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Introduction: Dust is a common phenomenon in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the factorsthat play a role in the occurrence of this phenomenon is the change in weather conditions, whichleads to drought, and the drying of lakes and rivers has caused crises such as sandstorms. Thisphenomenon leads to negative effects on agriculture, water and soil pollution, and respiratorydiseases, as well as environmental and social challenges such as reduced visibility and roadaccidents. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the DSI dustindex and SPI standardized precipitation drought index in Semnan Province.Material and Methods: The studied area of Semnan Province is located in the southern regionof the Alborz Mountain range. To investigate the effect of drought on the amount of dust, thedaily data of dust, monthly rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and evapotranspiration offive synoptic stations of Semnan Province within a period of 15 years (2003-2017) were usedon an annual scale. During a 15-year period, the drought storm index (DSI) was determined forthe synoptic stations using the dust storm index, and then the cumulative DSI index wascalculated. Afterwards, statistical and experimental evaluations was done on annualfluctuations to identify potential trends. Also, experiment and linear regression analysis wereused to evaluate the correlation of standard precipitation index and dust storms, and Arc GISsoftware was used for zoning.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the average annual temperature in the regionhas increased from 2003 to 2017. This rapid warming has caused drought and as a result,temperature, evaporation and transpiration have also increased and led to a decrease in rainfall.A month-by-month survey of wind speed in different stations showed that there is a possibilityof dust in the province in the months of June and July when the maximum wind speed prevails.On the contrary, the months of December and January experienced the least occurrence of dust.The annual changes of DSI (2003 to 2017) showed an irregular shape and do not have a trend.Thus, in 2011, the intensity of dust was high and decreased in the following year, and the samewas observed in 2016. According to the SPI index, Semnan Province was in the normal droughtcategory with a score of 0.59. The in-depth analysis of the correlation chart between thestandardized rainfall indices and DSI showed that the DSI has increased along with the severityof drought during the study period and there is a good correlation between the DSI index andthe meteorological drought in the region, so that when there was a drought period, the value ofDSI decreased and when it was a drought period, the value of the dust index increased.However, there is no significant relationship between these two indicators (p =0.07 andR2=0.22) during the 15-year research period.Conclusion: Our findings indicated an increase in dust from the west to the east of the provincedue to the increase in average dust storm days. Correlation results between SPI and DSI indexshowed that although DSI index increased during the analyzed period along with the severityof drought, the correlation between the two was not significant. However, the DSI index trendpattern was consistent with the drought pattern trend. Finally, the correlation between droughtand DSI has always fluctuated according to droughts.

BackgroundTo the best of our knowledge, no specialized research has been conducted to address ailurophobia (fear of cats) in Iran or globally. This has driven our project, along with the prevalence of ailurophobia and the absence of a gamified virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) that incorporates affordable and easily accessible biofeedback (BF) tools. We hypothesize that a gamified VRET augmented with BF will yield more positive effects than a similar device lacking BF. ObjectiveThis study primarily focuses on the development and preliminary evaluation of a smartphone-gamified VRET integrated with BF, targeting animal phobia, with a specific case study on ailurophobia. The secondary objectives are using affordable and readily available BF found in devices such as smart bands and smartwatches and creating a mobile virtual reality gamified app to improve patients’ adherence to treatments while simultaneously enhancing the app’s accessibility, scalability, and outreach. MethodsEvaluations encompassed 3 methods. First, we identified the tool’s potential positive effects on phobia interventions, exploring 4 effects: intrinsic motivation, simulation of fearful situations, management of stressful circumstances without therapists’ presence and mitigation of catastrophic thoughts, and preliminary effects on ailurophobia treatment. Participants were divided into BF and non-BF groups. Second, we gathered user preferences and opinions about the treatment. Third, we conducted heuristic evaluations using 44 heuristics from existing system usability scales assessing user interfaces, virtual reality platforms, and video games’ playability. To interpret the data, mean scores; ANOVA, single factor; and ANOVA, 2-factor with replication were used. A total of 29 individuals were identified, of which 10 met the eligibility criteria or were accessible. ResultsThe smartphone-gamified VRET augmented with BF exhibited better results on the identified effects compared with the non-BF version and contributed to normalizing encounters with cats. Moreover, 41 of the 44 heuristics achieved a percentage above 62%, indicating its potential as a therapeutic product and its ability to enhance patient adherence to treatments. Patient preferences on the treatment and its strengths and weaknesses were provided for further improvement. ConclusionsThe tool has the potential to evolve into a comprehensive solution by incorporating various types of cats and their behaviors, simulating environments in which they are commonly found, and enhancing its appeal through an increased sense of adventure without inducing unrealistic fears. By adapting fear elements, the game can be tailored to treat various animal phobias. Phobia-focused games should avoid action and combat scenarios to prevent reinforcement of fear responses. After rigorous evaluation, further exploration is required to provide remote use beyond clinical settings.

Objective: The lack of steady-state evoked potential (SSEP) studies on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has led to undiscovered useful information about the pathophysiology of the disorder. Thus, we explored SSEP patterns in PTSD patients during a stop-signal task to disclose possible impairments in these informative brain potentials. Method: 25 adult patients with PTSD and 25 healthy adults participated in this research. Subjects were assessed with electroencephalography while the tone signal stimuli at 40 Hz were used to evoke SSEPs and subjects performed a stop-signal task. The amplitude and phase of SSEPs were then computed in different brain regions. The subjects were also evaluated using the Mississippi PTSD questionnaire. Appropriate statistical methods such as repeated measure ANOVA were used to compare the two groups, and the correlation between SSEPs and clinical symptoms was assessed using Pearson correlation analysis. Results: Patients showed considerably poorer performance in the cognitive task (P < 0.01), accompanied by raised SSEP phase and amplitude in the anterior and midline regions compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). The Mississippi total score was positively correlated with the SSEP amplitude in the midline region (r = 0.62, P < 0.05). Furthermore, based on ROC analysis, the SSEP amplitude in the midline region provided an excellent AUC value (AUC = 0.850) for distinguishing patients with PTSD from normal subjects. Conclusion: Current findings suggest that abnormalities in the anterior and midline cortical neural networks are involved in the pathophysiology of PTSD. Importantly, midline abnormalities may provide a clinically-relevant measure for researchers wishing to assess the use of biomarkers for early diagnosis of PTSD as well as to evaluate new therapeutic and management approaches in the treatment of PTSD.

