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To evaluate the frequency of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) on MRI in patients with backpain and clinically suspected of sacroiliitis. Sacroiliac MRI of patients who had backpain and were clinically suspicious for sacroiliitis between November 2021-March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed from the hospital database by two different radiologists. LSTV cases were identified and subgrouped according to Castellvi classification. Presence of sacroiliitis, degeneration and /or herniation of cranial segment intervertebral disc, facet joint hypertrophy, coxarthrosis and psoas atrophy were recorded. In cases where radiologists were in conflict, consensus was made. Between November 2021-March 2022, 614 sacroiliac MRIs were obtained and 81 (13%) had LSTV. Fifty-nine patients were female (72.8%). Mean age was 43.4. The most common identified LSTV was type 1a (n=30, 10 right-sided, 20 left-sided). Sacroiliitis was significantly more common in younger patients (p=0.04) and in males (p=0.009). Disc degeneration, disc herniation, facet joint hypertrophy and psoas atrophy increased significantly with age (p=0.007, p=0.001, p=0.002 and p=0.013 respectively). No correlation was found between gender or presence of sacroiliitis and any type of LSTV.LSTV may present with backpain and should be considered in patients where sacroiliitis is clinically suspected. MRI is a useful tool to identify other accompanying pathologies in these cases.

Objectives: The pineal gland is an important neuroendocrine organ accounting for the melatonin secretion and chronobiology that regulate circadian rhythm. This study was designed to compare pineal gland volume (PGV) with healthy controls and patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM), in which sleep quality and efficiency is reduced. Patient and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, PGV and functional pineal gland volume (FPGV) of FM patients with age- and sex-matched healthy controls were compared. All MR imaging studies were performed using a 3 Tesla scanner with a multi-channel phased array head coil. The volume of pineal glands and pineal cysts were calculated from 3D MP RAGE images using the formula: volume= AP x transverse x craniocaudal diameter x 0.523. Results: There was no significant difference in PGV and FPGV between the FM group and healthy controls (p=0.374 and p=0.421, respectively). In the correlation analysis, age was negatively correlated with PGV and FPGV in the FM group (r=-0.496, p=0.010; r=- 0.477, p=0.014, respectively). No significant correlation was detected between age, PGV and FPGV in the control group (r= 0.022, p=0.916; r= -0.019, p=0.925, respectively). Conclusions: Based on the results, there was no significant difference between the FM group and healthy controls regarding PGV and FPGV. However, PGV and FPGV were decreased by advancing age in the FM group in which melatonin therapy is offered as an option. Keywords: Fibromyalgia syndrome, pineal gland volume, functional pineal gland volume, pineal gland magnetic resonance imaging

Özet Amaç: Çalışmamızda klinik ve radyolojik olarak osteoid osteoma tanısı alan bilgisayarlı tomografi kılavuzluğunda radyofrekans ablasyon (RFA) tedavisi uyguladığımız hastalardaki tedavi başarısını araştırmayı amaçladık. Gereç Yöntem: Ocak 2018-Şubat 2021 tarihleri arasında RF ablasyon tedavisi uygulanmış olan 13 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Arşiv görüntüler ve klinik notlar retrospektif olarak incelendi. Takiplerde vizuel analog skala (VAS) kullanılarak yapılmış olan ağrı skorlarına göre klinik tedavi başarıları değerlendirildi. Bulgular: İşlem sonrası VAS skorunda 11 hastada tam, 2 hastada da tama yakın azalma sağlandı. Klinik başarı %100 olarak hesaplandı. Hiçbir hastada komplikasyon izlenmedi. Sonuç: Osteoid osteomalı hastalarda bilgisayarlı tomografi eşliğinde RF ablasyon minimal invaziv, güvenilir ve etkili bir tedavi yöntemidir.

