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Bu çalışmanın amacı Edirne ve Tekirdağ illerinde toprak analizi yaptıran üreticilerin bazı sosyo ekonomik faktörler ve tarımsal uygulamalar yönünden farklılıklarının ve farklılıkların önem düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve üreticilerin toprak analizi ve toprak analizi destekleri ile ilgili görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesidir. Araştırmada belirlenen illerde toprak analizi için numune kabul sayısı en fazla olan laboratuvarlar arasından 3 adet laboratuvar seçilmiştir. Her il için 2015 yılında laboratuvarlara başvuran ve toprak analiz desteğinden yararlanan üreticilerden toplamda 60 üretici olmak üzere, toplamda 120 üretici ile görüşülmüştür. Edirne ve Tekirdağ illerinde toprak analizi yaptıran üreticilerin farklılıklarının analizi regresyon ağacı modeli (CHAID analizi) ile belirlenmiştir. İllerin bağımlı değişken olarak alındığı CHAID analizine göre, birinci en belirgin özelliğin devlet destekli tarım sigortası yaptırma olduğu görülmüştür. Tarım sigortası yaptırmadığını ifade eden üreticilerin %31’i Edirne ilinde, %69’u Tekirdağ ilinde yer almaktadır. Edirne ilinde üreticilerin %56’sının, Tekirdağ ilinde üreticilerin %44’ünün tarım sigortası yaptırdıkları görülmektedir. İkinci düğüm noktasının en önemli özelliği, üreticilerin eğitim düzeyleri, üçüncü alt düğüm karar noktasında üreticilerin gübreleme ile ilgili eğitim alıp almama durumları, dördüncü karar noktasında ise üreticilerin son üç yıl içinde tarımda riskle karşılaşıp karşılaşmama durumları yer almaktadır. Edirne ilinde üreticilerin toprak analizi yaptırmalarındaki en önemli dört nedenin sırasıyla ürün verimini arttırmak, maliyeti düşürmek, ürün kalitesini arttırmak ve çevreyi korumak olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tekirdağ ilinde de ilk sırayı ürün verimini arttırmak kriteri almakta olup, ikinci sırayı ürün kalitesini arttırmak, üçüncü sırayı maliyeti düşürmek ve dördüncü sırayı çevreyi korumak kriterleri almaktadır. Üreticilere gübre satın alma aşamasında toprak analizi şartının getirilmesinin, dolayısıyla analiz sonuçlarına göre atılması gereken gübre cinsi ve miktarının belirlenerek üreticinin gübre satın almasının sağlanmasının faydalı olacağı beklenmektedir., The aim of this study was to determine the differences and the importance of the differences in terms of some socio-economic factors and agricultural practices of the producers who had soil analysis in Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces and to evaluate the opinions of the producers about soil analysis and soil analysis subsidies. Three laboratories were selected among the laboratories with the highest number of sample acceptances for soil analysis in the provinces determined in the study. For each province, total of 60 producers who applied to the laboratories in 2015 and who utilized from soil analysis subsidies, and consequently, total of 120 producers were interviewed. The analysis of the differences of the producers who had soil analysis in Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces was determined by the regression tree model (CHAID analysis). According to the CHAID analysis, in which the provinces were taken as the dependent variable, it was seen that the first most distinctive feature was the state-supported agricultural insurance. Of the producers who stated that they did not have agricultural insurance, 31% were located in Edirne and 69% were located in Tekirdağ. It was seen that 56% of the producers in Edirne and 44% of the producers in Tekirdağ had agricultural insurance. The most important feature of the second node was the education level of the producers, the third sub-node decision point was whether the producers had training on fertilization, and the fourth decision point was whether the producers faced risks in agriculture in the last three years. The four most important reasons for the producers to have soil analysis in Edirne province were to increase the product yield, to reduce the cost, to increase product quality and protect the environment, respectively. In the province of Tekirdağ, the criteria of increasing the product yield was on the first rank, increasing the product quality in the second rank, reducing the cost in the third rank and protecting the environment in the fourth rank. It is expected that it will be beneficial to introduce soil analysis conditions to the producers at the stage of purchasing fertilizers, and thus to ensure that the producer purchases fertilizer by determining the type and amount of fertilizer to be disposed of according to the analysis results.

This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate leukocyte DNA damage in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients. In this study, 50 COVID-19-positive patients attending the Erzurum City Hospital Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic and 42 control group patients were included. DNA damage was detected in living cells through leukocyte isolation in 50 COVID-19-positive patients using the comet assay method. DNA tail/head (olive) moments were evaluated and compared. White blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), neutrophils (NEU), lymphocytes (LYM), eosinophils (EO), monocytes (MONO), basophils (BASO), platelets (PLT), and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were analyzed. The RBC, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and monocyte means were significantly higher in the control group (p < 0.05), whereas the HGB and neutrophile means were significantly higher in the study group (p < 0.05). There were significant negative correlations between COVID-19 and RBC (r = −0.863), LYM (r = −0.542), EO (r = −0.686), and MONO (r = −0.385). Meanwhile, there were significant positive correlations between COVID-19 and HGB (r = 0.863), NEU (r = 0.307), tail moment (r = 0.598), and olive moment (r = 0.582). Both the tail and olive moment mean differences were significantly higher in the study group, with higher ranges (p < 0.05). COVID-19 infection caused statistically significant increases in both the tail and olive damage percentage in patients, causing DNA damage. Lastly, the NLR rate was associated with the presence and progression of COVID-19.