Objective: The most important hypothesis of this research was based on the fact that the mechanism of the effect of omega-3 on depression and obesity is formed through its accumulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), especially in women. Accordingly, we investigated the omega-3 intake and the concurrent stimulation of the DLPFC by tDCS and hypothesized that the synergy of these two treatments can increase the obtained effect size in patients with depression and overweight. Method: This research was a double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a factorial design consisting of four treatment and control groups. The participants were females with depression and overweight on an outpatient basis. They received 5 ml/day omega-3 syrup (545 mg DHA, 620 mg EPA) or placebo adjunct with 12 sessions sham/tDCS stimulation administered for 3 weeks with anode-left/cathode-right protocol in the prefrontal cortex (1.5 mA, 15 minutes’ stimulation / 15-20 minutes’ rest intervals/one visit per week, 4 stimulations per visit). Results: tDCS or omega-3 alone did not significantly improve the executive functions, depression, food cravings, and weight in the experimental groups compared to the control group (P > 0.05). However, tDCS adjunct with the omega-3 had a significant and positive effect on improving weight change (P = 0.011; df = 1; F = 1.27; Eta = 0.108) with a power of 0.73 compared to the control group. Furthermore, their interaction led to an improving trend in executive functions and a decreasing trend in food cravings which are clinically important. Conclusion: tDCS could strengthen the omega-3 mechanisms of effect through stimulating its accumulation site in the brain (i.e., the DLPFC) and the synergistic effects of these two treatments result in weight control as well as an improvement trend in the executive functions and food craving in women.

Abstract Using variational methods and critical point results, we prove the existence and multiplicity of weak solutions of a ( p ( x ) , q ( x ) ) $(p(x),q(x))$ -biharmonic elliptic equation along with a singular term under Navier boundary conditions.

Abstract The unnecessary prolonged operating time of conventional current differential protection under high‐impedance DC line faults is an important issue affecting the continuity of power supply. This issue originates from the extreme differential current fluctuation under fault conditions. This paper presents a reinforced pilot protection algorithm for bipolar CSC‐HVDC transmission lines to achieve a selective and sensitive performance without sacrificing the protection speed. In this regard, the characteristics of low‐frequency transient modal currents are investigated along with the impact of discharging capacitive current under various fault conditions. Based on the features arising from line‐mode compensated currents, it is shown that their opposite changing directions induces a positive high‐value differential current during DC line faults, whereas the compensated line‐mode currents follow the same changing trend under external faults. After detecting internal faults, the faulted pole is detected by utilizing the polarity of ground‐mode components. Compared to other pilot protections, the proposed protection provides more reliability, selectivity, and sensitivity with high operating speed. Moreover, it has robust performance against discharging capacitive current, asynchronous measurement, line parameters uncertainty, and noise. Various simulation tests are performed on a ±500 kV HVDC test system in PSCAD to verify effectiveness of the proposed protection.

Wireless capsule endoscopy is a fast-growing technology in healthcare systems. Due to using battery for powering the camera, light source, wireless communication, and other electronics, it has substantial limitations with the image quality, frame rate, and operating time. In this work, we propose a wireless passive video transmission system for capsule endoscopy, in which the power consumption is reduced by using analog camera sensor, and implementing an innovative radar technique for remote reading of the analog video signal using radio frequency backscattering. The power consumption of the capsule communication system tends to zero. The communication electronics system is minimized to a single Varactor diode with appropriate matching circuits and the image sensor power consumption is reduced by eliminating the camera sensor’s analog to digital converter. With these improvements the capsule system can operate for a longer period of time which enables the feasibility of continuous video streaming during the gastric tract screening. The design feasibility is demonstrated in a phantom experiment, and validated in an animal experiment for depths 6–11 cm using a bi-static radar system at 400 MHz, implemented using software defined radio platform.

Background and aims: Social capital, by encouraging people to collaborate and engage in social interactions, has been considered as an effective factor for development of mental disorders. In the preset study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between different aspects of social capital and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Methods: This study was conducted between 2016 and 2017 in Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. A total of 1001 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years and their parents were randomly selected using multistage cluster sampling to participate in the study. The data in the present study were compiled using a Persian translated version of the Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) semi-structured questionnaire as well as the Social Capital Questionnaire of Nahapiet and Ghoshal. The raw data were analyzed statistically using Fisher and chi-square tests. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 version. Results: Our results show that better relationship, cooperation, mutual understanding, and commitment are significantly and inversely correlated to psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents. In this regard we found that the mutual understanding (P=0.008) and relationships (P=0.001) are strongly related to social capital, while other components may have more or less effects. Conclusion: Our findings show that various aspects of social capital are associated with development of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Some of the social capital components including better relationship, cooperation, mutual understanding, and obligation have significant effects; however, others including networks, values and trust could not exert significant effects on mental health.

Objectives: Our objective is to measure the prevalence of bipolar mood disorder (BMD) in Iranian children and adolescents and its comorbidity with psychiatric disorders. Also, the main purpose of this study is to characterize the main risk factors for BMD in children and adolescents. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. In a community-based study, we sampled 1000 children and adolescents from the age of 6 to 18 years in each province via the multistage cluster sampling method. The total valid sample size reached 29 812 cases. The instructed clinical psychologists completed the Persian version of the kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). Furthermore, the demographic data were obtained. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, multinomial, and multiple logistic regressions were utilized to evaluate the relationships. Results: The total prevalence rates for BMD were 0.29%; it was 0.26% in males and 0.29% in females. BMD rates were larger in children and adolescents whose mothers had an occupation. Also, after controlling the effective variables (sex and age), location (rural or urban), the father’s education, and the psychiatric hospitalization of the mother or the father, none predicted BMD significantly. Moreover, patients with comorbidities showed a superior prevalence compared to those without comorbidities, ranging from 1.96% for posttraumatic stress disorder to 39.22% for the oppositional defiant disorder. Conclusion: BMD was more prevalent among women. The gender or the father’s education level was not the risk factor for BMD symptoms. Several factors, such as maternal education and maternal job were also important for the prevalence of BMD symptoms.