Today, energy is accepted as the most indicator of economic development. However, the use of fossil fuels as energy sources is caused the depletion of the ozone layer, global warming and climate change. Therefore, using renewable energy systems called sustainable energy is a remarkable step in terms of both minimizing fossil fuel consumption and the effects of the environment on human health. In this study, solar chimneys, one of the solar-assisted electricity generation systems among renewable energy sources, are analyzed. A solar chimney power plant (SCPP) has been designed by considering the environmental conditions of the Iskenderun region in Hatay province. The facility consists of collector, chimney, turbine and generator. Sun rays entering the solar chimney from the transparent collector heat the air. The heated air leaves the solar chimney with the effect of the pressure difference. The turbine is placed in the chimney section where the air velocity is high. The mechanical power obtained from the turbine is converted into electrical energy through the generator. The energy source of the system is the sun, and the working fluid of the system is air. In the calculations, the average irradiance value of the Iskenderun region was used and optimization of the designed SCPP was made using these values. The optimization of the SCPP designed for the Iskenderun region is performed using numerical analysis programs.

The study was carried out in Eskişehir/Türkiye conditions for two years in 2019-2020 to determine the change in quality characteristics of the silage maize plant under different weed densities. Weed densities were arranged as 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 weeds m-2 and the experiment was established according to the randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In the study, crude ash, ether extract, fiber ratio, crude protein, starch ratio, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus contents were investigated. Except for the starch ratio, while the effect of the year was very important on the quality characteristics of silage maize (p, Çalışma; silajlık mısır bitkisinin farklı yabancı ot yoğunlukları altında kalite özellikleri açısından değişimini belirlemek amacıyla Eskişehir şartlarında, 2019-2020 yıllarında, iki yıl süreyle yürütülmüştür. Araştırma yabancı ot oranları metrekarede 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 ve 14 olacak şekilde, şansa bağlı tam bloklar deneme desenine göre kurulmuştur. Araştırmada; ham kül oranı, ham yağ oranı, lif oranı, ham protein oranı, nişasta oranı, nötral deterjanda çözünmeyen lif, asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif, kalsiyum, magnezyum ve fosfor içerikleri incelenmiştir. Silajlık mısırın incelenen kalite özellikleri üzerine nişasta oranı hariç yılın etkisi çok önemli olurken (p

One of the financial consequences of divorce is alimony. Alimony is regulated in Art. 175 of the Turkish Civil Code. According to Art. 175/I of the Turkish Civil Code, the party who will fall into poverty due to divorce can ask for alimony indefinitely in proportion to his financial strength, provided that the fault is not more severe. The expression "may request alimony indefinitely" in the current provision has been the subject of debate in the doctrine. When the decisions of the Supreme Court are examined, the problems experienced regarding the duration of the poverty alimony and the source of the debates arising from this are the judicial practices. As it is understood from the Supreme Court decisions, in cases where alimony is requested indefinitely, it is decided to grant alimony indefinitely. This practice means taking away the discretion of the judge. However, the limits of the judge's discretion are not understood from the current legal regulation. In the study, it has been examined that poverty alimony should be limited in terms of time, taking into account the "clean break" principle.