Purpose: In this study, our aim was to investigate the potential effects of strong antioxidant daidzein (DZ) on ovarian ischemia and reperfusion injury. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups. For the experimental model, the clamps were removed after 3 hours of ischemia, and blood flow was provided again. Then, reperfusion process was terminated for 3 hours. Daidzein was orally administered to animals at doses of 35 and 70 mg/kg 30 minutes before ischemia (I) and ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) procedures. Results: Severe immunoreactivity of the IL-1β, IL-6 and Caspase-3 were detected in I and I/R groups. Moderate immunoreactivity of IL-1β, IL-6 and Caspase-3 was detected in I+DZ35 and I/R+DZ35 groups, and slightly positivity was detected in I+DZ70 and I/R+DZ70 groups. The SOD activity level increased in the groups treated with Daidzein, while MDA levels decreased. In addition, hemorrhage areas and inflammatory cell migration decreased in I/R+DZ70 and I/R+DZ35 groups, when compared to I/R group in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: Daidzein has a strong protective role in the treatment of ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury and can be used as a therapeutic agent.

Background: This prospective cross-sectional study, aimed to evaluate lymphocyte DNA damage in COVID-19 patients. In this prospective cross-sectional prospective cohort study, 50 COVID-19- positive patients attending Erzurum City Hospital Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic and 42 control group patients were included. Methods: DNA damages were detected in living cells by lymphocyte isolation in 50 COVID-19- positive patients using the comet assay method. DNA tail/head (olive) moments were evaluated and compared. White blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), neutrophil (NEU), lymphocyte (LYM), eosinophil (EO), monocyte (MONO), basophil (BASO), platelet (PLT), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Results: The RBC, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and monocyte means were significantly higher in the control group (p < 0.05). Whereas HGB and neutrophile means were significantly higher in the study group (p < 0.05). There were significant negative correlations between COVID-19 and RBC (r = -0.863), LYM (r = -0.542), EO (r = -0.686), and MONO (r = -0.385). Meanwhile, there were significant positive correlations between COVID-19 and HGB (r = 0.863), NEU (r = 0.307), tail moment (r = 0.598), and olive moment (r = 0.582). Conclusion: Both the tail and olive moment mean differences were significantly higher in the study group with higher ranges (p < 0.05). COVID-19 infection statistically significant is increasing both the tail and olive damage percentage in patients, causing DNA damage. Lastly, the NLR rate was associated with the presence and progression of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes thromboembolic complications during or post-infection period despite a lack of conventional risk factors. The study aims to learn fundamental changes in COVID-19 patients who underwent embolectomy in terms of clinical characteristics and clot composition. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study design, we evaluated 21 patients who underwent embolectomy in our clinic between March 12, 2020, and December 31, 2020. Demographics, characteristics, and laboratory values were abstracted and analyzed. Histopathological assessment was held in the pathology department. RESULTS: Of these 21 patients, 11 (52.3%) were SARS-CoV-2 positive and 10 (47.6%) were SARS-CoV-2 negative. There is no statistical difference in terms of anatomic distribution, diagnostic method, length of hospital stay, amputation or mortality levels. Thromboembolic material of COVID-19 patients include significantly less red blood cell (RBC) (21.2-32.6%; P= 0.01), more lymphocyte (14.1-2.6%; P< 0.001), and more leukocyte (27.1-22.1%; P= 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the fibrin ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory cells are prominent in arterial thromboembolic material of COVID-19 patients. A combination of hyperinflammation and prothrombotic status may be responsible for this phenomenon.

Objective(s): We examined the antiosteoporotic effect of bosentan (Bose) by radiographic, histopathological, and molecular methods. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each: one control (Sham), one osteoporosis only (OP), and two osteoporosis groups treated with Bose doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg (OP+Bose50, OP+Bose100). Six weeks later, Bose was administered for eight weeks to animals undergoing ovariectomy. The left femoral bone of the rats was evaluated in vitro after surgical removal. Bone mineral density (BMD) was analyzed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Endothelin 1 (ET-1), ET-A, and ET-B expressions were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real time-PCR). In addition, bone tissue was evaluated histopathologically. Results: Compared with the osteoporosıs group, Bose significantly increased BMD values at both 50 and 100 mg/kg doses. ET-1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in the OP group than in the Sham group, while ET-1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in Bose treatment groups. ET-A mRNA levels were significantly lower in the OP group than in the Sham group, while ET-A mRNA levels were significantly higher in Bose treatment groups. Histopathological results supported the molecular results. Conclusion: Our study is the first to demonstrate the molecular, radiological, and histopathological effects of Bose in preventing osteoporosis in rats.