Objective: Schizophrenia is a complex neurodevelopmental illness that is associated with different deficits in the cerebral cortex and neural networks, resulting in irregularity of brain waves. Various neuropathological hypotheses have been proposed for this irregularity that we intend to examine in this computational study. Method: We used a mathematical model of a neuronal population based on cellular automata to examine two hypotheses about the neuropathology of schizophrenia: first, reducing neuronal stimulation thresholds to increase neuronal excitability; and second, increasing the percentage of excitatory neurons and decreasing the percentage of inhibitory neurons to increase the excitation to inhibition ratio in the neuronal population. Then, we compare the complexity of the output signals produced by the model in both cases with real healthy resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) signals using the Lempel-Ziv complexity measure and see if these changes alter (increase or decrease) the complexity of the neuronal population dynamics. Results: By lowering the neuronal stimulation threshold (i.e., the first hypothesis), no significant change in the pattern and amplitude of the network complexity was observed, and the model complexity was very similar to the complexity of real EEG signals (P > 0.05). However, increasing the excitation to inhibition ratio (i.e., the second hypothesis) led to significant changes in the complexity pattern of the designed network (P < 0.05). More interestingly, in this case, the complexity of the output signals of the model increased significantly compared to real healthy EEGs (P = 0.002) and the model output of the unchanged condition (P = 0.028) and the first hypothesis (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Our computational model suggests that imbalances in the excitation to inhibition ratio in the neural network are probably the source of abnormal neuronal firing patterns and thus the cause of increased complexity of brain electrical activity in schizophrenia.

Electromagnetic radiation can be produced using functional materials such as magnetoelectric (ME) composites, in which the magnetoelasticity and piezoelasticity of material are involved. The mechanical nature of the vibrations is used to miniaturize the ME antenna to micro-scale size. The antenna performance evaluation requires a multiphysics analysis of the structure. An ME antenna design and simulation is detailed using the finite element method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics® in which the structural mechanics, electrostatics, and magnetic field physics are coupled together to address the simulation needs. An antenna size of 250 $\mu \text{m}\,\,\times $ 50 $\mu \text{m}\,\,\times \,\,1\,\,\mu \text{m}$ is simulated within a static magnetic bias field of 20 mT. The nonlinear isotropic model is used for magnetostrictive material definition in which the prestress is defined by the magnetic bias. The model is linearized for radio frequency (RF) simulations to account for the AC simulation. The antenna farfield radiation pattern and the gain are computed using finite difference time domain (FDTD) by incorporating the extracted nearfield of the ME antenna in COMSOL. The simulated antenna impedance, radiation pattern and antenna gain are compared to an equivalent micro-loop magnetic antenna. In addition, electromagnetic computations are used to evaluate the coupling performance between the ME antenna and a larger loop antenna over a distance up to 20 mm in free space and biomedical tissues to address the potential of using ME antenna in medical implants for wireless communication and wireless power transfer.

Background: Anthropometric studies in children and adolescents are important to screen changes in growth and puberty. Hence, standard percentiles and cutoffs are set by the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Iranian national criteria. This study aimed to examine and compare the prevalence of weight disorders in children and adolescents in Lorestan province according to different criteria. Methods: Children and adolescents (6–18 years) were randomly selected from the urban and rural areas by the multistage stratified cluster sampling method. All Iranian citizens aged who resided in Lorestan province for at least one year were eligible to participate in this study. After obtaining consent forms, researchers gathered the accurate anthropometrics and body mass index (BMI) measurements. Results: A total of 866 children and adolescents took part in the study, 447(51.6%) of whom were girls and 419 (48.4%) were boys. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 17% in boys and 12.5% in girls. The prevalence of underweight in girls was 5.8%; while in boys it was 4.5%. The total prevalence rate of underweight according to the national criteria was 5.2%. However, this rate increased to 12% and 12.6% by using WHO and CDC cut-off points, respectively. The highest prevalence of overweight was obtained by CDC (15.8%), followed by WHO (13%); while national cut-off points resulted in 9.7%. Furthermore, 9.2% of the studied population was found to be obese by WHO; while this rate was 4.2%, and 5% by CDC and national cut-off points. Conclusion: This study indicated the coexisting prevalence of underweight and obesity and high prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents in Lorestan province. Furthermore, using the WHO and CDC criteria leads to overestimating the prevalence of weight disorder compared to the national cut-off points in Iran.

Electrical signaling is known as the means for inter-cellular connectivity among neural cells. However, there are some indications that optical phenomena can occur in the neuronal cells based on biochemical processes in intra-or extracellular reactions. Also, external optical signals can be used to manipulate engineered neural cells for performing key functions. Motivated by these, this paper establishes a framework on photon transmission inside nerve fiber using optical properties of the nerve tissues to study photonic signaling. We use the same framework to analyze and propose mitigation using nanoparticles for demyelinated nerve channels- a potential cause for certain brain disorders like Alzheimer’s disease. Our study assumes photons are available. The proposed framework for photonic signaling across nerve fibers uses an analytical model of a nerve fiber’s segment that consists of physical factors, including size, Ranvier node presence, and interconnected segments. The demyelination effect on the nerve channel is evaluated by numerical electromagnetic computations. On this basis, photonic transmittance of a defected nerve segment is calculated, while demyelination takes place in different locations, lengths, and depths across the nerve segment. To repair the demyelination and enhance the transmittance of the demyelinated axon, we have performed analysis on nanoparticles such as silicon and silica quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, and gold/silica core-shell nanoparticles. Our computational models show that nanoparticles’ presence improves the optical properties of nerve configuration that indicate photons can be transmitted in the axonal routes of demyelinated channels.