Yaklaşık otuz beş bin nüfusuyla Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin küçük illerinden biri olan Tunceli hem doğal hem de tarihi zenginliklerini fazla tahrip etmeden günümüze kadar getirebilmiştir. Tunceli’de doğanın ve tarihi yerlerin korunmasındaki en önemli neden ziyaret kültürüne dayanan inanç sistemidir. Bugün en az üç etnik grubun iç içe yaşadığı Tunceli’de, gerek inanç kültürü gerekse diğer kültürel değerler konusunda tam bir ortaklık bulunmaktadır. Yörede anadilleri Türkçe, Kürtçe ve Zazaca olarak farklı etnik kimliklere sahip olan, çoğunun da bu üç dilden en az ikisini konuşabildiği etnik gruplar arasında inanç ritüelleri ve inançlarını yaşama biçimleri bakımından önemli farklılıklar yoktur. Kendi kökenlerini Hz. Âdem’in oğullarından olan Şit ve ona gönderilen meleklerden Naciye’ye bağlayan Tunceli Alevi’lerinin inanç kültürlerinde çok eski inançların izlerine rastlamak mümkündür. Çok korunaklı bir bölge olan Tunceli, tarih boyunca,yaygın inanç sistemlerinin dışında kalan azınlık grupların sürekli gelip yerleştikleri bir sığınak olmuştur. Bu azınlık gruplar kendi eski kültürel öğelerini burada koruyabilmiş ve kendilerinden sonra gelen topluluklara az da olsa aktarabilmişlerdir. Bugünkü Tunceli Aleviliğinde bu durumu kanıtlayan, hem dillerine hem de gündelik yaşam tarzlarına, ritüellerine yansımış, pek çok ipucu mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada İslami gelenek dışında kalan ve Tunceli Aleviliğinin daha eski mit ve kültürlerden beslenerek bugüne geldiğini kanıtlayan, dilde ve ritüellerde korunmuş, bazı inanç kültürü unsurları, elde edilen veriler ışığında değerlendirilmiştir.

Rangeland plant communities respond to environmental changes depending on management practices, climate, topography, and time. The objective of the study was to determine the changes in abundancy of functional plant groups, range condition score, class, and health with different topographical characteristics between 1993 and 2013. Trends in the investigated characteristics changed depending on aspect and topography. While the abundancy of decreaser and increaser plants decreased, invader plant abundancy increased over two decades. Similarly, range condition score, class, and health also declined in this period. The changes in investigated properties showed uneven distribution among the sites due to uncontrolled grazing practices and site characteristics. The results indicated that range degradation has been continued under current grazing practices. Therefore sustainable range management strategies should be put urgently into practice for the conservation of natural resources in the highland hilly rangelands of Turkey.