Objective: We designed an experimental model of sepsis in rats to investigate the effects of agomelatine (AGO) on lung tissues using molecular and histopathological methods. Materials and Methods: In our experimental model, the 32 rats were divided into 4 groups: group 1: control group (HEALTHY); group 2: lipopolysaccharide group (LPS); group 3: LPS plus 50 mg/kg AGO group (LPS + AGO50); and group 4: LPS plus 100 mg/kg AGO group (LPS + AGO100). An LPS-induced sepsis model was performed to replicate the pathology of sepsis. Rats from all 4 groups were killed after 12 hours, and their lungs were quickly collected. To investigate the therapeutic strategy, we evaluated tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-alpha) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) messenger RNA expressions by real-time polymerase chain reaction using molecular methods and lung tissue damage indicators using histopathological methods. Results: The expressions of TNF-alpha and NF-kappa B were reduced in the groups treated with AGO. The histopathology results supported the molecular results. Conclusion: In this experimental study, we demonstrated for the first time the positive effects of AGO on LPS-induced sepsis in lung tissue using molecular and histopathological methods, indicating that it contributes to the prevention of lung damage.

Objective Since the systemic drugs have been used to reduce the hyperplasic response in the tunica intima, the periadventitial local drug applications to the vascular wall have gained more popularity. In this study, we investigated the effect of bovine serum albumin-glutaraldehyde and polyethylene glycol polymer on neointimal hyperplasia in rabbit carotid artery anastomosis to explore the effects of these two different agents. Methods 21 New Zealand male rabbits were randomly divided into three groups. The carotid artery transection and anastomosis was performed onthe control group. The bovine serum albumin-glutaraldehyde and the polyethylene glycol polymer were applied locally on the other two groups seperatley after transection and anastomosis of the carotid arteries. At the end of 28-day follow-up, the histological and the immunohistochemical results related to neointimal hyperplasia were compared. Results The glue residues were detected in the BSA-glutaraldehyde group, but in the PEG polymer group there was no glue residue. The intima thickness and the intima/media thickness ratio in the control group was significantly higher (p0.05). The lumen diameter and the area in the control group were significantly higher (p 0.05). aSMA-positive staining score in the Control group was found to be significantly lower (p Conclusions Although the both agents have positive results on neointimal hyperplasia, it would be favorable to use polyethylene glycol polymer, since it does not seem to affect the lumen area and the lumen diameter of the vessel.

This study aimed to determine the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emission of wheat production in enterprises that had soil analysis or not. A survey was conducted with 60 producers who had soil analysis in three laboratories in Edirne province, which accepted the most sampling for soil analysis and gave fertilizer recommendations in 2015 and 40 producers who did not have soil analysis in the same region. Thus, a total of 100 producers were interviewed. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy were 3.54, 0.20 kg MJ-1, 5.09 MJ kg-1 and 60191.34 MJ in the enterprises that had soil analysis, respectively. On the other hand, these values were 3.19, 0.17 kg MJ-1, 5.74 MJ kg-1, and 54508.49 MJ in the enterprises that did not have soil analysis. Greenhouse gas (GHG) ratios per kg were found as 0.66 and 0.72 for the wheat production in the enterprises that had and did not have soil analysis, respectively. In the enterprises that had soil analysis, the shares of the chemical fertilizers in energy use and total GHG emissions were lower than the other producer group. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that wheat production in the enterprises that had soil analysis was more efficient in terms of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions compared to enterprises that did not have analysis and these results revealed the importance of having soil analysis and applying fertilizer amounts according to soil analysis results., Bu çalışmada Edirne ilinde toprak analizi yaptıran ve yaptırmayan işletmelerde buğday üretiminin enerji kullanım etkinliği ve sera gazı emisyonunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Edirne ilinde toprak analizi için en fazla numune alımı kabul eden ve gübre tavsiyesi veren üç laboratuvarda 2015 yılında toprak analizi yaptıran 60 üretici ve aynı bölgede toprak analizi yaptırmayan 40 üretici ile anket çalışması yapılmış olup, toplamda 100 üretici ile görüşülmüştür. Toprak analizi yaptıran işletmelerde enerji kullanım etkinliği, enerji verimliliği, spesifik enerji ve net enerji sırasıyla 3,54, 0,20 kg MJ-1, 5,09 MJ kg-1 ve 60191.34 MJ, toprak analizi yaptırmayan işletmelerde ise sırasıyla 3,19, 0,17 kg MJ-1, 5,74 MJ kg-1 ve 54508.49 MJ olarak bulunmuştur. Toprak analizi yaptıran ve yaptırmayan işletmelerde buğday üretimi için kg başına sera gazı oranları sırasıyla 0,66 ve 0,72 olarak bulunmuştur. Toprak analizi yaptıran işletmelerde kimyasal gübrelerin enerji kullanımı ve toplam sera gazı emisyonlarındaki payları diğer üretici grubuna göre daha düşüktür. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, toprak analizi yaptıran işletmelerde buğday üretiminin enerji kullanımı ve sera gazı emisyonları bakımından analiz yaptırmayan işletmelere göre daha verimli olduğu belirlenmiş olup, bu sonuçlar toprak analizi yaptırmanın ve gübre miktarını toprak analiz sonuçlarına göre uygulamanın önemini ortaya çıkarmaktadır.

