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In the realm of digitizing written content, the challenges posed by low-resource languages are noteworthy. These languages, often lacking in comprehensive linguistic resources, require specialized attention to develop robust systems for accurate optical character recognition (OCR). This article addresses the significance of focusing on such languages and introduces ViLanOCR, an innovative bilingual OCR system tailored for Urdu and English. Unlike existing systems, which struggle with the intricacies of low-resource languages, ViLanOCR leverages advanced multilingual transformer-based language models to achieve superior performances. The proposed approach is evaluated using the character error rate (CER) metric and achieves state-of-the-art results on the Urdu UHWR dataset, with a CER of 1.1%. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, surpassing state of the-art baselines in Urdu handwriting digitization.

يعد الطالب البطل طالب مميز في رياضة معينة تفوق واجتهد فيها ونال الاوسمة تكريما لما بذله من وقت وجد للحصول عليها، ويهدف البحث الى دراسة واقع الطلبة الابطال الخريجين من كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة - جامعة بغداد للعام الدراسي 2022/2023، واشتملت العينة على الطلبة الابطال الخريجين من الكلية وعددهم (32) طالب، حيث تم اختيارهم بالطريقة العمدية، واســتعان الباحثون بالمنهج الوصفي لتحقيق الهدف من البحث، واستخدم الباحثون استبيان مكون من محورين وتم حساب التكرار والنسبة المئوية، ووفقا للنتائج التي تم جمعها توصلوا الى وجود تباين بين اجوبة الطلبة الابطال على فقرات الاستبيان المختلفة في المحور المعرفي والمحور التطبيقي واوصى الباحثون بضرورة اجراء الدراسات المشابهة على باقي الفئات المقبولة في الكلية خدمتا لطلبتها.

Introduction: Cabin crews on aircraft are at risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders as a result of their workload and the nature of their profession. This study is an attempt to identify work-related musculoskeletal disorders suffered by cabin crews and the associated ergonomic factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among the cabin crews. The cabin crews, regardless of gender, who had worked at least one year, were selected by simple random sampling. A total of 246 cabin crews were the respondents in this study. A Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to assess the respondents' MSDs. To determine the predictors of MSDs, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Out of 246 cabin crew, 55.3% were males, and the mean age was 39.83±9.289 years. The mean flight duration was 85 hours, and the maximum flying hours was 123. Of the total participating crews, more than half (55.7%) suffered from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The common sites of MSDs were the low back, shoulder, neck, and knee joints. Poor ergonomic factors such the increasing age and flight duration were also contributing factors to MSDs. Conclusion: The study revealed that over half of the cabin crew suffered from work-related musculoskeletal disorders. A number of ergonomic factors, including age and flight duration, were found to be associated with MSDs.

The most common form of childhood cancer is leukemia, Calculation for more than one third of all childhood cancers among those ages 1 day – 14 years. The diseases of leukemia are worldwide, it occurred in both genders from male and females and in all age. A total of 80 different samples of patient children were collected from the central teaching hospital of pediatric in Baghdad. Obtained during the period from 1st Sept. 2019 till the 31 th of Aug. 2020. Each isolates identification by using Vitek 2. Isolated organism in leukemic children show 18 (22.5 %) gram positive and 62 (77.5 %) gram negative from the total sample 80 (100.0 %). The percent of male is 45 more than female which represents 35 in most age groups between age (1 day-3 year) 33 (100.0 %). In most distribution of organism according to the type of sample for gram positive is Staphylococcus aureus 13 (16.2 %) and gram negative Escherichia coli 21 (26.3 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae 13 (16.2 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 11 (13.8 %) from the total results 80 (100.0 %). In conclusion, the gram negative bacteria is more than gram positive bacteria and especially effect with Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, in males for the age group 1 day to 3 years. And the most antibiotic sensitive to Escherichia coli is Imipenem, Amikacin, Gentamycin, Piperacillin/ Tazobactam and resist to Cefotazidime, Tobramycin, Cefepime, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin and Staphylococcus aureus most sensitive to Vancomycin, Gentamycin, Clindamycin, and resist to Penicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Oxacillin.