Wireless intra-body communication is a promising approach for providing efficient and secure connectivity for medical implants. The low power consumption of the electronics and the conductivity of the biological tissues facilitate the system implementation, which makes the technique more power-efficient than the traditional radio frequency wireless systems. The galvanic intra-body communication uses the electrical current for signal transmission in the conductive medium of the biological tissues. In this paper, we propose an ultra-low-power communication approach by implementing a galvanic impulse method for communication between an implant and an on-body device. The communication system is designed, manufactured with off-the-shelf electronic components, and measured in the phantom and in-vivo animal experiment. The implant power consumption is 45 μW for the data rate of 64 kbps with a bit error percentage below 0.5% for the implant depth of 14 cm. The design supports long-lasting battery-powered implant sensory and communication system.

Objective: We investigated the level of psychological problems, perceived risk, safety behaviors, and the potential roles of demographic variables, public trust, media, and prior anxiety to illness during the COVID-19pandemic among Iranians. Method: In this cross sectional study, using a convenient and snowball sampling method, we distributed an online questionnaire to participants and collected data on their demographic variables, mental health status, the consumption of and level of trust to various media, the level of public trust, and perceived risk and safety behaviors regards COVID-19. Our final sample consisted of 1881 Iranian residents. We used descriptive analysis, bivariate correlation, univariable and multivariable linear regression analysis, and univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis for data analysis. Results: The mental health problems have increased in comparison to past national survey; 24.1% vs 10.39% for depression, 37.93% vs 16.7% for social dysfunction, and 41.33% vs 29.5% for anxiety, and 31.12% vs 29.08% for somatization. We also found high percent of acute stress 52.71% (95% CI: 50.45-54.96). Being female, married, and having a higher educational level increased the odds of safety behaviors. Public trust and national media can regulate the negative effect of the pandemic, while increasing perceived risk and appropriate safety behaviors can decrease psychological problems and disorders. However, social media increases perceived risk, safety behaviors, and psychological problems, especially severe acute stress. Conclusion: We are in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and its negative effects will increase. Many people have lost their relatives, their jobs, their social contacts, and are faced with a surge of negative news. Authorities should consider these critical issues and adopt appropriate communicative and supportive approaches to prevent their negative effects at both individual and societal levels.

Objective: Health care systems and professionals worldwide are relying on technology as an essential partner to manage the COVID-19 epidemic. This paper explains how digital technologies can benefit the public, medical workers, and health care systems. Method: This nonsystematic literature review was conducted on different technologies and their impact and applications in the COVID-19 epidemic using proper search keywords on the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases. Results: We found various helpful technologies, which can help us to appropriately contain and manage the COVID-19 pandemic through broad areas of clinical care, logistics, maintenance of socioeconomic activities, and inspection. However, main challenges still need to be addressed for obtaining the full capacities of the technologies to support health care systems. Conclusion: Technologies can offer many innovative ideas and solutions against global and local emergencies. In this time of great vagueness and danger, we require all the resources we can collect to rescue ourselves and our patients. Barriers and challenges, such as lack of technology proficiency, confidentiality requirements, and reimbursement matters, need to be recognized and resolved rapidly, accurately, and compassionately.

Abstract Objective Vitamin B6 has been linked to a variety of probable roles, including anti‐inflammatory, homocysteine‐lowering, serotonin‐regulating, and dopamine‐lowering. In this study, we investigated the possible effect of vitamin B6 on bipolar disorder in manic episode with psychotic feature in a placebo‐controlled double‐blind clinical trial in a psychiatric hospital. Methods This study was performed on 50 patients who were equally divided into two groups (each group included 25 patients) using 80 mg of vitamin B6 daily or placebo. At the beginning and end of the study, they were evaluated for lab tests, inflammatory biomarkers and level of blood homocysteine. Also, at the baseline and in weeks 2, 4, and 8, they were evaluated based on the anthropometric measurements, score obtained from the Young Mania Questionnaire, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire. Results Accordingly, based on Yang Mania scoring scale, no significant difference was observed between the two groups receiving vitamin B6 and placebo (22.68 ± 5.39 vs. 21.80 ± 5.39 [p‐value = .51]). Based on MMSE, significant improvement in cognitive status was obtained in group placebo compared to vitamin B6 group (25.24 ± 1.96 vs. 24.40 ± 3.25, respectively [p‐value = .01]). At the Pittsburg scale (total, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups receiving vitamin B6 and placebo (1.04 ± 0.20 vs. 0.48 ± 0.50 [p‐value = .23]). Additionally, no significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the anthropometric status. Conclusions According to this study, the daily dose of 80 mg of vitamin B6 for 8 weeks in patients with bipolar disorder in the manic episode with psychotic feature treated daily with lithium, was not associated with a significant improvement in mood status compared to the control–placebo group. It is recommended to perform similar studies in a multi‐center manner with a larger sample size and longer duration.

This study was conducted with a pre-test–post-test design with a control group in which participants were divided into two experimental (ten persons) and control (ten persons) groups. The Smile 1 intervention took place in 16 sessions of 30 min, which consisted of eight sessions of 1 h owing to the time spent by the parents of the participants in the study. Additionally, a Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) was used to measure the effectiveness of this interventional game on reducing the behavioural problems of children that participated. The questionnaire consists of 113 questions in which 13 different behavioural factors are identified in the children. For this purpose, pre-test and post-test stages were performed for both groups. In fact, due to time constraints for holding intervention sessions, it was expected from the outset that significant changes in participant behaviour during the two months of interventions would not be observed.