Bu çalışma, Edirne ilinde toprak analizi yaptıran ve yaptırmayan buğday işletmelerinin sosyo ekonomik yönden karşılaştırılması, toprak analizi yaptırmanın buğday üretiminde girdi kullanımı, ürün maliyeti ve elde edilen gelir üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Toprak analiz sayısı en fazla olan laboratuvarlardan üçer tanesi örnekleme dâhil edilmiş olup, 2015 yılında laboratuvarlara başvuran ve toprak analiz desteğinden yararlanan üreticilerden 20’şer kişi olmak üzere toplamda 60 kişi ile ve benzer özelliklere sahip toprak analizi desteğinden yararlanmamış olan 40 üretici olmak üzere, toplamda 100 üretici ile görüşülmüştür. Buğday üretim faaliyeti için girdi kullanım miktarları ve toplam üretim maliyetleri analiz yaptıran ve yaptırmayan üretici grupları için ayrı ayrı hesaplanmıştır. İşletme giderleri bütçe analiz yöntemi, üretim giderleri alternatif maliyet unsuru yöntemi ile saptanmış olup, etki analizi yöntemlerinden en yakın komşu eşleştirme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda, toprak analizi yaptıran buğday üreticilerinin toprak analizi yaptırmayan üreticilere göre verimde %7.06, brüt karda %16.18, net karda %24.70 oranında artış elde ettikleri belirlenmiştir. Üreticilerin toprak analizi yaptırmaları durumunda buğday maliyetinin daha düşük olacağı ve işletme üzerinde gelir getirici etkisi olacağı görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda, toprak analizi konusunda tüm üreticilere mecburiyet getirilmesi, desteklerin toprak analizi şartına bağlanması ve toprak analizinin ücretsiz yapılması için gerekli imkânların oluşturulması önerilmektedir.

Bu çalışmada Edirne ve Tekirdağ illerinde toprak analizi yaptıran ve yaptırmayan tarım işletmelerini kapsamakta olup, üreticilerin gübreleme uygulamaları, gübre ve toprak analizi desteklemeleri, gübrelemenin çevre üzerine etkileri ve tarımsal yenilikler açısından bilgi düzeylerinin ve yargılarının karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılmıştır. Bu illerde bulunan toprak analiz sayısı en fazla olan laboratuvarlardan üçer tanesi örnekleme dâhil edilmiştir. Her il için 2015 yılında laboratuvarlara başvuran ve toprak analiz desteğinden yararlanan üreticilerden 20’şer kişiden toplamda 60 kişi ile yine aynı laboratuvarların olduğu yörelerde, benzer özelliklere sahip toprak analizi desteğinden yararlanmamış olan 40 üretici olmak üzere, toplamda 200 üretici ile görüşülmüştür. Üreticilerin tutumları arasındaki ilişkiler ve benzerlikler çok boyutlu ölçekleme analizi ile incelenmiştir. “Tarımsal faaliyetlerle ilgili yenilikleri takip ediyorum”, “Kullandığım kimyasal gübrelerin talimatını okuyorum”, “Kendi uygulamalarımın bu talimatlara uygunluğuna dikkat ediyorum”, “Gübreleme yaparken çevreye olumsuz etki yapmamaya dikkat ediyorum”, “Uygulama olanağım olsa gübrelemeyi damla sulama ile yaparım”, “Aşırı gübre kullanımı ülke ekonomisine zarar verir” ve “Anız yakmak toprak verimliliğini azaltır” değişkenlerinin her iki grupta yer alan üreticiler açısından benzer niteliklere sahip olduğu ve üreticilerin bu yargılara katıldıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. “Fazla su fazla ürün getirir” değişkeni her iki üretici grubunda birinci boyutta negatif ve 2’nin üzerinde değere sahip olup, üreticilerin çok büyük çoğunluğunun bu yargıya katılmadıkları belirlenmiştir., This study includes the agricultural enterprises that had and did not have soil analysis in Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces, and comparative analysis of the knowledge levels and opinions of producers in terms of fertilization practices, fertilizer and soil analysis subsidies, environmental impacts of fertilization and agricultural innovations were carried out. Three of the laboratories with the highest number of soil analyses in these provinces were included in the sampling. The surveys were conducted with total of 60 farmers who referred to the laboratories and utilized from soil analysis subsidies and 40 farmers who did not utilize from soil analysis subsidies and had the similar characteristics with the farmers who utilized from soil analysis subsidies in each province and total of 200 farmers participated in the survey. The relationships and similarities between the attitudes of the producers were examined with multidimensional scaling analysis. It was concluded that the variables of "I follow the innovations in agricultural activities", "I read the instructions for the chemical fertilizers I use", "I pay attention to the compliance of my own applications with these instructions", "I pay attention not to have a negative impact on the environment when fertilizing", "If I have the opportunity to apply, I will fertilize with drip irrigation", " “Excessive use of fertilizers harms the national economy” and “Burning stubble reduces soil fertility” had similar characteristics in terms of producers in both groups and that the producers agreed with these judgments. The variable “Excess water brings more product” had a negative value above 2 in the first dimension in both producer groups, and it was been determined that the vast majority of producers did not agree with this judgment.