AAV gene transfer is a promising treatment for many patients with life-threatening genetic diseases. However, host immune response to the vector poses a significant challenge for the durability and safety of AAV-mediated gene therapy. Here, we characterize the innate immune response to AAV in human whole blood. We identified neutrophils, monocyte-related dendritic cells, and monocytes as the most prevalent cell subsets able to internalize AAV particles, while conventional dendritic cells were the most activated in terms of the CD86 co-stimulatory molecule upregulation. Although low titers (≤1:10) of AAV neutralizing antibodies (NAb) in blood did not have profound effects on the innate immune response to AAV, higher NAb titers (≥1:100) significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine secretion, vector uptake by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and complement activation. Interestingly, both full and empty viral particles were equally potent in inducing complement activation and cytokine secretion. By using a compstatin-based C3 and C3b inhibitor, APL-9, we demonstrated that complement pathway inhibition lowered CD86 levels on APCs, AAV uptake, and cytokine/chemokine secretion in response to AAV. Together these results suggest that the pre-existing humoral immunity to AAV may contribute to trigger adverse immune responses observed in AAV-based gene therapy, and that blockade of complement pathway may warrant further investigation as a potential strategy for decreasing immunogenicity of AAV-based therapeutics.

Background: Acute myocardial infarction is one of the most common causes of mortality, which is associated with various clinical manifestations, and in some cases leads to lack of timely identification. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the clinical features of acute myocardial infarction and gender in patients admitted to educational hospitals in Isfahan City, Iran. Methods: This study was performed on 500 patients with acute myocardial infarction (142 women and 358 men). After obtaining patients' satisfaction and recording demographic data, clinical symptoms and complaints were recorded. Chi-square and t tests were used to compare the data. Findings: The age of heart attacks was lower in women than in men (P < 0.001). Smoking (P < 0.001) and addiction (P < 0.001) in men were more than women, while underlying diseases as risk factor for myocardial infarction were significantly higher in women (P < 0.001). At the time of myocardial infarction, there was no difference in incidence of chest pain as the key diagnostic manifestation of myocardial infarction between two sexes, but the nonspecific symptoms were higher in women than in men (P < 0.001). Conclusion: It seems that nonspecific symptoms, especially among women, should be taken seriously, and timely diagnostic and therapeutic measures should be performed for them.

The research aimed at identifying factors affecting the level of fencers in the three known weapons as well as identifying the order of these factors according to the percentage of each factor. The researchers used the descriptive method on (60) fencers who represent the three weapons based on a questionnaire made of five axes and six questions for each axe. The results of the questionnaire showed that central federation duties comes first, technical issues comes next, financial aspects third, external factors forth, and social factors comes last. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to come up with the conclusions and recommendations.

The research aimed at identifying the medical services present to the students of physical education and sport sciences/university of Baghdad. The researchers hypothesized significant statistical differences in medical services evaluation. They used the descriptive method on (274) forth year College of physical education and sport sciences college students, university of Baghdad for the academic year 2021 – 2022. Only (150) students’ questionnaire was used in this researcher. The questionnaire included eight axis; each axe consisted of five questions (safety and first aids, medical examination and periodical comprehensive medical test, injury treatment, healthy environment, contagious diseases control, sports nutrition, personal health, psychological care). The research came up with many conclusions and recommendations.

The number of infections caused by microorganisms is increasing significantly over the last few years. A total of 140 patients admitted to the central teaching hospital of pediatrics from the 1st of Jun 2017 to 31 October 2017. The Clinical samples was processed from culture and sensitivity testing. Antibiotic discs used for gram negative isolates. The most prevalent gram negative isolates included Escherichia coli 63 (45.0 %), Pseudomonas spp. 21 (15.0 %), Klebsiella spp. 19 (13.6 %) predominantly. Escherichia coli were the most prevalent isolates from urine 45 (71.4 %), Klebsiella spp. 11 (57.9 %) and Enterobacter spp. 11 (68.8 %) followed by Escherichia coli 10 (15.9 %) predominant from blood. 68 (48.6 %) of specimens were urine, 47 (33.6 %) were blood and 25 (17.8 %) were from other origins. Resistance to CTR was 42 (51.2 %) in Escherichia coli, 15 (18.3 %) in Pseudomonas spp. 9 (11.0 %) in Klebsiella spp. and similarly AMC showed 41 (62.1) resistance among Escherichia coli, 8 (12.1 %) among Pseudomonas spp. and Klebsiella spp. and also GEN showed 27 (57.4 %) resistance among Escherichia coli, 7 (14.9 %) among Pseudomonas spp. and 6 (12.8 %) in Klebsiella spp.