Aim and Background: Psychiatric disorders are gaining top rank in the burden of disease. Undoubtedly, knowing their prevalence in children and adolescents can help prevent and control these problems and save money. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Isfahan. Methods and Materials: According to the nature of the research, the research method is a fundamental type that was performed on 1010 children and adolescents in Isfahan province in 2017 that were randomly selected using multistage cluster sampling. Clinical psychologists are trained to conduct research refer to the selected children's homes and using the Persian version of the semi-structured diagnostic interview for Mental Disorders and Schizophrenia for children and adolescents, Current Detection and Lifespan (K-SADS-PL). In addition, demographic data (gender, age, education, parental education, and economic status) were also collected. After collecting the data, the data were analyzed by SPSS software using frequency indices and frequency. Findings: According to the findings, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Isfahan province is 14.8% and the prevalence of these disorders in boys is higher than in girls. Also, according to the results, the prevalence of these disorders in the age range of 10-14 years was more than other ages. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in the city were more than children and adolescents in the village. Conclusions: According to the results, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Isfahan province is in the middle range compared to other studies carried out in other researches carried out inside and outside the country. However, the need for mental health policies in childhood and adolescence is suggested to reduce the burden of damage in the future and provide solutions to the proble m.

Personality disorders (PDs) would be associated with an unhealthy lifestyle. To date, however, there have not been sufficient studies on the relationship between them. This study aimed to investigate the association between personality disorders and an unhealthy lifestyle by using an analytical cross-sectional study. We selected 1538 married women based on the multistage cluster sampling method. We used the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ). Apart from descriptive statistics, a one-sample t-test, multivariate analysis, and structural equation modeling were used. Analysis of the data suggested that negativistic (β= -0.321), schizotypal (β= -0.285), schizoid (β= -0.159), borderline (β= -0.136), melancholic (β= -0.079) PDs had a significant association with an unhealthy lifestyle, respectively. Cluster A personality disorders were prone to an unhealthy lifestyle more than the other two clusters.

Objective: Psychosis is still among the most debilitating and severe mental disorders. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the estimated prevalence of psychotic disorders and finding the main predictors of psychotic disorders among Iranian children and adolescents. Method: Our total sample consisted of 30 553 individuals (49% males and 51%females) from 30 provinces of Iran, aged between 6 and 18 years, who were selected via cluster sampling method from urban and rural areas of all provinces. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and multiple logistic regression method. Results: The results of multiple regression analysis showed that prevalence estimate of psychotic disorders was 0.25%. It was 0.3% and 0.2% in males and females, respectively. The age of 10-14 (OR = 2.24; 95% CI, 1.11-4.55) and the age of 15-18 (OR = 3.42; 95% CI, 1.74-6.75) were significant positive predictors, whereas none of the demographic variables were predictors for psychotic symptoms. Conclusion: This research highlights the main predictors of psychosis in children and adolescents. The study design also allowed a better understanding of predictors of psychotic disorders. The assessment of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, particularly their comorbidities, may help to prevent mental illnesses in children and adolescents.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to develop a self-report questionnaire to assess the level of perceived risks and safety behaviors during pandemics. Method: We went through recommended phases and their corresponding steps to create a valid and reliable scale: (a) item development (including 1. domain identification and item generation, 2. content validity), (b) scale development (including 1. pretesting questions, 2. sampling and survey administration, 3. item reduction, and 4. extraction of factors), and (c) scale evaluation (including 1. tests of dimensionality, 2. tests of reliability, and 3. tests of validity). Results: We found four factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 that were accounted for 0.63 of the total variance. The 4-factor solution showed all items had factor loading greater than 0.4 and each belonged to one factor. The fit indices indicated the 4-factor solution model was fitted to our data. Conclusion: In sum, the Pandemic Risk and Reaction Scale (PRRS) is a valid and reliable self-reported scale to assess the level of perceived risk and safety behaviors during pandemics.

Background Identification of children and adolescents mental health problems need to investigate of psychiatric disorders. Objective We aimed the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in central areas of Qazvin Province children and adolescent ages 6 to 18 years and their comorbidities. Methods This is a national project that will be implemented in central areas of Qazvin Province. This project will be focused on 1025 children and adolescents ages 6 to 18 years from central area of Qazvin province by cluster sampling method with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime version questionnaire (K-SADS-PL). The interview was conducted by 8 clinical psychologists Findings The prevalence of total psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents was 28.19% (95% CI=21.81-22.82) that was among boys 31.5% and among girls 25% and by comparing 95% of confidence interval of prevalence of psychiatric disorders in both genders. We saw a significant difference in total psychiatric disorder (P≤0.02) and results also showed that odds ratio (95% CI) for psychiatric disorders in the total population in terms of sex was 0.7 (for female). In addition, anxiety disorders had the most highlighted prevalence among all (13.2%) and; specific phobias disorders (4.7%) was the most common disorders .The results showed that the comorbidity of anxiety disorders and behavioral disorders is more than any others (22.2%). Free job mothers were valuable (P≤0.006). Conclusion This study showed the child and adolescents are significantly different in term of sex in central areas of Qazvin Province. Anxiety disorders are most common psychiatric disorders.

Multi-node leadless pacemaker system overcomes the main limitations related to lead complications of the conventional cardiac pacemaker and will thus replace them in the near future. The multiple nodes of the technology require the development of low-power, low data-rate and energy-efficient communication framework for device synchronization and bi-directional communication between them. Moreover, the nodes need to communicate with the outer peripheral devices for data telemetry, control and remote monitoring. This paper focuses on evaluation of different energy-efficient modulation schemes at 433 MHz for bi-directional communication between the nodes using homogeneous liquid phantom model of human heart and living animal experiments. In this paper, we have analyzed three simple, low-budget modulation schemes - On Off-Keying (OOK), Frequency Shift-Keying (FSK), and Gaussian Frequency Shift-Keying (GFSK). The analysis is done based on the total transmitter power required to achieve a reliable communication indicated by the minimum threshold values of bit-error rate and packet-error rate. The experiments have been conducted for three common implant communication scenarios - in-body to in-body, in-body to on-body and in-body to off-body links. For conducting the experiments, we have designed the experimental setup with electronic components and fabricated antennas. The results have shown that GFSK has the best performance among the other modulation techniques based on the total transmitter power. We also investigated higher order of the same modulation schemes - 4-FSK and 4-GFSK. The results showed that GFSK performed much better than 4-FSK and 4-GFSK. This research will be carried forward to build the entire radio frequency communication framework for the multi-node pacemaker technology.