Internal combustion engines have a very important place in biogas production facilities to convert biogas energy to electricity. Unfortunately, although intense studies on improving internal combustion engine efficiencies by operational optimisation methods, serious progress is not achieved yet. However, there are many ways to improve the performance of these engines apart from structural optimisation meth-ods. One of the most important ways is to utilize by integrating jacket water used to cool the biogas fuelled internal combustion engines into the new generation low-temperature heat recovery systems like organic Rankine cycles. In the present study, simple and regenerative organic Rankine cycles were optimised to improve the overall performance of an biogas fuelled internal combustion engine by using the jacket water which is released into the atmosphere after cooling the engine. Also, the energy, exergy and environmental aspect of these systems are evaluated. Finally, exergoeconomic analysis for both sys-tems are conducted, and then payback periods of both systems are determined. As a result of the study, the maximum net power, thermal and exergy efficiencies of the simple organic Rankine cycle was cal-culated as 42.14 kW, 11.47 % and 63.27 % respectively, while the maximum net power, thermal and exergy efficiencies of the regenerative organic Rankine cycle are found as 45.3 kW, 12.34 % and 68.02 %. In addition, it is observed that the maximum power production obtained from the regenerative organic Rankine cycle corresponded to nearly 630 kg CO2/h emission reduction. The best payback period value is also calculated as 7.37 years in the simple organic Rankine cycle. (C) 2021 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rangeland areas have great value as a quality source of roughage for livestock. As these areas lose their productivity, grazable areas within the forest will become alternative sources of forage for livestock. Therefore, determining the quality and quantity of forest gap understory vegetation at different tree frequencies is very important for efficient management of livestock and sustainable natural resources. This study was carried out in Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests to determine the forage quality of forest gap understories. The study area was separated into three different sites (open site, sparse site and dense site) based on tree canopy coverage. Among the examined plots, it was determined that dry matter yields were 823 – 1, 486 kg ha-1, Crude Protein (CP) 9.59 - 12.87 %; Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) 53.27 - 58.49 %; Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) 32.40 - 37.33 % and Relative Feed Value (RFV) ranged between 95.32 - 112.32. The highest CP, NDF, and ADF contents and the lowest dry matter yield were found in the densely tree-covered area. While dry matter yield decreased, the contents of CP, ADF and NDF increased with increasing tree canopy density. In conclusion, the forest gaps (open and sparse tree canopy) can be used for grazing under sustainable grazing management practices to alleviate forage shortages in the region and provide extra income for rural people. This practice can contribute to sustainable rural development of understory grazing in the forest and forest edge settlements., Las zonas de pasto tienen una gran importancia como fuente de forraje de calidad para el ganado. A medida que estas áreas pierden su productividad, las zonas pastoreables dentro del bosque se convertirán en fuentes alternativas de forraje para el ganado. En este sentido, la determinación de la calidad y cantidad de la vegetación del sotobosque del bosque en diferentes frecuencias de árboles es muy importante para una gestión eficiente del ganado y de los recursos naturales. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en bosques de pino silvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) para determinar la calidad forrajera del sotobosque de los bosques. El área de investigación se separó en tres sitios diferentes (sitio abierto, sitio escaso y sitio denso) en función de la cobertura de las copas de los árboles. En las parcelas examinadas, se determinó que los rendimientos de materia seca fueron de 823 - 1.486 kg ha-1, la proteína cruda (PC) de 9,59 - 12,87 %; la fibra neutra detergente (FND) de 53,27 - 58,49 %; la fibra ácida detergente (FAD) de 32,40 - 37,33 % y el valor alimenticio relativo (VRA) osciló entre 95,32 - 112,32. Los contenidos más altos de PC, FND y FAD y el menor rendimiento de materia seca se determinaron en la zona densamente arbolada. Mientras que el rendimiento de materia seca disminuía, los contenidos de PC, FND y FAD aumentaban a medida que aumentaba el dosel de los árboles. En conclusión, los vacíos forestales (dosel arbóreo abierto y escaso) pueden utilizarse para el pastoreo bajo los principios de gestión del pastoreo sostenible para aliviar la escasez de forraje en la región y proporcionar ingresos adicionales a la población rural. Esta investigación puede contribuir al desarrollo rural sostenible del pastoreo en el bosque y en los asentamientos del borde del bosque.

The tax burden on alcoholic beverages has been rising remarkably in Turkey. This policy has significantly increased tax revenue in Turkish Lira, but it has not generated more tax revenues in terms of U.S. dollars since 2013. This study estimates price and income elasticities for select alcoholic beverages using demand models and simulates the impact of changing tax policies on demand in Turkey. Results show that the cumulative effect of increasing prices will eventually decrease total tax revenue. Simulations suggest that the government should periodically reassess its tax policy to prevent bootleg drinking which results in deadly incidents and hospitalizations. No sponsor