This research wascarried out under flowerpot conditions in Kırklareli province of Thrace region.The pots were filled with two different soil types, which had loamy sand andsand structures. The imazamox with the doses of 0.5 and 7.5 ml da-1were applied to the sunflower plant when it had 4-10 leaves. The study wascarried out in watery conditions and the irrigations were done three different phenological periods. Imazamox residual amounts weredetermined in leaf, stem and table parts of the sunflower plant in the study.Besides, the honey samples, which were produced under the effect of sunlowerflora, were collected from different regions and it was investigated whether ornot the imazamox herbicide left residual in the final products. According tothe results, the imazamox residual amount levels in different parts of theplant were ranged as table>leaf>stem. Imazapic and imazapyr derivativesin the leaf part and imazapic derivatives in the stem part were observed.Different amounts of imazamox doses, irrigation ratios and the soil structure wereeffective on the residual amounts. The residuals of imazamox and derivatives inthe honey samples were not observed., AraştırmaTrakya Bölgesi/Kırklareli İlinde saksı koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Saksılartınlı kum ve tın bünyeye sahip iki farklı toprak ile doldurulmuştur. Ayçiçeğibitkisine 4-10 gerçek yapraklı olduğunda 0.5 ve 7.5 ml da-1dozlarında imazamox uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sulu şartlarda yürütülmüş olup,sulamalar tabla oluşumu, çiçeklenme başlangıcı ve süt olumu fenolojikdönemlerinde yapılmıştır. Çalışmada ayçiçeği bitkisinin yaprak, gövde ve tablaaksamlarındaki imazamox kalıntı miktarları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca farklıbölgelerden, ayçiçeği florası etkisi altında üretilen bal örnekleri toplanarak,imazamox etkili maddesinin (herbisit) nihai ürünlerde kalıntı bırakıpbırakmadığı araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; bitkinin farklıaksamlarında belirlenen imazamox kalıntı miktarları seviyeleritabla>yaprak≥gövde (sap) olarak sıralanmıştır. Yaprak aksamında imazapic veimazapyr, gövde aksamında da imazapic türevlerine rastlanmıştır. Uygulananfarklı miktarlardaki imazamox dozları, sulama oranları ve toprak yapısı,kalıntı miktarları üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Bal örneklerinde imazamox vetürevlerine ait kalıntılarına rastlanmamıştır.

Stress fractures result from microscopic bone injury due to repetitive submaximal stress and include fatigue and insufficiency fracture components. Fatigue fractures generally occur in runners and athletes and are caused by abnormal physical load on the bone. On the other hand, insufficiency fractures are generally seen in the elderly secondary to osteoporosis, typically involving the pelvis and surrounding bones. Insufficiency fracture occurs as a result of normal loading in the abnormal bone. In this case report, we describe a young patient with bilateral tibial stress fractures with both fatigue and insufficiency components.

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the severity of kidney damage following lower limb ischemia–reperfusion and direct kidney ischemia–reperfusion. Methods Thirty Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups; lower extremity ischemia–reperfusion group (Group 2), renal ischemia–reperfusion group (Group 3) and control (anesthesia and median laparotomy only) (Group 1). In group 3, 1-h ischemia was performed on the kidney and in group 2, 1-h ischemia was performed on the left lower extremity. This procedure was followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Renal tissues were removed after the reperfusion period and the groups were evaluated for glutathioneperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde and GSH levels, and furthermore, their histolopathological scores were calculated. Results Renal malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher in Group 2 and Group 3 than they were in the Control group. There was no significant difference in renal malondialdehyde levels between Group 2 and Group 3. Kidney glutathione (GSH) levels were statistically lower in Group 2 and Group 3 than in the Control group. No statistically significant difference was found between Group 2 and Group 3 regarding their GSH levels. In histological evaluation, there was no statistically significant difference between Group 2 and Group 3 in terms of kidney damage score. Conclusions This study has identified that lower extremity ischemia induces remote kidney damage with similar features to kidney injury, occurring after direct kidney ischemia–reperfusion.

An approach is presented for implicit time integration in computations of red blood cell flow by a spectral boundary integral method. The flow of a red cell in ambient fluid is represented as a boundary integral equation (BIE), whose structure is that of an implicit ordinary differential equation (IODE). The cell configuration and velocity field are discretized with spherical harmonics. The IODE is integrated in time using a multi-step implicit method based on backward difference formulas, with variable order and adaptive time-stepping controlled by local truncation error and convergence of Newton iterations. Jacobians of the IODE, required for Newton's method, are implemented as Jacobian matrix-vector products that are nothing but directional derivatives. Their computation is facilitated by the weakly singular format of the BIE, and these matrix-vector products themselves amount to computing a second BIE. Numerical examples show that larger time steps are possible and that the number of matrix-vector products is comparable to explicit methods., 14 pages, 9 figures, 1 table