Objective: Considering the impact of rapid sociocultural, political, and economical changes on societies and families, population-based surveys of mental disorders in different communities are needed to describe the magnitude of mental health problems and their disabling effects at the individual, familial, and societal levels. Method: A population-based cross sectional survey (IRCAP project) of 30 532 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years was conducted in all provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by 250 clinical psychologists trained to use the validated Persian version of the semi-structured diagnostic interview Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-PL (K-SADS-PL). Results: In this national epidemiological survey, 6209 out of 30 532 (22.31%) were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric disorder. The anxiety disorders (14.13%) and behavioral disorders (8.3%) had the highest prevalence, while eating disorders (0.13%) and psychotic symptoms (0.26%) had the lowest. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was significantly lower in girls (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.80-0.90), in those living in the rural area (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.73-0.87), in those aged 15-18 years (OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99), as well as that was significantly higher in those who had a parent suffering from mental disorders (OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.63-2.36 for mother and OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.07-1.66 for father) or physical illness (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17-1.35 for mother and OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.10-1.28 for father). Conclusion: About one fifth of Iranian children and adolescents suffer from at least one psychiatric disorder. Therefore, we should give a greater priority to promoting mental health and public health, provide more accessible services and trainings, and reduce barriers to accessing existing services.

Abstract An un-coded multi-transmitter query scheme is introduced for wireless backscatter communication systems in which M transmitters and N receivers are used for single-tag connectivity (M × 1 × N). The main idea is to harden the wireless communication channel with a tag device for high data rate readings. The proposed method is designed for multipath fading channels in which the backscatter channel is a multiplicative Rayleigh. A coherent transmit query scheme is used to increase the tag-reflected signals and simultaneously alter the fading statistics in the forward path by implementing a receiver feedback. Full-diversity performance and array gain is achieved using the receiver diversity without requiring any tag antenna diversity. Therefore, the tag device remains simple. Mathematical expressions for the probability density function (PDF) of the backscatter channel are presented using closed-form equations. Bit error rate (BER) simulations for the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation are computed numerically. Diversity gain of 10 dB is obtained by using a 2 × 1 × 1 scheme. The results show that the transmit diversity for single-tag usage performs the same as the tag antenna diversity, at the expense of a moderate transmitter complexity. The tag device remains intact as a requirement for the simplicity and size constraints. Also, the system realization becomes more feasible due to the available space on the transmitter side to accomplish the uncorrelated forward channel conditions. The feasibility study is demonstrated using software-defined radio (SDR) implementations.

Background & objectives: Considering the importance of prevalence studies in disease management, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Ardabil province. Methods: In this study, 1035 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 were selected using cluster random sampling and examined with a digital version of the K-SADS in terms of psychiatric disorders. In the present work, 24 types of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents were evaluated. Sampling was done in the general population and interviews were conducted at the door of the house. Assessments were carried out by experienced psychologists. The point and interval prevalence (with 95% confidence interval) were calculated for disorders. Data were analyzed using SPSS ( v.22) software. Results: Hyperactivity, oppositional defiant, enuresis, and separation anxiety disorders had the highest prevalence in the studied sample. In contrast, psychosis, autism and panic disorders had the lowest prevalence. Depression had a moderate prevalence (1.7%) among other disorders. The overall prevalence of disturbances was 31.7%. Conclusion: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Ardabil children and adolescents was high. According to this rate, etiologic studies are necessarily needed for disorders with have high prevalence and health systems should design and manage preventive plans for the general public.

A novel method to locate the zone of transient faults and to classify the fault type in Power Distribution Systems using wavelet transforms and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) has been developed. It draws on advanced techniques of signal processing based on wavelet transforms, using data sampled from the main feeder current to extract important characteristics and dynamic features of the fault signal. In this method, algorithms designed for fault detection and classification based on features extracted from wavelet transforms were implemented. One of four different algorithms based on ANFIS, according to the type of fault, was then used to locate the fault zone. Studies and simulations in an EMTP-RV environment for the 25kV power distribution system of Canada were carried out by considering ten types of faults with different fault inception, fault resistance and fault locations. The simulation results showed high accuracy in classifying the type of fault and determining the fault area, so that the maximum observed error was less than 2%.

Abstract: This article seeks to investigate the issues raised that could systematic and discourse of Islamic Revolution since indoor and market it to challenge the Islamic discourse.the Appearance of civil, cultural and the salafies despite intensifying internal substrates such cultural problems social, economic and ambition enmity of some governments in the region, including Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the government of the usurper Israel risk of Isis domination-seeking West led by America efforts militant of the Islamic revolution discourse as some of the challenges in this paper examined is taken. Abstract: This article seeks to investigate the issues raised that could systematic and discourse of Islamic Revolution since indoor and market it to challenge the Islamic discourse.the Appearance of civil, cultural and the salafies despite intensifying internal substrates such cultural problems social, economic and ambition enmity of some governments in the region, including Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the government of the usurper Israel risk of Isis domination-seeking West led by America efforts militant of the Islamic revolution discourse as some of the challenges in this paper examined is taken.

Objective: Body mass index undergoes a substantial change in some psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to explore the status of body mass index (BMI) in different psychiatric disorders in a national survey among children and adolescents and to identify the role of gender in this regard. Method: A total of 30 532 children and adolescents were randomly selected using cluster sampling method with equal blocks of 3 age groups and 2 genders. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using a standardized face-to-face diagnostic interview of Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (KSADS-PL), and Body Mass Index (BMI) was measured for each participant. Results: In this study, 22 730 children and adolescents (109 46 boys and 11784 girls), with valid data of BMI, completed the KSADS-PL interview. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 21.2% among underweight participants, 22.8% among overweight participants, and 22.2% among obese participants, which was significantly higher than normal weight participants with 19.6% (X2 = 17.55; p = 0.001). In boys’ subgroup, depression and separation anxiety were mostly seen among the underweight category, while tic disorder was mostly seen in the obese category. In girls’ subgroup, on the other hand, generalized anxiety was mostly observed in the underweight category, while oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), depression, and mental retardation were mostly observed in the obese category. In total, the highest mean BMI rates were among the children and adolescents with alcohol abuse disorder, mania, and panic disorder. However, the lowest BMI rates were among those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), and enuresis. Conclusion: This study gives an overall picture of BMI status in different psychiatric disorders according to gender. Furthermore, in a multidisciplinary approach, the results of this study drew the attention of child psychiatrists to the status of BMI in their clients.

