon Nanofiber/PEDOT Based Macro-porous Composite For High Performance Multifunctional Neural Microelectrode

Author

Venkata Suresh Vajrala, Christian Bergaud, Ali Maziz, Emmanuel Flahaut, Lionel G. Nowak, Valentin Saunier, Nowak, Lionel, Développement d'implants Cérébraux Stables sur le Long Terme - - NeuroMeddle2015 - ANR-15-CE19-0006 - AAPG2015 - VALID, Développement d'électrodes implantables multidimensionnelles pour la détection électrochimique de biomarqueurs des troubles du cerveau - - 3-DBrain2019 - ANR-19-CE19-0002 - AAPG2019 - VALID, Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux (CIRIMAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), ANR-15-CE19-0006,NeuroMeddle,Développement d'implants Cérébraux Stables sur le Long Terme(2015), ANR-19-CE19-0002,3-DBrain,Développement d'électrodes implantables multidimensionnelles pour la détection électrochimique de biomarqueurs des troubles du cerveau(2019), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO UMR5549), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Carbon nanofiber, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, 05 social sciences, [SDV.NEU.NB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Nanotechnology, Porous composite, [SPI.MAT] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Microelectrode, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], PEDOT:PSS, 0502 economics and business, Macro, 050207 economics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; Brain study methods mainly rely on neurochemical detection and electrophysiology, respectively studying the molecular dynamics and electrical activity in the brain cellular environment. The combined and simultaneous use of both study modes holds great promises for patients and researchers, in line with the treatment research but rely on multifunctional platforms (materials, devices, techniques...) still to be developed. Here, we present a new macro-porous composite material made up of PEDOT and carbon nanofibers (CNFs), coated on a flexible neural microelectrode array. A fully controlled one-shot electrodeposition strategy was developed to coat flexible Au-microelectrode surfaces with macro-porous CNF/PEDOT nanocomposite. The oxidized CNFs were used as a dopant and infused within the conductive PEDOT, electrochemically, in such a way that their excellent electronic, mechanical, chemical properties, and resulting combined performances can be exploited to yield better quality neural recordings, electrical stimulation and neurotransmitter detection.

Published
2021
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13. Microelectrodes from PEDOT-carbon nanofiber composite for high performance neural recording, stimulation and neurochemical sensing

Author

Christian Bergaud, Marie-Charline Blatché, Valentin Saunier, Ali Maziz, Emmanuel Flahaut, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux (CIRIMAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Service Instrumentation Conception Caractérisation (LAAS-I2C), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and ANR-19-CE19-0002,3-DBrain,Développement d'électrodes implantables multidimensionnelles pour la détection électrochimique de biomarqueurs des troubles du cerveau(2019)

Subjects
Materials science, CNF [PEDOT], Matériaux, Clinical Biochemistry, Composite number, Nanotechnology, 010501 environmental sciences, Electrochemistry, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 03 medical and health sciences, PEDOT:PSS, Carbon nanofibers, PEDOT:CNF, Electrochemical sensing, Electrochemical synthesis of PEDOT:CNF composite on microelectrodes arrays, lcsh:Science, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 0303 health sciences, Dopant, Carbon nanofiber, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Method Article, Amperometry, Medical Laboratory Technology, Microelectrode, Electrical stimulation, lcsh:Q, Neural interfaces, Biosensor, Microelectrodes
Abstract

This present method describes a versatile approach for the electrochemical synthesis of a composite material of Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) for neural interfaces and biosensing applications. Oxidized CNFs were utilized as dopants of PEDOT to prepare the composite coating through electrochemical deposition on microelectrodes arrays (MEA). The experimental results of this study showed that PEDOT:CNF microelectrodes exhibit remarkable electrochemical properties, combining low impedance, high surface area, high charge injection capability and reliable neurotransmitters monitoring using amperometric techniques. Taken together, these results suggest the great potential of PEDOT:CNF composite for developing next-generation multifunctional microelectrodes for applications in neural therapies.•A simple approach for the electrochemical synthesis of PEDOT:CNF composite material on microelectrodes for neural interfaces and neurochemical sensing.•PEDOT:CNF microelectrodes exhibit remarkable electrochemical properties, combining low impedance and high charge injection capabilities.•PEDOT:CNF microelectrodes allowed the reliable detection of neurotransmitters with improved sensitivity., Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

Published
2020
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14. Wireless Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence at a Bipolar Microelectrode in a Solid-State Micropore

Author

Alexander Kuhn, Fabien Mesnilgrente, Thierry Leichle, Thierry Livache, Loïc Leroy, Abdulghani Ismail, Aurélie Bouchet-Spinelli, Silvia Voci, Ali Maziz, Neso Sojic, Pascal Mailley, Lucile Reynaud, Arnaud Buhot, Pascale Pham, Jing Yu, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie pour la Reconnaissance et l’Etude d’Assemblages Biologiques (CREAB ), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Département Interfaces pour l'énergie, la Santé et l'Environnement (DIESE), Département Microtechnologies pour la Biologie et la Santé (DTBS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Service Techniques et Équipements Appliqués à la Microélectronique (LAAS-TEAM), Aryballe Technologies, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), and ANR-17-EURE-0003,CBH-EUR-GS,CBH-EUR-GS(2017)

Subjects
Materials science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Solid-state, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Microporous material, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Microelectrode, Materials Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Electrochemiluminescence, Bipolar electrochemistry, 0210 nano-technology, [CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other
Abstract

International audience; The combination of bipolar electrochemistry (BE), as a wireless electrochemical approach, and of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as an imaging readout is a successful strategy with a wide range of analytical applications. However, small conductive entities such as micrometric and nanometric objects are particularly difficult to polarize by BE since they require extremely high electric fields. In order to circumvent this issue due to intrinsic limitations of BE, we elaborated a solid-state micropore, decorated with a rhombus-shaped gold microelectrode. The electric field strength was concentrated inside the solid-state micropore where the conductive gold microelectrode was precisely located and acted as a bipolar light-emitting device. This original configuration allowed achieving adequate polarization of the gold microelectrode in a wireless manner, which led locally to ECL emission. ECL imaging shows that light was generated by the bipolar microelectrode in the center of the micropore. ECL emission could be achieved by imposing a potential value (10 V) to the feeder electrodes that is more than 2 orders of magnitude lower than those required without the micropore. The reported ECL approach opens exciting perspectives for the development of original wireless bioanalytical applications and dynamic bipolar experiments with small objects passing through the pores.