Aim: Melatonin promoted osteoblast differentiation and causes an increase in levels of markers of bone differentiation and proliferation. Ramelteon (RAMEL) activates melatonin receptors and binds to these receptors as non-selective. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of the melatonin agonist RAMEL on osteoporosis by radiological, histological, and molecularly.Methods: Groups 1: Control, Group 2: Osteoporosis: Overectomized group (OP), Group 3: OP + ramelteon 2 mg/kg, Group 4: OP + ramelteon 4 mg/kg. 24 animals underwent bilateral ovariectomy. RAMEL was administered orally once a day in the prophylactic treatment mode for 8 weeks, 6 weeks after ovariectomy.Results: Fourteen weeks after ovariectomy, there was a significant reduction in femoral bone mineral density (BMD) (g/cm2) in the OP group compared to the control group. Compared to the OP group, RAMEL treatment significantly increased the BMD level (p, Amaç: Melatonin osteoblast farklılaşmasını teşvik eder ve kemik farklılaşması ve proliferasyon belirteçlerinin düzeylerinde artışa neden olur. Ramelteon (RAMEL) melatonin reseptörlerini aktive eder ve bu reseptörlere seçici olmayan şekilde bağlanır. Bu çalışmada melatonin agonisti RAMEL' in osteoporoz üzerindeki önleyici etkileri radyolojik, histolojik ve moleküler olarak araştırıldı.Yöntem: Grup 1: Kontrol, Grup 2: Osteoporoz: Over eksizyonu yapılan grup (OP), Grup 3: OP + ramelteon 2 mg/kg, Grup 4: OP + ramelteon 4 mg/kg. 24 hayvana, bilateral ovariektomi uygulandı. RAMEL, ovariektomiden 6 hafta sonra, 8 hafta boyunca profilaktik tedavi modunda günde bir kez oral yoldan uygulandı.Bulgular: Ovariektomiden on dört hafta sonra, kontrol grubuna kıyasla OP grubunda femoral kemik mineral yoğunluğunda (KMY) (g/cm2) anlamlı bir azalma oldu. OP grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, RAMEL tedavisi BMD seviyesini önemli ölçüde artırdı (p

Objective: Thromboelastography (TEG) is a diagnostic modality that gives information about coagulation. Despite all blood-preserving precautions in open heart surgery there are blood losses and the use of blood and blood products becomes inevitable. TEG is mostly not available in every center and habits, trends and clinical experience in blood use create the possibility of causing unnecessary use of blood and blood products. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of the use of thromboelastography on the use of blood and blood products in cardiac surgery. Methods: Two hundred patients between 18-70 years old who underwent open heart surgery were included in the study. After the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the cases were confirmed to have an Activated Clotting Time (ACT) value in the range of 120-150 sec after protamine administration. In 100 patients in the TEG group, the coagulation status was evaluated with TEG and it was decided how to apply blood and blood product use. Blood and blood product use was applied to 100 patients in the control group based on clinical experience and foresight. The total amount of blood and blood product used, fluid balance, need for inotropics, mechanical ventilator time, complications, duration of intensive care and discharge times were recorded. Results: Use of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) at the after CPB in the TEG group was statistically significantly lower than that of the control group FFP (p

Sinemada Tembellik Hakkı-Çalışma İdeolojisi ve Amerikan Sineması (Erbalaban Gürbüz, 2019) kitabı, Hollywood sinema endüstrisinin çalışma ideolojisi ile ilişkilerinin felsefi tarihsel bir analizini yapmaktadır. Aynı zamanda Amerikan Bağımsız sinemasından örneklerden de yararlanarak, kültürel eserler olarak filmlerin içerdiği düşüncelerin felsefi bağıntılarını araştırmıştır. Çalışma ideolojisi ile bağıntılı başarı mitlerinin minör eleştirisine odaklanmıştır. Söz konusu kitabın, sinema ve felsefe ilişkileri hususunda ortaya çıkardığı bakış açısının incelemesi yapılmaktadır.