The aim of this present study to was to detect the 16S rRNA gene sequences of Escherichia coli local isolate from dialysis patients and to compare their genetic relatedness utilizing phylogenetic analysis. A total of (75) clinical samples (Urine) were collected from in dialysis patients but found thirty specimens of E. coli admitted at Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad Teaching Hospital during the period from October, 2017 to January, 2018 platinum calibrated sterile wire loop to transfer 1µl of the uncentrifuged urine specimen and streaked on MacConkey agar incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that Proximity and the genetic dimension among themselves and the world with more than 98% to 99%compatibility values.

Introduction: Slips, trips and falls (STFs) lead to considerable accidents and injuries with a large financial consequence. In garment industries, occupational accidents and injuries are not uncommon and slips, trips and falls are the major contributory factors. It aimed to find out the contributing factors of slips, trips and falls among the garment workers in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a garment industry to find out the factors responsible for slips, trips and falls among the workers. The study participants were garment workers with one year of experience, regardless of age and sex. A total of 208 workers was selected by simple random sampling. The study was conducted from July 2018 to June 2019. Results: Among the total 208 respondents, 130 (62.5%) were female and the mean age was 27.49±7.18 years. The majority of the respondents (57.2%) had a primary level of education and had work experience up to five years (71.6%). Of the total respondents, 62 (29.8%) had the experience of slips, trips and falls (STFs) in the last six months. Among them, slips were experienced by 34(16.3%), trips by 43(20.7%) and falls by 40(19.2%) respondents. Poor housekeeping 23(53.6%), mopped wet floor 18(52.9%), slopped and slippery floors 14(35.0%), improper storage 14(32.6%), uneven floor 12(30.0%) and spilling of drinks 9(26.5%) in a higher proportion were responsible for slips, trips and falls. The ergonomic factors which were reported to contribute to slips, trips and falls in a higher proportion were working posture 30(69.8%) and load-bearing 24 (60%). Workplace stress, on the other hand, was found to be the most common 37(92.5%) contributing factor to slips, trips and falls. Conclusion: Almost two-thirds of garment workers experienced slips, trips and falls in their workplace. To prevent slips, trips and falls, steps should be taken to reduce the contributing factors, especially the workplace stress among the workers.

The importance of the research lies in identifying differences in some physical abilities of basketball and handball and comparing league players of physical education and sport Sciences College/university of Baghdad. The researchers used the descriptive method on 20 players; (10) basketball players and (10), handball players. The results showed that basketball players are better in legs explosive strength test compared to handball players while handball players were better in arms strength – speed test compared to basketball players.

من خلال تواصل الميداني للباحثين مع الاتحاد العراقي المركزي لكرة السلة والعمل في لجنة المسابقات في الاتحاد العراقي المركزي لكرة السلة، برزت لهما مشكلة البحث في تحدي للإجابة على سؤال لطالما تبادر الى ذهن الباحثان (ماهي الطرق الواجب اتباعها في إدارة الامكانات المادية والبشرية لانجاح البطولات على المستوى المحلي لتكون إنطلاقة لإستظافة البطولات العربية والآسيوية)، ولغرض اتمام اجراءات البحث ولعدم وجود مقياس على حد علم الباحثان مباشر يقيس واقع الامكانات المادية والبشرية لإدارة البطولات، فقد شرع الباحثان بتصميم استبانة لقياس (واقع إدارة الامكانات المادية والبشرية للبطولات الرياضية لكرة السلة في العراق من وجهة نظر(الاتحاد العراقي المركزي- الاتحادات الفرعية- الحكام – فرق الدوري الممتاز)، وهدف البحث في تحليل واقع الامكانات المادية والبشرية لإدارة البطولات الرياضية لدى الاتحاد العراقي المركزي والاتحادات الفرعية والحكام وفرق الدوري الممتاز، وانتهج الباحثان المنهج الوصفي لملائمته مشكلة البحث، وتكون مجتمع البحث من اعضاء الهيئة الإدارية للإتحاد العراقي المركزي لكرة السلة واتحاداته الفرعية والحكام ولاعبي الدوري الممتاز، البالغ عددهم (410) فرداً، وبعد تطبيق الاستبانة على عينة البحث اظهرت النتائج وجود مستوى متوسط في القيمة الرقمية للإمكانات المادية والبشرية والحاجة الى تعزيز وتطوير المستوى الإداري لأداء الامكانات المادية والبشرية، وقد اوصى الباحثان بضرورة الأخذ بموضوع التخطيط الاستراتيجي والاجراءات السريعة بعين الاعتبار من اجل رفع مستوى الاداء للامكانات المادية والبشرية المسؤولة عن إدارة البطولات الرياضية في الاتحاد العراقي المركزي لكرة السلة.