Abstract: Hassan bin Ali bin Mohammed bin Ali bin Hasan al-Tabari, known as Najm al-Din and Imad al-Din al-Tabari and Imad al-Tabari's has been the one of famous scholars from Amol and Mazandaran and he has been contemporary with Khajeh nasiraldin Tusi, Mohaghegh Hilli and Aallameh hilli (seventh century). In the present article we want to describe the political thoughts of this greet faghih of shiat. For this purpose, inspired by the skinners methods of hermeneutics we have tried to introduction of his life and his character. And by reference to his available texts with the open reading these texts and with engaging in political and social era of ilkhanan and according to the foundations and religious traditions of Shiite political era ilkhanan we have proceed to reread his political jurisprudence texts and his views on the concept of politics, the need for government and department, headed types, the department of justice and his origin, conditions, characteristics ,duties and options and its authority, headed by Valye faghih during the occultation, the source of legitimacy and expansion of their province, system of Soltani and interacting with that. Key words: politics, government, Proxy province of faghih , legitimacy and Province-wide , royalism

The present article aims to study and analyze Abdul Vahab Azzam’s translations in terms of style and structure along with his contributions in the field of Persian and Arabic language and literature. To be comprehensive in this research, a selection of his works has been investigated. To elaborate more on this subject, the viewpoints and translation style of Azzam, his translations of odes by such great Persian poets as Hafez, Molavi, EghbalLahori, Nezami, Atar Neyshaboori as well as his publications in Eastern languages are studied. In this research, a descriptive-analytical approach is used such that, first, it explores Azzam’s rare translated works in Arabic. Then, their structure and method is considered in relation to his translated critical papers and publications. Finally, the paper studies his translation of critical works in Persian and Arabic. The paper endeavors to indicate that Abdul Vahab Azzam, as one of the pioneers in the field of translation in Egypt, has taken remarkable measures in promoting and spreading the literature, culture, and civilization of Persians in Arabic through translation. By acquiring the principles of translation and employing his poetic talent, according to many theorists of the Arab world, he has appeared successful in translating Persian works into Arabic. Azzam’s poetic translations in transferring feelings and affections along with words and meanings have given value and importance to Azzam.

Objective: We aimed at designing a cross sectional study to investigate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iranian children and adolescents and to determine its relationship with social capital, life style, and parents' personality disorders. Method: This cross sectional study was a national project implemented in all provinces of Iran. In this community-based study, using ‎multistage cluster sampling method, we selected 1000 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years in each province. The total sample size reached to 31 000. ‎We randomly collected 170 blocks. Then, of each cluster head, we selected 6 cases including 3 cases of each gender in ‎different age groups (6- 9 years, 10- 14 years, and 15- 18 years). The clinical psychologists instructed the participants to complete the Persian version of Kiddie-Sads-‎Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). In addition, demographic data (gender, age, education, parent education, and economic situation) and information on lifestyle, social capital, and parents' personality disorders were obtained from the participants. Discussion: This study presents a protocol for an epidemiological survey on the first estimates for the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents across the country. This large body of data, on a range of individual behavioural and emotional items and scores, allows us to compare the rates and patterns of deviance between urban and rural places of residence in 31 provinces of Iran with non Iranian samples surveyed with the same measures.

Objective: Electrophysiological studies have identified abnormal oscillatory activities in the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Biological and pathophysiological evidence suggests specific deficits in serotonin (5-HT) receptor function in schizoaffective disorder (SA), a clinical syndrome with characteristics of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. This study investigated alpha oscillations in patients with SA. Method: Electroencephalography was used to measure ongoing and evoked alpha oscillations in 38 adults meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fourth Edition (DSM–IV) criteria for SA, and in 39 healthy controls. Results: Spontaneous alpha power of the participants with SA was significantly lower than that of healthy participants [F (1, 75) = 8.81, P < 0.01]. Evoked alpha activity was also decreased in SA compared to controls [F (1, 75) = 5.67, P = 0.025]. Conclusion: A strong reduction of alpha power in the posterior regions may reflect abnormality in the thalamocortical circuits. It is shown that hypoxia and reduced cerebral blood flow is associated with reduced alpha activity among different regions of the brain. Therefore, it can be concluded that greatly decreased alpha activity, particularly in centro-parietal and occipital regions, is related to SA symptoms such as hallucinations.