The use of various polymer composites such as carbon fiber reinforced fabrics (CFRP) in strengthening structures with insufficient earthquake resistance is becoming widespread in the building industry. While this new reinforcement method increases the tensile strength of reinforced concrete structural elements with the effect of winding, it also contributes significantly to ductile behavior. In this study, core samples were taken from a structure with a lower strength than the target strength. These core samples were reinforced by wrapping them with CFRP and their compressive strength was measured. At the same time, core samples were modeled in computer environment with ANSYS software, and theoretical compressive strengths were calculated on this model and comparison of these theoretical values with experimental strengths. The theoretical and experimental compressive strengths obtained were compared with the relevant literature. In this study, stress deformation results of the samples reinforced by wrapping single layer and two layers of CFRP were obtained that overlap with studies in the literature. A modeling approach in which experimental and theoretical values are compatible with each other has been introduced., Karbon fiber takviyeli kumaşlar (CFRP) gibi çeşitli polimer kompozitlerin deprem dayanımı yetersiz yapıların güçlendirilmesinde kullanımı yaygınlaşmaktadır. Bu yeni güçlendirme yöntemi sargı etkisiyle betonarme elemanların basınç dayanımını artırırken sünek davranışa da önemli ölçüde katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında; mevcut bir yapıdan karot numuneler alınmıştır. Bu karot numuneler CFRP ile sarılarak güçlendirilmiş ve basınç dayanımları ölçülmüştür. Aynı zamanda karot numuneler ANSYS yazılımıyla bilgisayar ortamında modellenerek bu model üzerinden teorik basınç dayanımları hesaplanmış ve bu teorik değerlerin deneysel dayanımlarla kıyaslanması yapılmıştır. Elde edilen teorik ve deneysel basınç dayanımları konuya ilişkin literatürle karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda tek kat ve iki kat CFRP sarılarak güçlendirilen numunelerin gerilme deformasyon sonuçları literatürdeki çalışmalarla örtüşen sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Deneysel ve teorik değerlerin birbiriyle uyumlu olduğu bir modelleme yaklaşımı ortaya koyulmuştur.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a cardiac dysrhythmia commonly seen in clinical practice especially after cardiac surgery. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality for the patients. The pathogenesis of AF is not exactly understood yet, but there is growing data about the relationship between AF and inflammation. Cardiac surgery itself is a big source for inflammation. It causes major surgical trauma, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypothermia, low arterial pressure, and the equipment of cardiopulmonary bypass makes a large foreign surface thus it activates inflammatory response. There is a large number of data about the treatment options of AF and there are also strategies, which are related to reduction of inflammatory activation during cardiopulmonary bypass. In order to review the relationship between cardiac surgery, inflammation, AF and treatment strategies in patients with AF, we conducted a search through Pubmed for articles in English using the keywords: “atrial fibrillation, cardiac surgery, inflammation, medical therapy, surgical therapy, ablation therapy” from January 2012 to present. We also searched separately for each alternative treatment modality on Pubmed. To identify further articles, we also looked into related citations in review articles and commentaries. We searched thoroughly the guidelines published by the European Society of Cardiology (2016), and the American Heart Association/ American College of Cardiology/ Heart Rhythm Surgery (2014). Many studies concluded that inflammation contributes in the occurrence of AF. Inflammatory markers, such as CRP, interleukins and complements have high sensitivity and specificity for prediction of AF whether the patient having cardiac surgery or not. Betablockers, diltiazem and amiodarone are the most commonly used drugs for rate control in AF following surgery. Although there are some new therapeutic approaches to reduce postoperative inflammatory activation, such as the use of vitamins, fatty acids, statins, or technical improvements to cardiopulmonary bypass unit like miniaturized bypass circuits, heparin coating of the circuits, leukocyte filters, or various surgical approaches like off-pump coronary bypass surgery, we still need more effective strategies to reduce both postoperative inflammation and postoperative AF risk after cardiac surgery. Today we use more advanced invasive and surgical treatment strategies for AF although we need far more advanced technics to reduce perioperative inflammatory activation, which actually causes AF.

Summary Background Coronary artery bypass (CAB) surgery triggerssystemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) via severalmechanisms. Moreover, age is directly correlated with SIRS.We evaluated the effect of age on SIRS and postoperativeoutcome after CAB surgery. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 229 patients who had undergone CAB surgery. The patients were divided into three groups according to age: group 1, < 40 years (n = 61); group 2, 40–75 years (n = 83); and group 3, > 75 years old (n = 85). Pre- and peri-operative data were assessed in all patients. SIRS was diagnosed according to the criteria established by Boehme. Results The average pre-operative EuroSCORE value in group 3 was higher than in the other groups and body surface areas were significantly lower in group 3 than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The postoperative SIRS rates were 68.9% in group 1, 84.3% in group 2 and 91.8% in group 3 (group 1 vs group 3; p < 0.05). Mortality rates were not significantly different between the groups (p > 0.05). The predictive factors for SIRS were age, EuroSCORE rate, on-pump CAB surgery and intra-aortic balloon pump use. Conclusion Age was an important risk factor for SIRS during the postoperative period after CAB.

Araştırma 2014 ve 2015 yıllarında, Trakya Bölgesi/Kırklareli İlinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, bölgede ayçiçeği üretiminde en fazla kullanılan herbisit olan imazamox ana maddenin ve türevlerinin (imazapic, imazapyr, imazethapyr, imazaquin) toprakta kalıntı bırakıp bırakmadığı araştırılmıştır. Çalışma iki farklı lokasyonda yürütülmüş olup Kırklareli lokasyonunudaki toprak, tın bünye ve 4.77 pH, Kavaklı lokasyonundaki toprak tınlı kum bünye ve 7.28 pH özelliğindedir. Deneme tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre yürütülmüştür. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre; toprak ortamında sadece imzamox ana maddesine rastlanmıştır. Nötr pH ve %22.92 kil içeren toprakta 2014 yılında 20.0 ug L-1ile 50.0 ug L-1 arasında, 2015 yılında 11.3 ug L-1 ile 77.8 ug L-1 arasında imazamox kalıntısı belirlenmiştir. Asidik özellikte olan (pH=4.95) ve %8.33 kil içeren toprakta, 2014 yılında 18.9 ile 35.5 ug L-1 arasında, 2015 yılında 13.8 ile 58.7 ug L-1 arasında kalıntıya rastlanmıştır. Toprağın üst katmanlarında tespit edilen imazamox kalıntı miktarları, alt katlara oranla daha yüksek olarak belirlenmiştir. Tespit edilen kalıntı miktarları zamansal olarak değerlendirildiğinde ise sıralama 1. Hafta>6. Hafta>Hasat şeklinde olmuştur. The research was carried out in Kırklareli province of Thrace Region in 2014 and 2015 years. In the study, it was investigated that whether or not the parent material and derivations of imazamox (imazapic, imazapyr, imazethapyr, imazaquin) which is mostly used in sunflower farming in the region generated residual in the soil. The study was carried out in two different locations and the loamy soil structure in Kırklareli location has 4.77 pH and loamy sand soil structure in Kavaklı has 7.28 pH. The field trial was designed according to randomized blocks trial design. According to the results, only imazamox main material was determined in the soil. Imazamox residual between 20 ug L-1 and 50.0 ug L-1 was determined in the soil which has neutral pH and %22.92 clay in 2014 and imazamox residual between 11.3 ug L-1 and 77.8 ug L-1 was determined in 2015. Residual between 18.9 and 35.5 ug L-1 was determined in the acidic soil (pH=4.95) and %8.33 clay in 2014 and residual between 13.8 and 58.7 ug L-1 in 2015. The imazamox residuals in the top layer of the soil were higher than the bottom layer of the soil. When the residual amounts were evaluated, sequence was as 1st week>6th week>harvest.