A sensitive voltammetric method was described for the determination of escitalopram oxalate based on electrocatalytic oxidation at nickel nanoparticles modified chloranil carbon paste sensor in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH range from 2 to 10). The modified electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance and cyclic voltammetry. The investigation of electrochemical behavior of escitalopram oxalate was performed using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The anodic peak current showed a linear range from 1.0 x 10-6 to 7.0 x 10-5 mol L-1. The detection limit is below 2.0 x 10-7 mol L-1. The proposed method is rapid, economical, simple, precise and sensitive voltammetric method for the determination of escitalopram oxalate in bulk, dosage form and urine.

Purpose: Thermal analysis techniques have been applied to study the thermal behavior of fenbendazole (Fen) and rafoxanide (Raf). Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations were used to confirm these results. Methods: Thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine the thermal behavior and purity of the drugs under investigation. Results: Thermal behavior of Fen and Raf were augmented using semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations. The purity values were found to be 99.17% and 99.60% for Fen and Raf, respectively. Conclusion: Thermal analysis techniques gave satisfactory results to obtain quality control parameters such as melting point and degree of purity at low cost, furthermore, its simplicity and sensitivity justifies its application in quality control laboratories.

Purpose: A new sensitive sensor was fabricated for the determination of ivabradine hydrochloride (IH) based on modification with multiwalled carbon nanotubes using sodium dodecyl sulfate as micellar medium to increase the sensitivity. Methods: The electrochemical behavior of IH was studied in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH: 2.0-11.0) using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Results: The voltammetric response was linear over the range of 3.984 x 10-6-3.475 x 10-5 mol L-1. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 5.160 x 10-7 and 1.720 x 10-6 mol L-1, respectively. Conclusion: This method is suitable for determination of IH in tablets and plasma.

Recently, the dental X-Ray images have been used in different applications, particularly in the forensic field. The researchers focuses on the separation of the underlying teeth individually to obtain their features. These features can be utilized as a key solution for the identifications. In this paper, an edge detection of the involved teeth is proposed using a three stages MATLAB algorithm based on different methods such as, CLAHE, Canny, Otsu's, and 8-Connectivity. In addition, the proposed algorithm extracts the features of the investigated teeth as an exported file. These features are Standard Deviation (STD), Euler number and Area which are extracted from the bite-wing images. The stages of the proposed algorithm are image segmentation, classification and features extraction. It is important to note that the missing teeth has been considered in case of appearance. The missing teeth are assumed to be a separated objects. This is to overtake the problem of missing teeth after registering the original ones in the stored database used for identifications. The obtained results show the clear outperformance of the proposed algorithm in terms of edge detection and features’ extraction. The missing teeth in an image are tested and the achieved results presents the detection and features of such teeth dramatically. The proposed system is implemented and tested in the MATLAB software environment using a personal computer of a Core(TM) i7 processor and 6 GB RAM over a 64-Windows 10 operating system.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of re laparotomies (RLs) among laparotomies performed within 5-year period, the indications, and the main factors affecting the mortality rate. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted by evaluating file records of patients undergoing RL following abdominal surgery (2012–2016). The patients including, age, sex, type of the first surgical procedure, the cause of the re-exploration, the time interval between the index operation and the RL and the performed procedures, and the outcome were recorded. Results: Fifty-nine patients were included in the study, 83% were male. The mean age was 34.66 years. The mean duration between first operation and RL was 11.55 days. About 83.05% patients underwent RLs in the early period. The incidence of RLs was 1.62%. The indication for RLs was abdominal sepsis 23.72%, followed by intestinal obstruction 20.33% and missed injury 16.94%. The rate of RL among patients sustaining trauma was 37.28%, males 90.9%. Conclusion: We concluded that the incidence of RL is consistent with the literatures. The most :common indication was sepsis. Early intervention is the most important factor that can reduce the mortality when re-exploration is required.