Published
2020
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15. Carbon nanofiber-PEDOT composite films as novel microelectrode for neural interfaces and biosensing

Author

Ali Maziz, Emmanuel Flahaut, Valentin Saunier, Marie-Charline Blatché, Christian Bergaud, Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux (CIRIMAT), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Service Instrumentation Conception Caractérisation (LAAS-I2C), ANR-19-CE19-0002,3-DBrain,Développement d'électrodes implantables multidimensionnelles pour la détection électrochimique de biomarqueurs des troubles du cerveau(2019), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)

Subjects
Materials science, Polymers, Matériaux, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Composite number, Biomedical Engineering, Biophysics, Nanofibers, CNF -Microelectrodes [PEDOT], Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Biosensing Techniques, 01 natural sciences, Nanomaterials, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], PEDOT:PSS, Carbon nanofibers, PEDOT:CNF, Electrochemical sensing, Electrochemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Carbon nanofiber, 010401 analytical chemistry, General Medicine, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic, Amperometry, Carbon, 0104 chemical sciences, Microelectrode, Electrical stimulation, Electrode, 0210 nano-technology, Neural interfaces, Biosensor, Microelectrodes, Biotechnology
Abstract

International audience; A clear need exists for novel nanostructured materials that are capable to meet the performance criteria of a number of neuronal therapies including neural recording, stimulation and sensing of bioactive molecules at the electrode-tissue interface. By combining Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), with Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs), we demonstrate a versatile approach for the synthesis of a novel composite material PEDOT:CNF with remarkable electrochemical properties, combining low impedance, high surface area, high charge injection capability and reliable neurotransmitters monitoring using amperometric techniques. The oxidized CNFs were utilized as dopants of PEDOT to prepare the composite coatings through electrochemical deposition on neural microelectrodes arrays (MEA). The PEDOT:CNF modified microelectrodes demonstrated the low specific impedance of 1.28 MΩ μm2 at 1 kHz and results in unrivalled charge injection limit of 10.03 mC/cm2 when compared to other reported organic electrode nanomaterials. Furthermore, amperometric detection performances were determined for the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, exhibiting linear concentration range from 0.1 to 9 μM and from 0.06 to 9 μM respectively, high sensitivities (44.54 pA/nM.μm2 and 71.08 pA/nM.μm2, respectively) and low detection limits (0.045 μM and 0.056 μM, respectively). Cell viability was investigated on PEDOT:CNF coated microelectrodes to show that the composite material does not advocate any cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results suggest the great potential of PEDOT:CNF composite for developing next-generation multifunctional microelectrodes for applications in neural therapies.

Published
2020
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16. Recording local field potential and neuronal activity with tetrodes in epileptic patients

Author

Leila Reddy, Simon J. Thorpe, Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Christian Bergaud, Luc Valton, Jean-Christophe Sol, Lionel G. Nowak, Jean-Albert Lotterie, Elodie Despouy, Martin Deudon, Ali Maziz, Jonathan Curot, Marie Denuelle, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DIXI Medical, Pôle Neurosciences [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center (ToNIC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Service Neurochirurgie [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Pôle imagerie médicale [CHU Toulouse], Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Neurons, Materials science, Epilepsy, General Neuroscience, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Action Potentials, Local field potential, Intracranial eeg, Electrodes, Implanted, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Spike sorting, Seizures, Electrode, Premovement neuronal activity, Humans, Depth electrode, Electrodes, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

International audience; Background: Recordings with tetrodes have proven to be more effective in isolating single neuron spiking activity than with single microwires. However, tetrodes have never been used in humans. We report on the characteristics, safety, compatibility with clinical intracranial recordings in epileptic patients, and performance, of a new type of hybrid electrode equipped with tetrodes. New Method: 240 standard clinical macroelectrodes and 102 hybrid electrodes were implanted in 28 patients. Hybrids (diameter 800 µm) are made of 6 or 9 macro-contacts and 2 or 3 tetrodes (diameter 70-80 µm). Results: No clinical complication or adverse event was associated with the hybrids. Impedance and noise of recordings were stable over time. The design enabled multiscale spatial analyses that revealed physiopathological events which were sometimes specific to one tetrode, but could not be recorded on the macro-contacts. After spike sorting, the single-unit yield was similar to other hybrid electrodes and was sometimes as high as > 10 neurons per tetrode. Comparison with Existing Method(s): This new hybrid electrode has a smaller diameter than other available hybrid electrodes. It provides novel spatial information due to the configuration of the tetrodes. The single-unit yield appears promising. Conclusions: This new hybrid electrode is safe, easy to use, and works satisfactorily for conducting multi-scale seizure and physiological analyses.