Objective: Early diagnosis of type I and type II bipolar mood disorder is very challenging particularly in adolescence. Hence, we aimed to investigate the cerebral cortex function in these patients, using quantitative electroencephalography analysis to obtain significant differences between them. Methods: Thirty- eight adolescents (18 patients with bipolar disorder I and 20 with BMD II) participated in this study. We recorded the electroencephalogram signals based on 10-20 international system by 21 electrodes in eyes open and eyes closed condition resting conditions. Forty seconds segments were selected from each recorded signals with minimal noise and artifacts. Periodogram Welch was used to estimate power spectrum density from each segment. Analysis was performed in five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma), and we assessed power, mean, entropy, variance and skewness of the spectrums, as well as mean of the thresholded spectrum and thresholded spectrogram. We only used focal montage for comparison. Eventually, data were analyzed by independent Mann-Whitney test and independent t test. Results: We observed significant differences in some brain regions and in all frequency bands. There were significant differences in prefrontal lobe, central lobe, left parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe between BMD I and BMD II (P < 0.05). In patients with BMD I, spectral entropy was compared to patients with BMD II. The most significant difference was observed in the gamma frequency band. Also, the power and entropy of delta frequency band was larger in the left parietal lobe in the BMD I patients compared to BMD II patients (P < 0.05). In the temporal lobe, significant differences were observed in the spectrum distribution of beta and gamma frequency bands (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The QEEG and entropy measure are simple and available tools to help detect cerebral cortex deficits and distinguish BMD I from BMD II.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effect of two neurofeedback protocols (SMR/theta and beta/theta) on ADHD symptoms, selective attention and EEG (electroencephalogram) parameters in children with ADHD. Method:The sample consisted of 16 children (9-15 year old: 13 boys; 3 girls) with ADHD-combined type (ADHD-C). All of children used methylphenidate (MPH) during the study. The neurofeedback training consisted of two phases of 15 sessions, each lasting 45 minutes. In the first phase, participants were trained to enhance sensorimotor rhythm (12-15 Hz) and reduce theta activity (4-8 Hz) at C4 and in the second phase; they had to increase beta (15-18 Hz) and reduce theta activity at C3. Assessments consisted of d2 attention endurance test, ADHD rating scale (parent form) at three time periods: before, middle and the end of the training. EEG signals were recorded just before and after the training . Result:Based on parents’ reports, inattention after beta/theta training, and hyperactivity/impulsivity were improved after the end of the training. All subscales of d2 test were improved except for the difference between maximum and minimum responses. However, EEG analysis showed no significant differences . Conclusion:Neurofeedback in conjunction with Methylphenidate may cause further improvement in ADHD symptoms reported by parents and selective attention without long-term impact on EEG patterns. However, determining the exact relationship betweenEEG parameters, neurofeedback protocols and ADHD symptoms remain unclear.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the QEEG of adolescents affected by bipolar II disorder with age and gender matched healthy controls, and to extract the characteristics of the alpha frequency band to better understand this disorder. Methods: Twenty one adolescents affected by acute episodes of bipolar II disorder (BMD II), both hypomanic and depressive episodes, were selected via convenience sampling based on DSM IV criteria and child and adolescent psychiatrist diagnosis. Eleven patients were going through a hypomanic episode and 10 patients were going through a depression episode. Of the participants, 18 who were matched with the patient group participated in this study as a normal group. Any major comorbidities and intellectual disabilities were excluded through applying K-SADS-PL and Raven's IQ test for all the patients and the healthy participants. Electroencephalogram signals were obtained according to 10-20 international system by 21 electrodes from participants in open and closed eyes in a resting state. We selected 40 seconds length segments from each recorded EEG signals that had minimal noise and artifacts. Power spectrum density (PSD) was estimated for each segment and extracted alpha band frequency. We used only referential (unipolar) montage for comparison. Eventually, data were analyzed by independent Mann-Whitney test and independent t test. Results: We observed significant differences in the alpha frequency band in some brain regions. Alpha power increased in the fronto-central region and right parietal lobe in the patients (P < 0.05). In the patients with BMD II, entropy of alpha oscillations was larger than the normal participants in the central region and in the F3, F4 and P4 channels. Also, there were differences in the variance of alpha oscillations in these regions between the two groups (P < 0.05). In the occipital lobe, alpha wave had different skewness between the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Thalamus as a generator and modulator of at least a part of alpha oscillations may be involved in this disorder and hence this explains the major symptoms like distractibility and inattention in both hypomanic and depressive episodes of bipolar II disorder.

Objective: The aim of this study was to achieve a better understanding of schizoaffective disorder. Therefore, we obtained electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from patients with schizoaffective disorder and analyzed them in comparison to normal subjects. Method: Forty patients with schizoaffective disorder and 40 normal subjects were selected randomly and their electroencephalogram signals were recorded based on 10-20 international system by 23 electrodes in open- and closed-eyes while they were sitting on a chair comfortably. After pre-processing for noise removal and artifact reduction, we took 60- second segments from each recorded signals. Then, the absolute and relative powers of these segments were evaluated in all channels and in 4 frequency bands (i.e., delta, theta, alpha and beta waves). Finally, Data were analyzed by independent t-test using SPSS software. Results: A significant decrease in relative power in the alpha band, a significant decrease in power spectra in the alpha band and a significant increase in power spectra in the beta band were found in patients compared to normal subjects (P < 0.05). The predominant wave in the centro-parietal region was the beta wave in patients, but it was the alpha band in normal subjects (P = 0.048). Also, the predominant wave of the occipital region in patients was the delta wave, while it was the alpha wave in normal subjects (P = 0.038). Conclusion: Considering the findings, particularly based on the significant decrease of the alpha waves in schizoaffective patients, it can be concluded that schizoaffective disorder can be seen in schizophrenia spectrum.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of different types of child abuse in Iran. Method: We systematically searched four English databases (PubMed, Sciencedirect, PsychINFO and Scopus), and three Farsi databases (Magiran, IranMedex and SID) to find out relevant articles that have reported the prevalence of child abuse in Iran. Studies conducted on special samples, special setting or on adult population for history of child abuse were excluded from our study. The total number of obtained articles from English databases was 83. After removing the duplicated articles, 77 manuscripts remained. Next, we screened the articles based on their title and abstract and only 13 articles remained. After screening based on the full text only 5 studies were left. Since Farsi databases did not give us the option to get all the search results together, we read the search results based on their titles and selected the relevant articles. Twenty-four studies were selected based on their tit e. After screening based on the full text, 8 studies remained. The total number of the studies from both English and Farsi databases that we entered in our review was 13. Result: The prevalence of physical abuse, emotional abuse and neglect in both genders differed from 9.7% to 67.5 %, 17.9% to 91.1% and 23.6% to 80.18%, respectively. The pooled estimate of the prevalence of child physical abuse in both genders was 43.591% (CI -216.146, 303.328%), and the pooled estimate of the prevalence of child emotional abuse was 64.533% (CI -195.205, 324.270). In regards to child neglect, the pooled estimate of the prevalence was 40.945% (CI -274.989, 356.879). The heterogeneity of the studies was not statically significant (I2 = 0.0%). Conclusion: Child abuse has several negative effects on the health of children and adults. It seems that child abuse in Iran is in a critical condition, so the policy makers should act upon solving this problem and design special programs and develop effective policies to prevent child ab se in Iran.