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) occurs due to insulin resistance or low insulin secretion or sometimes a combination of both. Nanotechnology structured water is a type of water that is produced using energy field modulators to change the biological, chemical and physical properties of water molecules and improve the bioavailability of this nano-water. Aim: To find out the effect of drinking nanotechnology structured water (Magnalife®) on the blood glucose levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: This study was a randomised control trial involving Type 2 Diabetic patients (n=387) who were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n=191) given nanotechnology structured water and Group B (n=196) with ordinary bottled water. Blood glucose level was measured as Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the same laboratory for both groups. It was tested at baseline and at the end of the third month after drinking the water, they were given in a daily dose of 20 mL/kg body weight divided over the day. Turkey test and independent t-test were used to compare the results. Results: At the end of the study, only 352 patients were included (35 patients dropped out for different reasons). Interventional group (Group A) showed a significant difference between baseline HbA1c (8.1%±1.38) vs. HbA1c after 3 months (6.6%±0.85), (p

Purpose: Thermal analysis techniques have been used to study the thermal behavior of dapoxetine and vardenafil hydrochlorides and confirmed using semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations. Methods: Thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine the thermal behavior and purity of the drugs under investigation. Thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy were calculated. Results: Thermal behavior of DAP and VAR were confirmed using by semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations. The purity values were found to be 99.97% and 99.95% for dapoxetine and vardenafil hydrochlorides, respectively. The purity of dapoxetine and vardenafil hydrochlorides is similar to that found by reported methods according to DSC data. Conclusion: Thermal analysis justifies its application in quality control of pharmaceutical compounds due to its simplicity, sensitivity and low operational costs.

The electrooxidative behavior and determination of metformin hydrochloride, anti-hyperglycemic drug, on a pyrogallol modified carbon paste electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Metformin hydrochloride shows an irreversible oxidation behavior at all pH values of Britton-Robinson buffer (2.0-9.0). The peak current varied linearly in the range comprised between 8.0 x 10-7 and 6.0 x 10-6 mol/Lwith detection limit of 6.63 x 10-8 mol/Land limit of quantification of 2.21 x 10-7 mol/L. The method was proposed for the determination of metformin hydrochloride in dosage forms and urine.

Purpose: The aim of the present work is to study the thermal analysis of telmisartan and cilazapril. Methods: Thermogravimetry (TGA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used through the work to achieve the thermal analysis study of some antihypertensive drugs, telmisartan and cilazapril. Results: The results led to thermal stability data and also to the interpretation concerning the thermal decomposition. Thermogravimetry data allowed determination of the kinetic parameters such as, activation energy and frequency factor. Conclusion: The simplicity, speed and low operational costs of thermal analysis justify its application in the quality control of pharmaceutical compounds for medications.

Purpose: Thermal behavior of some antidiabetic drugs such as pioglitazone hydrochloride (PTZ), rosiglitazone maleate (RGZ), glibenclamide (GBD) and glimepiride (GMP) has been studied. Methods: Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques were used to study the thermal behavior of the drugs under investigation. Results: Thermal analysis technique was used to obtain quality control parameters such as melting point 193.13 °C, 122.42 °C, 173.75 °C and 208 °C for PTZ, RGZ, GBD and GMP, respectively. The values of melting point of gave satisfactory results in comparison to that obtained by using the official method. Non-isothermal methods were employed to determine the activation energy values of the first stage of thermal decomposition. Comparison of the activation energy values suggests the following sequence of thermal stability: GMP > GBD > RGZ > PTZ. Conclusion: The results obtained are useful for the identification of these compounds and permitted interpretations concerning their thermal decomposition. Thermal stability of pharmaceutical compounds can be studied and compared by using thermal analysis techniques.

Purpose: Thermal analysis (TGA, DTG and DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been used to study the thermal behavior of terazosin hydrochloride (TER). Methods: Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to determine the thermal behavior and purity of the used drug. Thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy (E*), enthalpy (H*), entropy (S*) and Gibbs free energy change of the decomposition (G*) were calculated using different kinetic models. Results: The purity of the used drug was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (99.97%) and specialized official method (99.85%) indicating to satisfactory values of the degree of purity. Thermal analysis technique gave satisfactory results to obtain quality control parameters such as melting point (273 ºC), water content (7.49%) and ash content (zero) in comparison to what were obtained using official method: (272 ºC), (8.0%) and (0.02%) for melting point, water content and ash content, respectively. Conclusion: Thermal analysis justifies its application in quality control of pharmaceutical compounds due to its simplicity, sensitivity and low operational costs. DSC data indicated that the degree of purity of terazosin hydrochloride is similar to that found by official method.