Published
2019
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17. Enhanced Bipolar Electrochemistry at Solid-State Micropores: Demonstration by Wireless Electrochemiluminescence Imaging

Author

Aurélie Bouchet-Spinelli, Alexander Kuhn, Ali Maziz, Neso Sojic, Silvia Voci, Thierry Livache, Pascale Pham, Pascal Mailley, Abdulghani Ismail, Arnaud Buhot, Lucie Descamps, Thierry Leichle, Loïc Leroy, Chimie pour la Reconnaissance et l’Etude d’Assemblages Biologiques (CREAB), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), ANR-17-EURE-0003,CBH-EUR-GS,CBH-EUR-GS(2017), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
Silicon, business.industry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Microfluidics, chemistry.chemical_element, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Planar, chemistry, Electrode, Bipolar electrochemistry, Optoelectronics, Electrochemiluminescence, Polarization (electrochemistry), business, [CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other, Electrical conductor
Abstract

International audience; Bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) is a powerful method based on the wireless polarization of a conductive object that induces the asymmetric electroactivity at its two extremities. A key physical limitation of BPE is the size of the conductive object because the shorter the object, the larger is the potential necessary for sufficient polarization. Micrometric and nanometric objects are thus extremely difficult to address by BPE due to the very high potentials required, in the order of tens of kV or more. Herein, the synergetic actions of BPE and of planar micropores integrated in a microfluidic device lead to the spatial confinement of the potential drop at the level of the solid-state micropore, and thus to a locally enhanced polarization of a bipolar electrode. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is emitted in half of the electroactive micropore and reveals the asymmetric polarization in this spatial restriction. Micrometric deoxidized silicon electrodes located in the micropore are polarized at a very low potential (7 V), which is more than 2 orders of magnitude lower compared to the classic bipolar configurations. This behavior is intrinsically associated with the unique properties of the micropores, where the sharp potential drop is focused. The presented approach offers exciting perspectives for BPE of micro/nano-objects, such as dynamic BPE with objects passing through the pores or wireless ECL-emitting micropores.

Published
2019
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18. Synergetic PEDOT degradation during a reactive ion etching process

Author

Caroline Soyer, Alexandre Khaldi, Frédéric Vidal, Ali Maziz, Cédric Plesse, Eric Cattan, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Matériaux et Acoustiques pour MIcro et NAno systèmes intégrés - IEMN (MAMINA - IEMN), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)

Subjects
Materials science, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], PEDOT:PSS, Etching (microfabrication), Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Interpenetrating polymer network, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Reactive-ion etching, Instrumentation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, chemistry.chemical_classification, Microelectromechanical systems, Metals and Alloys, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Flexible electronics, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Dry etching, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Conjugated polymer etching is a key step in the integration of electro-chemical devices into microsystems, and one of the most important challenges for this type of material is to achieve fast etching with commercially available equipment. Conjugated polymer electrochemical devices are promising as they are used in different devices such as OLED, sensors, supercapacitors and actuators. The recent emergence of conducting interpenetrating polymer network actuators (IPN) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has allowed operation frequencies of over 1 kHz to be attained, thus pushing the limits of the conjugated polymer technology. The plasma dry etching step of these PEDOT-based active mechanical devices, with high etching rates of around 2 μm min−1, enables the production of these electrochemomechanical devices. To understand the high etching rate of these materials a systematic study of the chemical degradation mechanism of each polymer has been carried on. From the analysis of the etching of all the polymer actuator components, a chemical self-degradation mechanism is proposed to explain the surprisingly high etching rate obtained for PEDOT based materials. Finally, to conclude this study, the usefulness of this fast etching is demonstrated with the operation of standalone micro-beam actuators.

Published
2016
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19. Tuning the properties of silk fibroin biomaterial via chemical cross-linking

Author

Christian Bergaud, Olivier Leprette, Louisa Boyer, Charline Blatché, Ali Maziz, Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Service Instrumentation Conception Caractérisation (LAAS-I2C), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
Materials science, Biomaterial, Fibroin, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Photoresist, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, SILK, Drug delivery, Ultimate tensile strength, Nanometre, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, Photoinitiator, General Nursing
Abstract

International audience; Protein-based biomaterials with innovative and controlled performance are being sought due to their unique characteristics for use in biomedical fields such as neural implants, drug delivery systems, cell-based therapies and soft tissue engineering. Here, we present a versatile approach for the synthesis of photo-crosslinkable fibroin silk biomaterial with highly tunable mechanical, chemical and biodegradation properties. Unlike the crystalline rich silk fibroin reported previously, the covalently cross-linked fibroin protein photoresist (FPP) via controlled light-induced radical grafting, allows generating a new amorphous biomaterial with tunable properties. It appears that the use of photo-reactive acrylate groups to cross-link FPP induces plasticity that can be tuned by changing the photoinitiator concentration of the film. Tensile strength measurements revealed that elasticity was higher for FPP UV-cross-linked materials with higher concentration of photoinitiator. FTIR and relative humidity measurements showed that hydrophilicity was higher for UV-cross-linked FPP. These materials display stiffness between 0.01–1.5 GPa and tensile strains up to 60%, covering a significant portion of the properties of native soft biomaterials. Besides, in vitro proteolytic degradation of the photocrosslinked FPP films demonstrate a tunable degradation rate over a period ranging from hours to weeks. Those biomaterials have been successfully micropatterned by photolithography techniques across several orders of magnitude (μm to cm) and a systematic study of direct patterning of the fibroin protein to form high fidelity and high-resolution structures has been reported. It was also shown that the fabricated protein features are well suited to cell adhesion. The development of protein-based material with controlled and tunable elasticity that can be easily photo-patterned into centimeter, micrometer and nanometer components will allow a wide range of applications in biomedical fields requesting a natural functional tissue.

Published
2018
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20. Top-down Approach for the Direct Synthesis, Patterning, and Operation of Artificial Micromuscles on Flexible Substrates

Author

Eric Cattan, Frédéric Vidal, Cédric Plesse, Ali Maziz, Caroline Soyer, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Matériaux et Acoustiques pour MIcro et NAno systèmes intégrés - IEMN (MAMINA - IEMN), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)

Subjects
Silicon, Materials science, Polymers, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Polyethylene Glycols, Polymerization, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Microactuator, Microsystem, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, chemistry.chemical_classification, Conductive polymer, Electric Conductivity, Polymer, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrical contacts, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Microtechnology, 0210 nano-technology, Layer (electronics), Low voltage
Abstract

International audience; Recent progress in the field of microsystems on flexible substrates raises the need for alternatives to the stiffness of classical actuation technologies. This paper reports a top-down process to microfabricate soft conducting polymer actuators on substrates on which they ultimately operate. The bending microactuators were fabricated by sequentially stacking layers using a layer polymerization by layer polymerization of conducting polymer electrodes and a solid polymer electrolyte. Standalone microbeams thinner than 10 μm were fabricated on SU-8 substrates associated with a bottom gold electrical contact. The operation of microactuators was demonstrated in air and at low voltage (±4 V).

