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The city of Baghdad has recently witnessed an increase in urban land due to the recent economic growth, which negatively affected the environment of the study area through the retraction of the agricultural lands surrounding the city. Therefore, we studied the relationship between increasing urban expansion and changes in the local climate of Baghdad for the period from 2008 to 2018. The information derived from the satellites utilized in this search showed the changes in ground cover during the study period, while the evaporation rate data source from the European Center for Forecasting (ECMWF) confirmed the effects of urban expansion on evaporation rates. Increasing urbanization increased evaporation rates and decreased vegetation degradation (NDVI). Satellite data from Landsat )TM( and Landsat )OLI( for 2008, 2013, and 2018 were processed and analyzed using the ArcGIS program. The visuals were classified into urban land, sparse plant, dense plant, water, bare soil, and wet soil. The results of the classification showed that the percentage of urban land was 26.5%, 28.3%, and 30.9% for the years of 2008, 2013, and 2018, respectively. On the other hand, the MNDWI value for the studied years was 2.0%, 1.9% and 3.6%. The highest rate of urbanization was in 2018 which was accompanied by highest evaporation rates. The study proved that there was a significant correlation between increasing urbanization and evaporation rate in the study area. These results indicate that the poor planning of land use leads to negative effects on the local climate.

Within a short amount of years, urban land in Baghdad governorate increased as a result of the improvement of the economic factor of human beings, the speedy enlargement Buildings method brought many negative climate issues, for instance, the violent modification of land use and the growth UHI, which led to a decrease in vegetation cover, where influenced the temperature averages, Accordingly, we conducted the following study to find solutions, From 2008 to 2018, Landsat Information 5 and 8 were adopted in this analysis, show that urbanization is increasing rapidly as well as the impact of degrees Temperature in this change, was the source of temperature data (ECMWF) for the province of the study, and the results of the method (IDW) used for temperature mapping showed a change in the rates of temperature in urban areas, where the decline of vegetation impact on temperature rates, As well as commercial activities developed by people, which occupied some agricultural land, which led to negative results ,Several previous kinds of research show that the developed lands by humans will affect the local climate. The satellites used were Landsat 5 and 8, where the images of the study area were taken by these satellites during the study period and were entered into a program (ArcGIS) for the objective of modification and clear output. From the information obtained from the results, there is an inverse correlation between increasing urbanization and air temperature rates and positive correlation with solar radiation and wind speed. We conclude from this...

Al-Hammar Marsh in Iraq stands out for hosting the largest concentrations of coastal migratory birds along the migration path between the Arabian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea. Despite this importance, there is no complete review of the dynamics of these birds. In this study, we collected and analyzed the results of six species of migratory birds (Mallard duck, Graylag goose, White pelican, Barn swallow, Common gull, White stork) in the Region, in addition to the results of the land cover in October of 2000 to 2020, The results show the presence across the past two decades of a change in the population makeup of migratory birds. Complete numbers of migratory birds indicated a decline in the residual types between 2000 and 2020. The disproportion among numbers was also too large for trends to be observed. The region also showed a decrease in the areas of vegetation cover during the study period was equal to 5.0%, 3.5%, and 15.6%, And an increase in the areas of water bodies during the study period was equal to 7.8%, 21.0%, and 62.6%, respectively, Finally, A multivariate analysis suggests a general decline in types that depend on the Wetland for feeding and breeding an in the sublittoral and the offshore zones. Use satellite data can be used for monitoring several variables such as water bodies, vegetation cover, Climate factors that influence the activity of Migratory birds.

Objective To study the prevalence of the systemic use of some common classes of medications by glaucoma patients and their relationship to the prevalence and severity of chronic open-angle glaucoma (COAG) and primary-angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Design Observational prospective single-centre cross-sectional study. Methods Glaucoma patients or their pharmacist provided an updated list of all systemic medications that they presently use. The relationship between glaucoma type and severity and medication use for diseases other than glaucoma was assessed by univariate statistics. Results We studied 514 glaucoma patients. They use a mean of 4.9 oral medications prescribed by a mean of 2.1 doctors. Antihypertensives, medications with anticholinergic properties, steroids, anticoagulants, and thyroid hormones were the most frequently prescribed groups of medications, used by 251 (49%), 178 (35%), 100 (19%), 218 (42%), and 108 (21%) patients, respectively. Steroid usage was associated with advanced visual field loss in COAG patients. Antihypertensives and medications with anticholinergic properties were not associated with severity of COAG and PACG, respectively, and these 3 groups were not associated with an increased prevalence of diagnosis of COAG or PACG. Conclusion Glaucoma patients take many systemic medications in addition to their topical glaucoma treatment.