The aim of this paper is to study the imbibition phenomenon in Kirkuk tertiary reservoir (which is a dual-porosity system) and to isolate the individual effects of various parameters on imbibition's recovery. It also addresses the importance of characterizing the imbibition mechanism for analyzing the reservoir performance. A surrounded matrix block by the wetting phase is presented for the purpose of better understanding spontaneous imbibition characteristics. Numerous parametric studies have been performed within the scope of this research. Results showed that the temperature in Kirkuk tertiary reservoir crude oil have a substantial effect on the imbibition recovery mechanism, and the wettability index at the reservoir temperature is 0.24, which indicates that this formation has a very weak water-wet characteristics.

Quite recently, the combination of improved accuracy, flexibility, available datasets, state-of-the-art architectures, and diverse applications has contributed to the widespread adoption and popularity of deep learning-based object detection techniques, particularly for many applications in computer vision and emerging applications. An important metric in this discipline is the Intersection over Union (IoU) loss function, which is common and extensively being used in the boundary analysis. The majority of enhanced loss functions often alter the penalty terms when solving the zero-gradient issue of IoU in non-overlapping situations. Therefore, in this study, we first analyze the existing IoU loss functions in order to propose an efficient intersection over union (EIoU) algorithm. The proposed EIoU is capable of providing the gradient value even though the bounded predicted box and the ground truth target box do not overlap. In this case, we propose a steady optimization procedure (SOP) for the EIoU loss to gradually approach the minimum value. In addition, we also propose an angle extension of the EIoU algorithm as a significant refinement tool. The EIoU loss function is inversely correlated with the size of the bounded boxes and responds quickly to a small object size, which favors the detection of small objects in a 3D point cloud, where fewer iterations are required to make the bounded box regress well. The proposed method records error values at least 78% better than other types of IoUs. Similarly, EIoU reaches 72.3%, 17.4%, and 85.5% higher values for intersection, separation, and inclusion location conditions, respectively, as compared to other IoU types, indicating that EIoU is sensitive to the change in boxes dimensions and hence, leads to fast convergence between the predicted and ground truth boxes. Experimental results on the KITTI datasets for 3D object detection achieves 11.5% and 12.7% improvement for SECOND+EIoU test condition as compared SECOND only and at least 8% and 6.9% better than other the state-of-the-art 3D methods for moderate car and pedestrian cases, respectively, which proved that our proposed techniques have significantly improved the precision accuracy of learning and the performance of 3D object detection.

U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic data from detrital zircon of the Silasia Formation in the Midyan Terrane record evidence for the provenance and tectonic evolution of the northern Arabian Shield. Given that the youngest acknowledged age of these detritus sediments is 735 ± 13 Ma, it is likely that the Silasia Formation was deposited during the closure of the Mozambique Ocean. The U–Pb ages define a major Mesoproterozoic peak, with two minor peaks of Neoproterozoic and Archean age. Combined with zircon Hf isotopic compositions, the sedimentary detritus of the Silasia Formation was mainly derived from source rocks formed during the Grenville Orogeny during the assembly of Rodinia, with a minor contribution from Archean and Paleoproterozoic crustal material, in addition to a limited arc‐basement supply related to the early Mozambique Ocean. The youngest Concordia age of 735 ± 13 Ma with highly variable εHf(t) values (11 to −35) indicates a complex mixture of sources from juvenile to extremely ancient. The Concordia ages at 1113 ± 11 and 1046 ± 10 Ma have positive hafnium isotope signatures (up to +10.45) that are consistent with juvenile source rocks formed during the Grenville Orogeny. Several detrital zircons with ages of 2622 ± 22 Ma and 2690 ± 7 Ma are similar to those reported in Yemen, whereas 1818 ± 19 Ma, 2071 ± 8 Ma and 2001 ± 19 Ma Paleoproterozoic ages are similar to dated outcrops in the Khida terrane in the eastern Arabian Shield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]