Published
2016
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21. Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Blends for Electrochromic and Electrochemical Transistor Devices

Author

Nguyen Tien Son, Niclas Solin, Ali Maziz, Xuan Thang Trinh, Roger Gabrielsson, Olle Inganäs, Fatima Nadia Ajjan, Mikhail Vagin, Chiara Musumeci, and Erica Zeglio

Subjects
Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Doping, Transistor, Conductance, General Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Conjugated Polyelectrolytes, law.invention, Chemical engineering, law, Electrochromism, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Stoichiometry, Organic electrochemical transistor
Abstract

Two self-doped conjugated polyelectrolytes, having semiconducting and metallic behaviors, respectively, have been blended from aqueous solutions in order to produce materials with enhanced optical and electrical properties. The intimate blend of two anionic conjugated polyelectrolytes combine the electrical and optical properties of these, and can be tuned by blend stoichiometry. In situ conductance measurements have been done during doping of the blends, while UV–vis and EPR spectroelectrochemistry allowed the study of the nature of the involved redox species. We have constructed an accumulation/depletion mode organic electrochemical transistor whose characteristics can be tuned by balancing the stoichiometry of the active material.

Published
2015
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22. Actuating Textiles: Next Generation of Smart Textiles

Author

Ali Maziz, Nils-Krister Persson, Edwin Jager, Jose G. Martinez, and Yong Zhong

Subjects
Architectural engineering, Textil-, gummi- och polymermaterial, Materials science, Textile, Rubber and Polymeric Materials, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, knitted muscle, smart textiles, TATA, textile actuators, textuators, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 0104 chemical sciences, Interactivity, Mechanics of Materials, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Smart textiles have been around for some decades. Even if interactivity is central to most definitions, the emphasis so far has been on the stimuli/input side, comparatively little has been reported on the responsive/output part. This study discusses the actuating, mechanical, output side in what could be called a second generation of smart textiles-this in contrast to a first generation of smart textiles devoted to sensorics. This mini review looks at recent progress within the area of soft actuators and what from there that is of relevance for smart textiles. It is found that typically still forces exerted are small, so are strains for many of the actuators types (such as electroactive polymers) that could be considered for textile integration. On the other side, it is argued that for many classes of soft actuators-and, in the extension, soft robotics-textiles could play an important role. The potential of weaving for stress and knitting for strain amplification is shown. Textile processing enables effective production, as is analyzed. Textile systems are made showing automatic actuation asked for in stand-alone solutions. It is envisioned that soft exoskeletons could be an achievable goal for this second generation of smart textiles. Funding Agencies|Carl Trygger Foundation [CTS 12: 206]; Swedish Research Council [VR-2014-3079]; Smart Textiles Initiative, University of Boras

Published
2018
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23. Patterning highly conducting conjugated polymer electrodes for soft and flexible microelectrochemical devices

Author

Katarina Bengtsson, Ali Maziz, Daniel Filippini, Daniel Falk, Alexandre Khaldi, Edwin Jager, Nathaniel D. Robinson, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology [Linköping] (IFM), Linköping University (LIU), Département Optique (IMT Atlantique - OPT), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)

Subjects
soft Lithography, Materials science, Vapor phase polymerization, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Soft lithography, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, microfabrication, chemistry.chemical_classification, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Laser ablation, patterning, Polymer, Kemi, Conjugated Polymers actuators, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Microcontact printing, Electrode, Chemical Sciences, Printing, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator, Layer (electronics), Microfabrication
Abstract

There is a need for soft actuators in various biomedical applications in order to manipulate delicate objects such as cells and tissues. Soft actuators are able to adapt to any shape and limit the stress applied to delicate objects. Conjugated polymer actuators, especially in the so-called trilayer configuration, are interesting candidates for driving such micromanipulators. However, challenges involved in patterning the electrodes in a trilayer with individual contact have prevented further development of soft micromanipulators based on conjugated polymer actuators. To allow such patterning, two printing-based patterning techniques have been developed. First an oxidant layer is printed using either syringe-based printing or micro-contact printing, followed by vapor phase polymerization of the conjugated polymer. Sub-millimeter patterns with electronic conductivities of 800 Scm-1 are obtained. Next, laser ablation is used to cleanly cut the final device structures including the printed patterns, resulting in fingers with individually controllable digits and miniaturized hands. The methods presented in this paper will enable integration of patterned electrically active conjugated polymer layers in many types of complex 3-D structures. Funding agencies:This study was financially supported by Linköping University, COST Action MP1003 ESNAM (European Scientific Network for Artificial Muscles), the Swedish Research Council (VR – 2010-6672, 2014-3079, 2015-03298), the Knut & Alice Wallenberg Stiftelse (LiU-2010-00318 & LiU-2012- 01361), and the EU FP7 Marie Curie action IEF (625923 POLYACT)

Published
2018
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24. Lab on chip microdevices for cellular mechanotransduction in urothelial cells

Author

Ali Maziz, Katarina Hallén-Grufman, Na N. Guan, Edwin Jager, and Karl Svennersten

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, education.field_of_study, Chemistry, Population, Stimulation, Nanotechnology, Lab-on-a-chip, In vitro, law.invention, Cellular mechanotransduction, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, law, Biophysics, Mechanosensitive channels, education, Process (anatomy), Intracellular
Abstract