Bu araştırma, Postmodern Dönem’de bir ‘üstdil’ olarak nitelendirilen Kavramsal Sanat anlayışını ve bu anlayış içinde dil odaklı çağdaş sanat işleri üreten Japon kökenli Amerikalı sanatçı On Kawara’nın (1932-2014) sanat alanyazını içindeki önemini göz önünde bulundurarak; onu incelemeyi; sanatını değerlendirmeyi ve tanıtmayı hedefler. Bunun için öncelikli olarak kavramsal sanat yaklaşımının tarihsel süreç içinde aldığı rol üzerinde durur. Bu bağlamda, araştırma bir yandan, kavramsal sanat yaklaşımının, Modern Dönem’in 1920’lerdeki Dadaizm akımına kadar uzanan tarihsel köklerini diğer yandan ‘kavramsal sanat’ ibaresinin 1960’lı yıllardan sonra sanatçılar tarafından adının konulması, teorik ve kuramsal çalışmaların yapılması ve çağdaş sanat pratiklerinde yer alması süreçlerini irdeler. Sonra, kavramsal sanatın ilginç isimlerinden olan ve dil odaklı işler üreten On Kawara’nın; zaman, mekân, uzam, varlık ve yokluk kavramlarını düşünsel temelde sorgulayan ve tartışan çağdaş bir sanatçı olduğu sonucuna varır. Dolayısıyla kavramsal sanat temsilcilerinden birini incelemeye ve tanıtmaya girişen bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçların çağdaş sanat alanına katkılar sağlayacağı ümit edilmektedir.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the degree of participation of teachers working in high schools in the practices made in organizational culture and its sub-dimensions, and to determine the current state of school culture; In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between organizational culture and motivation perceptions. Based on the perceptions of the teachers, it was examined to what extent the schools they work in showed the organizational culture characteristics. The sample of the research consists of 443 teachers working in Hatay Province Iskenderun District in the 2022-2023 academic year. Personal Information Form, "Organizational Culture Scale" developed by İpek (1999) and "Teacher Motivation Scale" developed by Uçar (2015) were used as data collection tools. The demographic information, frequency and percentage distributions of the teachers in the study group were extracted. For the first sub-problem, arithmetic mean and standard deviation scores of organizational culture and learning organization scales were calculated. For the second sub-problem, independent sample t-test analysis was used to determine the change in organizational culture and learning organization perceptions according to gender and branch variable. A single factor analysis of variance was used for the unrelated sample in order to determine the changes according to age and professional seniority. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the organizational culture perceptions of the teachers were at the "High" level and the learning organization perceptions were at the "Moderate" level. In the study, it was concluded that there was no significant difference in the perceptions of teachers' organizational culture and learning organization in terms of gender, branch, age and professional seniority. In the research, it was concluded that there is a positive "moderate" relationship between teachers' organizational culture (in all dimensions) and learning organization perceptions (in all dimensions). Keywords: Learning Organization, Organizational Culture, Professional Culture, High School

This study was carried out to determine the effects of controlled cattle grazing in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantationthat in the edge of forest areas because animal husbandry has a significant role and forage gap is a main problem in the area. For this purpose, the study was carried out in a Scots pine plantation with an average of 2,160 m altitude in the forest edge rangeland area between 2012 and 2015. The study area was divided into 12 plots in total, with each plot 0.2 ha in size. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a split plot arrangement keeping Scots pine sapling height (0–60 cm, 61–90 cm and > 90 cm) and four grazing treatments (Ungrazed, grazed in June, grazed in July, grazed in August). The relative diameter and height increments were determined along with the survival percentages for the saplings. According to the results; overall, less than 1% of saplings were found to be damaged as a result of the treatments. In all the grazing plots, the Scots pine saplings had more diameter and height increment than the ungrazed plots on average. In conclusion, controlled cattle grazing in July and August can provide both good quality forage for regional livestock and positive contributions to the growth of saplings, provided that saplings have more than 60 cm in height. Keywords: Scots pine, plantation, sapling, growing, forest, grazing

The frequency of irrigation and deficit irrigation management are drawing attention because water resources are becoming limited year by year, especially in the last decade. Besides, the rate and application time of P fertilization gained more importance just after the researchers found out it is more effective than N-fertilizing for alfalfa cultivation. This study aimed to determine the effects of different irrigation managements (seasonal deficit, intervals of 5, 7, and 9 days), phosphorus application season (autumn and spring), and the rate of P fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) on the yield and forage quality of alfalfa. The experiment was conducted in the 2019-2020 years, which was the 3rd and the 4th years of alfalfa respectively, under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. The stand height and fiber content (NDF) were higher in the autumn application. However, forage contained more nitrogen in the spring application. A higher amount of water (800 mm) with higher irrigation frequency (5 days – I5d) caused a reduction in yield due to water excess. The yield was the highest (21.34 t ha-1) and the forage quality was better in 448 mm water application with 9 days intervals (I9d). Seasonal deficit water management caused a significant loss in yield and quality. Nevertheless, 18.04 t ha-1 dry matter yield with 24.05 % CP content was recorded at seasonal deficit water management. P fertilization increased the yield and forage quality. The yield was the highest (20.23 t ha-1) at the rate of 90 kg ha-1 P fertilizer, but yield and forage quality characteristics were similar between 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1 P. The results showed that P fertilization could be done in both autumn and spring at the rate of 30 kg ha-1 and 448 mm water could be applied at 9 days intervals for fulfilling performance under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. When water resources are very scarce, the seasonal water deficit should be applied, especially in late summer.