In recent years, there has been a rising concentration in investigating and researching the boiling of micro channel flow; since they afford high thermal effectiveness, small size, and low weight. In this paper, the boiling heat transfer was experimentally examined using water as the working fluid in small diameter tubes. Experiments for the flow model were performed using the same Pyrex glass tube test facility. The experiments of heat transfer were carried out using an internal diameter copper tube (10.922 mm). The range of other parameters was varied: mass flow rate (0.008–0.0214kg/s); heat flux (17351–80529W/m2); it has been found that the average coefficient of heat transfer depends on the form of flow pattern. The average heat transfer coefficient increases by about 37% when the flow pattern varied from slug flow to churn flow at a constant mass flow rate of 0.008kg/s. Besides, the heat transfer coefficient (h) in the two-phase flow, is 39%, which is more than that for single-phase flow, when the mass flow rate is 0.0214kg/s, and heat flux) increases from 17351W/m2 to 49105W/m2. Also, when mass flow rate rises from (0.008kg/s) to (0.0166kg/s), the pressure drop increases by about (15%) and increases by about (5%) when the mass flow rate rises from (0.0166kg/s) to (0.0214kg/s). The main regime of flow was a slug, churn, bubbly, dispersed bubbly, and confined bubbly flow.

An experimental study is conducted under Iraqi climate conditions to investigate the effect of adding metal foam blocks into solar water collector risers. Two flat-plate solar water collectors are tested in Baghdad city (latitude $$33.3{^{\circ }}\hbox {N}$$ ) in July, August, September, and October 2016. Copper foam blocks are inserted inside the risers of the first solar collector, while the risers of the second solar collector are kept opened. Results demonstrated that the insertion of copper foam blocks caused a reduction in the mean absorber plate temperature by 8.2 $${^{\circ }}\hbox {C}$$ , and as a consequence, the convection heat transfer coefficient values are almost doubled. The daily collector thermal efficiency and the output thermal power are also increased. The presence of copper foam blocks in the solar collector risers is found to be more effective for higher solar radiation intensity, namely at the end of July and the beginning of August. The insertion of copper foam blocks also caused a remarkable jump in the water pressure drop across the collector to about 153% and as a result; the benefit factor was lower than unity for all test cases.

Hydroplaning is one the most dangerous phenomena which effect on the safety of driving cars on wet roads, then, the critical speed of slipping cars is an important parameter in the hydroplaning ,and depends on the properties of the following three parameters: tires, water layer and road surface. The road texture is the main property of road specifications which affect directly on the critical speed of the vehicle. In the present work, the properties of road roughness and influence of surface texture on critical speed of vehicle are studied with variation of the following parameters: thickness and dynamic viscosity of water on the road surface and the vehicle load. The results showed that increasing the road surface roughness and the vehicle load both has a appositive influence on the critical speed (increase)of the vehicle, while increasing the dynamic viscosity and thickness of the water layer on the road surface has a negative influence on the critical speed (decrease) of the vehicle. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.24.2017.24

Urinary CCN2 (CTGF) as a possible predictor of diabetic nephropathy: Preliminary report. Background It is currently impossible to reliably predict which diabetic patients will develop nephropathy and progress to kidney failure. Microalbuminuria, often regarded as a predictor of overt diabetic renal disease is, in fact, an indicator of established glomerular damage. We have shown that glomerular expression of the prosclerotic cytokine CCN2 (CTGF) is greatly up-regulated early in experimental and in human diabetes and mesangial cell exposure to CCN2 increases its production of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules responsible for glomerulosclerosis. As an early marker, we therefore investigated the presence of CCN2 in urine and the relationship to diabetes and/or renal disease in an experimental model of diabetes and in a limited patient population. Methods Urine samples from ( 1 ) healthy rats, ( 2 ) rats made diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ), ( 3 ) healthy human volunteers, ( 4 ) diabetic patients with renal disease, and ( 5 ) diabetic patients without renal disease were examined by Western blotting and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the of CCN2. Results Low levels of urinary CCN2 were present in healthy, control rats, but were increased approximately sevenfold overall in STZ-diabetic animals. CCN2 levels were the highest at week 3 of diabetes, then decreased with time, but remained significantly elevated over controls even after 32weeks. Consistently low levels of urinary CCN2 were also detected in healthy volunteers (mean value, 7.1 CCN2/mg creatinine). However, levels were elevated approximately sixfold in the majority of diabetic patients with nephropathy. A small number of the diabetic patients not yet exhibiting evidence of renal involvement demonstrated CCN2 urinary levels that were ninefold greater than controls. The remaining normoalbuminuric diabetic patients demonstrated CCN2 levels indistinguishable from those of healthy volunteers. Analysis by Western blotting confirmed the identity of the urinary CCN2. A molecular species equivalent to full-length CCN2 (37/39 kD doublet) was present in healthy controls. In contrast, the nephropathic group demonstrated multiple CCN2 bands. Conclusion These findings support our hypothesis that CCN2 is up-regulated early in the evolution of glomerulosclerosis, including that of diabetes. We contend that urinary CCN2 may both stage nephropathy and predict those patients who are destined for progressive glomerulosclerosis and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Cross-sectional and prospective studies of larger, well-defined diabetic patients groups will be required to prove this hypothesis, and are ongoing.