Cellular mechanotransduction is crucial for physiological function in the lower urinary tract. The bladder is highly dependent on the ability to sense and process mechanical inputs, illustrated by the regulated filling and voiding of the bladder. However, the mechanisms by which the bladder integrates mechanical inputs, such as intravesicular pressure, and controls the smooth muscles, remain unknown. To date no tools exist that satisfactorily mimic in vitro the dynamic micromechanical events initiated e.g. by an emerging inflammatory process or a growing tumour mass in the urinary tract. More specifically, there is a need for tools to study these events on a single cell level or in a small population of cells. We have developed a micromechanical stimulation chip that can apply physiologically relevant mechanical stimuli to single cells to study mechanosensitive cells in the urinary tract. The chips comprise arrays of microactuators based on the electroactive polymer polypyrrole (PPy). PPy offers unique possibilities and is a good candidate to provide such physiological mechanical stimulation, since it is driven at low voltages, is biocompatible, and can be microfabricated. The PPy microactuators can provide mechanical stimulation at different strains and/or strain rates to single cells or clusters of cells, including controls, all integrated on one single chip, without the need to preprepare the cells. This paper reports initial results on the mechano-response of urothelial cells using the micromechanical stimulation chips. We show that urothelial cells are viable on our microdevices and do respond with intracellular Ca2+ increase when subjected to a micro-mechanical stimulation.

Published
2016
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25. Correction to Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Blends for Electrochromic and Electrochemical Transistor Devices

Author

Niclas Solin, Roger Gabrielsson, Chiara Musumeci, Olle Inganäs, Mikhail Vagin, Ali Maziz, Erica Zeglio, Nguyen Tien Son, Xuan Thang Trinh, and Fatima Nadia Ajjan

Subjects
Conjugated polyelectrolyte, Materials science, Electrochromism, law, General Chemical Engineering, Transistor, Materials Chemistry, Nanotechnology, General Chemistry, Electrochemistry, law.invention
Published
2019
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26. Bottom-up microfabrication process for individually controlled conjugated polymer actuators

Author

Ali Maziz, Gursel Alici, Alexandre Khaldi, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Edwin Jager, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology [Linköping] (IFM), and Linköping University (LIU)

Subjects
Fabrication, Materials science, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Materials Chemistry, Electroactive polymers, Biologiska vetenskaper, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Instrumentation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Conductive polymer, chemistry.chemical_classification, Microelectromechanical systems, Metals and Alloys, Polymer, Biological Sciences, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Polypyrrole, Actuator, Solid polymer electrolyte, Electroactive polymer, Bottom up microfabrication, 0210 nano-technology, Layer (electronics), Microfabrication
Abstract

Handling of soft and fragile sub-millimeter sized samples such as cells and tissues requires new tools that allow delicate manipulation. Conducting polymer actuators show unique characteristics suitable to driving such manipulators, however despite their potential, the current fabrication method of the trilayer structures does not allow constructing advanced micromanipulators operating in air using this technology. Here we show a novel bottom-up microfabrication process for conjugated polymer trilayer actuators using various solid polymer electrolytes. In addition, the process design integrates contact pads, which has been an issue for small scale conducting polymer actuators. The microfabrication process starts with a patterned layer of conjugated polymer, followed by depositing a polymer electrolyte and a second patterning of the second conjugated polymer layer. The process resulted in successful fabrication of individually controllable conducting polymer trilayer actuators comprising polyvinylidenefluoride and poly( vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) membranes and showed good interfacial adhesion between the different layers in the final device. The polyvinylidenefluoride trilayer actuator showed good actuation capability. The developed bottom-up microfabrication method paves the way for the development of novel micromanipulation tools. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Funding Agencies|Linkoping University; EU FP7 Marie Curie action IEF [625923]; COST Action ESNAM (European Scientific Network for Artificial Muscles) [MP1003]; Swedish Research Council [VR-2010-6672, VR-2014-3079]; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Stiftelse [LiU-2010-00318, LiU-2012-01361, LiU-2014-01752]; Australian Research Council [CE14010012, DP110101073]; [COST-STSM-MP1003-8971]; [COST-STSM-MP1003-13878]; [COST-STSM-MP1003-16675]

Published
2016
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27. Conducting Polymers as EAPs: Microfabrication

Author

Ali Maziz, Edwin Jager, and Alexandre Khaldi

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Conductive polymer, Materials science, law, 0103 physical sciences, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Photolithography, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0210 nano-technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Microfabrication
Abstract

In this chapter, first some basic principles of photolithography and general microfabrication are introduced. These methods have been adapted to fit the microfabrication of conducting polymer actua ...

Published
2016
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28. Plasmonic Metasurfaces with Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Electronic Paper in Color

Author

Ali Maziz, Xinxin Yang, Andreas B. Dahlin, Kunli Xiong, Gustav Emilsson, Lei Shao, and Edwin Jager

Subjects
Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, Full color, Conjugated system, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, General Materials Science, Electronic paper, Annan elektroteknik och elektronik, Reflection (computer graphics), Plasmon, chemistry.chemical_classification, Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Response time, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Electrochromism, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

A flexible electronic paper in full color is realized by plasmonic metasurfaces with conjugated polymers. An ultrathin large-area electrochromic material is presented which provides high polarization-independent reflection, strong contrast, fast response time, and long-term stability. This technology opens up for new electronic readers and posters with ultralow power consumption. Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Chalmers Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Area of Advance

Published
2016

29. Micromechanical stimulation chips for studying mechanotransduction in micturition

Author

Karl Svennersten, Edwin Jager, Ali Maziz, and Katarina Hallén-Grufman

Subjects
Single chip, Mechanobiology, Materials science, Live cell imaging, Electroactive polymers, Nanotechnology, Mechanosensitive channels, Stimulation, Mechanotransduction, Chip, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