Aim: This study aims to compare the volumetry and shear-wave elastography findings in infertile and fertile patients and evaluate the effect of presence of varicoceles on the parameters. Materials-Methods: 40 infertile and 20 fertile patients (120 testes) (mean age 29,3±6,7) between January 2018-November 2018 were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent testicular B-mode and doppler ultrasonography (US) and shear-wave elastography (SWE). Patients were sub-grouped according to fertility status and presence or absence of varicoceles. Results: Testis stiffness was significantly higher in testes without varicoceles than those with varicoceles (p=0.021). It was also higher in fertile patients than infertile patients (p=0.015). Testes volumes were higher in fertile patients and patients with varicoceles (p=0.011 and p=0.028, respectively).Conclusion: SWE is a non-invasive, cheap and reproducible technique with promising results for diagnosis and follow-up in the evaluation of infertility., Amaç: Fertil ve infertil hastalarda volumetri ve shear-wave elastografi (SWE) bulgularının; ve varikosel varlığının bu parametreler üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıGereç-Yöntem: Ocak 2018-Kasım 2018 arasında radyolojiye yönlendirilmiş 40 infertil ve 20 fertil hasta (120 testis) (ortalama yaş 29,3±6,7) bu prospektif çalışmaya dahil edildi. Tüm hastalara testise yönelik B-mod, doppler USG ve SWE yapıldı. Hastalar fertilite durumu ve varikosel varlığına göre alt gruplara ayrıldı.Bulgular: Varikoseli olmayan hastalarda varikoselli hastalara göre testis sertliği anlamlı şekilde artmıştı (p=0.021). Fertil hastalarda infertil hastalara göre testis sertliği anlamlı şekilde artmıştı (p=0.015). Fertil hastalarda ve varikoselli hastalarda testis hacmi daha yüksekti (sırasıyla p=0.011 ve p=0.028).Sonuç: SWE invaziv olmayan, ucuz ve tekrarlanabilir bir teknik olup infertilite tanı ve takibinde kullanımı umut vaat etmektedir.

This research was carried out to determine the Sainfoin genotypes with high yield and quality characteristics for the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. A total of 13 genotypes were used as plant materials, two of which were registered cultivars, six candidate cultivars and five were populations. The research was conducted in Bingol province, Turkey, over a three year period. The research employed the random block trial pattern with three replications. In the study; genotypes, years and year x genotype interactions were found statistically significant in terms of forage yield, dry matter yield and crude protein yield (p