We have developed a micromechanical stimulation chip that can apply physiologically relevant mechanical stimuli to single cells to study mechanosensitive cells in the urinary tract. The chips comprise arrays of microactuators based on the electroactive polymer polypyrrole (PPy). PPy offers unique possibilities and is a good candidate to provide such physiological mechanical stimulation, since it is driven at low voltages, is biocompatible, and can be microfabricated. The PPy microactuators can provide mechanical stimulation at different strains and/or strain rates to single cells or clusters of cells, including controls, all integrated on one single chip, without the need to pre-prepare the cells. The chips allow for in situ stimulation during live imaging studies. The use of these devices will increase experimental quality and reduce the number of biological samples. These unique tools fill an important gap in presently available tools, since the chips provide array-based stimulation patterns and are easily integrated in existing cell biology equipment. These chips will generate a leap forward in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in mechanotransduction in cells that may lead to breakthroughs, for instance in therapies for urinary incontinence.

Published
2015
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30. Soft, flexible micromanipulators comprising polypyrrole trilayer microactuators

Author

Alexandre Khaldi, Edwin Jager, Ali Maziz, Gursel Alici, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology [Linköping] (IFM), and Linköping University (LIU)

Subjects
Electric motor, chemistry.chemical_classification, Textil-, gummi- och polymermaterial, Computer science, Pipette, Soft robotics, Textile, Rubber and Polymeric Materials, Nanotechnology, Polymer, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Minimal invasive surgery, Polypyrrole, Biocompatible material, Microactuator, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Tweezers, Miniaturization, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Actuator, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Microfabrication
Abstract

Within the areas of cell biology, biomedicine and minimal invasive surgery, there is a need for soft, flexible and dextrous biocompatible manipulators for handling biological objects, such as single cells and tissues. Present day technologies are based on simple suction using micropipettes for grasping objects. The micropipettes lack the possibility of accurate force control, nor are they soft and compliant and may thus cause damage to the cells or tissue. Other micromanipulators use conventional electric motors however the further miniaturization of electrical motors and their associated gear boxes and/or push/pull wires has reached its limits. Therefore there is an urgent need for new technologies for micromanipulation of soft biological matter. We are developing soft, flexible micromanipulators such as micro- tweezers for the handling and manipulation of biological species including cells and surgical tools for minimal invasive surgery. Our aim is to produce tools with minimal dimensions of 100 μm to 1 mm in size, which is 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than existing technology. We present newly developed patterning and microfabrication methods for polymer microactuators as well as the latest results to integrate these microactuators into easy to use manipulation tools. The outcomes of this study contribute to the realisation of low-foot print devices articulated with electroactive polymer actuators for which the physical interface with the power source has been a significant challenge limiting their application. Here, we present a new bottom-up microfabrication process. We show for the first time that such a bottom-up fabricated actuator performs a movement in air. This is a significant step towards widening the application areas of the soft microactuators.

Published
2015
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31. Soft linear electroactive polymer actuators based on polypyrrole

Author

Alexandre Khaldi, Edwin Jager, Ali Maziz, Nils-Krister Persson, and Linköping University (LIU)

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Conductive polymer, Textil-, gummi- och polymermaterial, Materials science, Soft robotics, Textile, Rubber and Polymeric Materials, Nanotechnology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, Polymer, Linear actuator, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polypyrrole, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Electroactive polymers, Artificial muscle, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

There is a growing demand for human-friendly robots that can interact and work closely with humans. Such robots need to be compliant, lightweight and equipped with silent and soft actuators. Electroactive polymers such as conducting polymers (CPs) are “smart” materials that deform in response to electrical simulation and are often addressed as artificial muscles due to their functional similarity with natural muscles. They offer unique possibilities and are perfect candidates for such actuators since they are lightweight, silent, and driven at low voltages. Most CP actuators are fabricated using electrochemical oxidative synthesis. We have developed new CP based fibres employing both vapour phase and liquid phase electrochemical synthesis. We will present the fabrication and characterisation of these fibres as well as their performance as linear actuators.

Published
2015
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32. High speed electromechanical response of ionic microactuators

Author

Eric Cattan, Caroline Soyer, Frédéric Vidal, Ali Maziz, Cédric Plesse, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Matériaux et Acoustiques pour MIcro et NAno systèmes intégrés - IEMN (MAMINA - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), BarCohen, Y, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Ecole Centrale de Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Ecole Centrale de Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Ecole Centrale de Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN)

Subjects
Microelectromechanical systems, Conductive polymer, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, conducting IPNs, fast ionic motion, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Microbeam, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], PEDOT:PSS, law, Microsystem, microactuators, Dry etching, Photolithography, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator, PEDOT, microsystems
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of thin and ultra-fast conducting polymer microactuators which can operate in the open air. Compared to all previous existing electronic conducting polymer based microactuators, this approach deals with the synthesis of robust interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) combined with a spincoating technique in order to tune and drastically reduce the thickness of conducting IPN microactuators using a so-called "trilayer" configuration. Patterning of electroactive materials has been performed with existing technologies, such as standard photolithography and dry etching. The smallest air-operating microbeam actuator based on conducting polymer is then described with dimensions as low as 160x30x6 mu m(3). Under electrical stimulation the translations of small ion motion into bending deformations are used as tools to demonstrate that small ion vibrations can still occur at frequency as several hundreds of Hz. Conducting IPN microactuators are then promising candidates to develop new MEMS combining downscaling, softness, low driving voltage, and fast response speed.

Published
2015
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33. Ionic electroactive polymer artificial muscles in space applications

Author

Veiko Vunder, Rauno Temmer, Janno Torop, Cédric Plesse, Indrek Must, Nicolas Festin, Karl Kruusamäe, Gordon G. Wallace, Inga Põldsalu, Anna-Liisa Peikolainen, Ali Maziz, Friedrich Kaasik, Urmas Johanson, Pille Rinne, Frédéric Vidal, Kwang J. Kim, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Gursel Alici, Takushi Sugino, Alvo Aabloo, Andres Punning, Tarmo Tamm, Kinji Asaka, Viljar Palmre, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Université Paris-Seine, Équipe Microsystèmes électromécaniques (LAAS-MEMS), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
Materials science, Extraterrestrial Environment, Service time, Earth, Planet, Polymers, Ultraviolet Rays, Ionic bonding, Article, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Electrolytes, Low earth orbit, Freezing, Materials Testing, Electroactive polymers, Humans, Composite material, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Multidisciplinary, Muscles, X-Rays, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Electrochemical Techniques, Equipment Design, Space Flight, Prolonged exposure, Equipment Failure Analysis, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Gamma Rays, Artificial muscle, Artificial Organs, Actuator, Cosmic Radiation, Space Simulation, Space environment
Abstract

A large-scale effort was carried out to test the performance of seven types of ionic electroactive polymer (IEAP) actuators in space-hazardous environmental factors in laboratory conditions. The results substantiate that the IEAP materials are tolerant to long-term freezing and vacuum environments as well as ionizing Gamma-, X-ray and UV radiation at the levels corresponding to low Earth orbit (LEO) conditions. The main aim of this material behaviour investigation is to understand and predict device service time for prolonged exposure to space environment.

Published
2014
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34. Truly solid state electrochromic devices constructed from polymeric ionic liquids as solid electrolytes and electrodes formulated by vapor phase polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene

Author

Cédric Plesse, Ali Maziz, Yakov S. Vygodskii, Pierre-Henri Aubert, Elena I. Lozinskaya, Frédéric Vidal, Denis O. Ponkratov, Alexander S. Shaplov, Petr S. Vlasov, A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), and Université Paris-Seine

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, Radical polymerization, Ionic bonding, Polymer, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Electrochromic devices, 7. Clean energy, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Polymerization, PEDOT:PSS, Ionic liquid, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Fast ion conductor, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Using polymeric ionic liquids, namely poly[1-(2-(2-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-3-methylimidazolium]bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or tetracyanoborate, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as an ion conductor and electrodes, respectively, the all-polymer-based thin-film symmetrical electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been constructed and tested. The proposed architecture serves as a prove of concept that polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) can be themselves used as solid electrolytes thus avoiding any electrolyte leakage since the ionic liquid species are grafted on the polymer backbone. Three different methods for the synthesis of PEDOT electrode films, including two new approaches consisted in vapor phase polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in the presence of ionic monomer and poly(ethylene glycol)(di)methacrylates, have been investigated. Two oxidants, Fe[(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N] 3 and Fe[(CN) 4 B] 3 , bearing the same anions as PILs were prepared for the first time and utilized in the vapor phase polymerization of EDOT. It was found that the more compact structure and the highest conductivity are achieved for PEDOT electrodes prepared by vapor phase polymerization of EDOT in the presence of ionic monomer and poly(ethylene glycol)(di)methacrylates, followed by radical polymerization of the latters. The simplicity of ECDs assembly, their fast switching times (3–5 s), high coloration efficiency (up to 430 cm 2 /C), satisfactory optical contrast (up to 28.5%), absence of any liquids and good performance in air and in vacuum were found among the advantages of the proposed technology.

Published
2014
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35. Demonstrating kHz frequency actuation for conducting polymer microactuators

Author

Eric Cattan, Claude Chevrot, Ali Maziz, Caroline Soyer, Frédéric Vidal, Dominique Teyssié, Cédric Plesse, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)

Subjects
Microelectromechanical systems, Materials science, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Microbeam, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Biomaterials, Micrometre, Microactuator, law, Electrochemistry, Dry etching, Photolithography, 0210 nano-technology, Low voltage, Microfabrication
Abstract

This paper reports results on ionic EAP micromuscles converting electrical into micromechanical response in open-air. Translation of small ion motion into large deformation in bending microactuator and its amplifi cation by fundamental resonant frequency are used as tools to demonstrate that small ion vibrations can still occur at frequency as high as 1000 Hz in electrochemical devices. These results are achieved through the microfabrication of ultrathin conducting polymer microactuators. First, the synthesis of robust interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) is combined with a spincoating technique in order to tune and drastically reduce the thickness of conducting IPN microactuators using a so-called "trilayer" confi guration. Patterning of electroactive materials as thin as 6 μm is demonstrated with existing technologies, such as standard photolithography and dry etching. Electrochemomechanical characterizations of the micrometer sized beams are presented and compared to existing model. Moreover, thanks to downscaling, large displacements under low voltage stimulation (±4 V) are reported at a frequency as high as 930 Hz corresponding to the fundamental eigenfrequency of the microbeam. Finally, conducting IPN microactuators are then presenting unprecedented combination of softness, low driving voltage, large displacement, and fast response speed, which are the keys for further development to develop new MEMS.

Published
2014
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36. Design and manufacturing of demonstrators based on ionic electroactive-polymer actuator

Author

Bentefrit, M., Fannir, A., Ali Maziz, Caroline Soyer, Plesse, C., ERIC CATTAN, Frédéric Vidal, IEMN, Collection, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine

Published
2014

37. Patterning innovative conducting interpenetrating polymer network by dry etching

Author

Ali Maziz, Frédéric Vidal, Cédric Plesse, Caroline Soyer, Alexandre Khaldi, Dominique Teyssié, Eric Cattan, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Plasma etching, chemicals, Nanotechnology, Polymer, actuators, plasmas, Natural rubber, chemistry, Etching (microfabrication), Microsystem, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, etching, Dry etching, Interpenetrating polymer network, Actuator, polymers, degradation
Abstract

Interpenetrating polymer networks, as biomimetic actuators, can become successful actuators in the field of microsystems providing they are compatible with micro-technologies. In this paper, we report a novel material synthesized from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polyethylene oxide)/nitrile butadiene rubber. The electroactive material is built as a pseudo trilayer and its lateral sides have been patterned using dry plasma etching at high etch rates and with vertical sidewalls. A chemical process and a "self-degradation" are proposed to explain such high etching rates. Preliminary actuation results show that micro-beams can move with very large displacements. These micro-sized actuators are potential candidates in numerous applications, including micro-switches, micro-valves, micro-optical instrumentation and micro-robotics.