Amaç: Her prosedürün, ne kadar zor olursa olsun, bir öğrenme eğrisi vardır. Ancak, hiç kimse basit işlemler için öğrenme eğrisinden bahsetmez. Bu kavram alışkanlıklara meydan okuyan zorlu bir cerrahi yöntem söz konusu olduğunda karşımıza çıkar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sağ taraflı kolon kanseri için zorlayıcı bir yöntem olan laparoskopik komplet mezokolik eksizyon ve santral vasküler ligasyon tekniğinin kümülatif toplam analizi ile öğrenme eğrisinin belirlenmesidir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışmada Ocak 2015-Haziran 2022 tarihleri arasında Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Genel Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı'na başvuran 18 yaşından büyük sağ kolon kanserli hastalar dahil edilmiştir. Ameliyat süresi ve lenf nodu miktarına göre kümülatif toplam (CUSUM) analizi kullanılarak öğrenme eğrisi belirlenmiştir.Bulgular: 53 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Operasyon süresine göre yapılan CUSUM analizi, cerrahın 21 vakadan sonra öğrenme aşamasını geçtiğini ve yeterlik kazandığını göstermiştir. Lenf nodlarına göre yapılan CUSUM analizi ise cerrahın 25. vakada yeterlik kazandığını ortaya koymuştur. CUSUM analizlerine göre yeterlik öncesi ve sorası fazlardaki hastaların karşılaştırılmasında demografik, onkolojik ve operasyonel veriler açısından fark bulunamamıştır.Sonuç: Cerrahlar sağ kolon kanseri için laparoskopik komplet mezokolik eksizyon prosedürünü yaklaşık 21 ile 25 vaka sonrasında rahatlıkla yapabilirler., Purpose: Every procedure, no matter how difficult, has a learning curve. However, no one discusses the learning curve for simple operations. This idea constantly comes up when there is a demanding surgical method that challenges habits. The aim of this study is to use cumulative sum analysis to estimate the learning curve of the demanding laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision+central vascular ligation technique for right sided colon cancer.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved patients older than 18 years and with right-sided colon cancer admitted to Ankara University School of Medicine, Department of General Surgery between January 2015 and June 2022. The cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart based on operation duration and quantity of lymph nodes harvested was utilized to determine the learning curve.Results: 53 patients included in this study. CUSUM analysis based on operation duration showed that Surgeon had passed the learning phase and was considered proficient after 21 cases. And the CUSUM analysis based on the lymph nodes harvested revealed that surgeon gained proficiency in 25th case. In terms of demographic, oncological, and operative data, there was no difference between the the groups defined by the phases according to the CUSUM analysis based on both operation duration and lymph node count.Conclusion: Surgeons can become familiar with laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision for right sided colon cancer and perform it after approximately 21 to 25 operations.

Canlı ve dinamik yapıya sahip mera vejetasyonları çok çeşitli faktörlerin etkisi altında şekillenmektedir. Yüksek rakıma sahip korunan mera alannında yürütülen çalışmada toplam 47 bitki türüne rastlanılmış, buğdaygiller familyasına dahil türlerin oranı 40.90, baklagiller familyasına dahil türlerin oranı 36.31 ve diğer familyalara dahil türlerin oranı 22.80 olarak bulunmuştur. Yersel değişkenliği belirlenen türler parçalı bir durum göstermiş, en homojen Medicago papillosa olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bitki türleri ve toprak özellikleri arasında önemli ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Buğdaygil türleri ordinasyon ekseninde merkezde yer alırken, diğer türler toprak özelliklerine bağlı olarak eksenlere dağılmıştır. Sonuç olarak korunan mera vejetasyonlarında otlatmanın olumsuz etkisi olmamamsına karşın bitkiler arası ve bitki çevre ilişkilerinin önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Downy mildew caused by Peronospora variabilis is a major fungal disease limiting yield of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) around the world. Existing quinoa cultivars do not have adequate levels of resistance to the disease. In the present study, 165 quinoa accessions were screened for resistance to the disease in two consecutive years. Disease ratings were performed by using a three-leaf scoring technique. In 2018, of 70 quinoa accessions, 47.14% were moderately resistant and 18.57% were highly resistant. However, in 2019, of 95 accessions, 44.21% showed moderately resistant reaction and 26.31% highly resistant reaction to the disease. The average of AUDPC (area under disease progress curve) of all the accessions was 1293.42 in 2018, and 931.68 in 2019. The disease caused significant (P < 0.01) cumulative defoliations in susceptible accessions. AUDPC was positively correlated (r = 0.796 in 2018, r = 0.896 in 2019) with defoliation rate and negatively correlated (r = –0.834 in 2018, r = –0.599 in 2019) with plant height. There were also negative correlations (r = –0.755 in 2018, r = –0.580 in 2019) between defoliation rate and plant height. The study not only revealed resistant germplasm but also showed the importance of screening downy mildew resistance by comparing disease-related agronomic characteristics.