Published
2014
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38. Robust solid polymer electrolyte for conducting IPN actuators

Author

Ali Maziz, Nicolas Festin, Cédric Plesse, Dominique Teyssié, Claude Chevrot, Frédéric Vidal, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), and CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)

Subjects
Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, Conductivity, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, PEDOT:PSS, Natural rubber, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Civil and Structural Engineering, chemistry.chemical_classification, Ethylene oxide, Dynamic mechanical analysis, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 0104 chemical sciences, Polymerization, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, visual_art, Signal Processing, visual_art.visual_art_medium, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) as first component and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as second component were synthesized and used as a solid polymer electrolyte film in the design of a mechanically robust conducting IPN actuator. IPN mechanical properties and morphologies were mainly investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis and transmission electron microscopy. For 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide (EMITFSI) swollen IPNs, conductivity values are close to 1 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 ° C. Conducting IPN actuators have been synthesized by chemical polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) within the PEO/NBR IPN. A pseudo-trilayer configuration has been obtained with PEO/NBR IPN sandwiched between two interpenetrated PEDOT electrodes. The robust conducting IPN actuators showed a free strain of 2.4% and a blocking force of 30 mN for a low applied potential of ±2 V.

Published
2013
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39. Conducting IPNs based self-standing and ultrathin microactuators operating in air

Author

Ali Maziz, Plesse, C., Chevrot, C., Teyssie, D., Caroline Soyer, ERIC CATTAN, Vidal, F., IEMN, Collection, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)

Published
2013

40. Electronic Paper: Plasmonic Metasurfaces with Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Electronic Paper in Color (Adv. Mater. 45/2016)

Author

Lei Shao, Gustav Emilsson, Edwin Jager, Ali Maziz, Kunli Xiong, Xinxin Yang, and Andreas B. Dahlin

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Polymer, Conjugated system, law.invention, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, law, Electrochromism, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, Electronic paper, business, Plasmon
Published
2016
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41. Design of electronic conducting polymer based microactuators by microsystem process

Author

Ali Maziz, Plesse, C., Alexandre Khaldi, Caroline Soyer, Chevrot, C., Teyssie, D., ERIC CATTAN, Vidal, F., Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)

Published
2012

42. Conducting interpenetrating polymer network based microactuators

Author

Ali Maziz, Plesse, C., Alexandre Khaldi, Caroline Soyer, Chevrot, C., Teyssie, D., ERIC CATTAN, Vidal, F., Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)

Published
2012

43. Flexible Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Nitrile Butadiene Rubber/Poly(ethylene oxide) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Containing Either LiTFSI or EMITFSI

Author

Ali Maziz, Pierre-Henri Aubert, Claude Chevrot, Laurent J. Goujon, Cédric Plesse, Frédéric Vidal, Dominique Teyssié, Giao T. M. Nguyen, Alexandre Khaldi, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine

Subjects
Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Nitrile, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Methacrylate, 01 natural sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Copolymer, Ionic conductivity, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, chemistry.chemical_classification, Ethylene oxide, Organic Chemistry, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Polymer, Dynamic mechanical analysis, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, Ethylene glycol
Abstract

The synthesis and characterization of flexible solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are discussed. IPNs were prepared from nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) using a two-step process. The NBR network was obtained by dicumyl peroxide cross-linking at high temperature and pressure. A free radical copolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate and dimethacrylate led to the formation of the PEO network within the NBR network. Polymerization kinetics were followed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) for the NBR network and by Fourier transform spectroscopy in the near- and mid-infrared for the PEO network. IPN mechanical properties, examined using DMA and tensile strength tests, reveal an IPN elongation with a breaking point of 110%. IPN conductivities reach 7.4 × 10–7 S cm–1 at 30 °C when doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). Moreover, IPNs exhibit an ionic conductivity as high as 0.7 × 10–3 S cm–1 at ...

Published
2011
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44. Conducting IPN actuator for micro-aerial vehicle and microsystems

Author

Alexandre Khaldi, Plesse, C., Caroline Soyer, Ali Maziz, Chevrot, C., Teyssie, D., ERIC CATTAN, Vidal, F., Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)

Published
2011

45. In search of better electroactive polymer actuator materials: PPy versus PEDOT versus PEDOT–PPy composites

Author

Ali Maziz, Cédric Plesse, Tarmo Tamm, Rauno Temmer, Alvo Aabloo, Frédéric Vidal, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI), Fédération INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX DE CERGY-PONTOISE (I-MAT), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Université Paris-Seine, Institute of Technology, and Tartu University

Subjects
Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, 010402 general chemistry, Polypyrrole, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, PEDOT:PSS, Electroactive polymers, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Civil and Structural Engineering, Conductive polymer, chemistry.chemical_classification, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Signal Processing, Propylene carbonate, Ionic liquid, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

A comparative study of metal-free air-operated polypyrrole and PEDOT based trilayer actuators is presented. Actuators made of both pure and combined conducting polymers are considered. Trilayer bending actuators, synthesized in similar conditions, are characterized in terms of the structure, electrochemical and electro-chemo-mechanical properties. The characterization was carried out using two popular electrolytes: LiTFSI in propylene carbonate and a room-temperature ionic liquid EMIm TFSI. The results reveal that structure and actuation properties of the synthesized actuators depend on both the polymer chosen for the chemically synthesized electrode layer as well as the electrochemically synthesized working layer.

Published
2013
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