AZFc microdeletions will be evaluated upon being divided into partial and complete subgroups. The association of deletions with reactive oxidative stress (ROS) and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDFI) and the impact of their coexistence on fertility starting from the pregnancy process until live birth will be presented. Semen analyses, microbiological results, hormones, ROS and sperm TUNEL tests were checked. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) was planned for relevant patients. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was applied. Their embryo fragmentation was monitored via time lapse. Their results were compared with those with no AZF deletion and no other genetic problems. Azoospermia rate was 71.5%, m-TESE success rate was 25%, pregnancy rate was 26% and live child rate was 2.2%. No difference was detected between the partial and total groups in terms of ROS and SDFI rates and no difference was identified with the control group. Better results were obtained in terms of live child rate in patients with partial AZFc and low ROS/SDFI. Spermatozoon was retrieved in AZFc deletions and pregnancy, and live child was identified. No AZFc impact was observed on ROS and SDFI in the results compared with the control groups in terms of their coexistence.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of lower extremity ischemia reperfusion on the liver and the effect of ischemiareperfusion on the liver itself in a rat model. METHODS: Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups including 10 in each group: sham (Group 1), lower limb ischemia-reperfusion (Group 2), and liver ischemia-reperfusion (Group 3). In Group 2, one hour of left lower limb ischemia was performed. In Group 3, one hour of ischemia in the liver was performed, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. After reperfusion, the liver tissues were removed, and the groups were evaluated biochemically and histologically. RESULTS: The liver malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher in Groups 2 and 3 than in the sham group (p0.05). CONCLUSION: Reperfusion injury in the liver after lower limb ischemiareperfusion is as important as ischemia-reperfusion injury which is specifically induced in the liver. This should be taken into account, particularly in reperfusion surgeries following vascular trauma or in cases of leg tourniquets to stop bleeding after lower limb vascular trauma.

Aim Omapatrilat is an antagonist of angiotensin-converting (ACE) and neprilysin-neuropeptidase (NEP) enzymes. The aim of our study is to show that omapatrilat may have beneficial effects as a treatment for polymicrobial sepsis. Main methods A cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis model was used to evaluate 10 and 20 mg/kg doses of omapatrilat in mice (n = 30) fasted for 12 h. The lungs were removed 12 h after CLP, and lung levels of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6], NF-κB), iNOS and eNOS mRNA expression, GSH and MDA levels, and ACE and NEP activities were determined. Histopathological examinations were also performed. Key findings Omapatrilat treatment provided a dose-dependent reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in lung tissues. Omapatrilat administration decreased lung iNOS and eNOS mRNA levels at 20 mg/kg dose. Histopathological analysis revealed a decline in the thickening and edema areas in the alveolar septa in the Sepsis+OMA20 group. Significance Omapatrilat, a dual ACE and NEP inhibitor, protected lung tissue from sepsis damage by reducing ACE and NEP activities, by decreasing the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-κB), by suppressing leukocyte infiltration and edema, by restoring iNOS and eNOS levels, and by restoring SOD activity and GSH and MDA levels, thereby reducing oxidative stress.

Introduction: One of the most important points of the acute type A aortic dissection surgery is how to perform cannulation regarding cerebral protection concerns and the conditions of arterial structures as a pathophysiological consequence of the disease. Objective: In this study, femoral and axillary cannulation methods were compared in acute type A aortic dissection operations. Methods: The study retrospectively evaluated 52 patients who underwent emergency surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. Patients without malperfusion according to Penn Aa classification were chosen for preoperative standardization of the study groups. The femoral arterial cannulation group was group 1 (n=22) and the axillary arterial cannulation group was group 2 (n=30). The groups were compared in terms of perioperative and postoperative results. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in terms of preoperative data. In terms of postoperative parameters, especially early mortality and new-onset cerebrovascular event, there was no statistically significant difference. Mortality rates in group 1 and group 2 were 13.6% (n=3) and 10% (n=3), respectively (P=0.685). Postoperative new-onset cerebral events ratio was found in 5 (22.7%) in the femoral cannulation group and 6 (20%) in the axillary cannulation group (P=0.812). Conclusion: Both femoral and axillary arterial cannulation methods can be safely performed in patients with acute type A aortic dissection, provided that cerebral protection strategies should be considered in the first place. The method to be performed may vary depending on the patient’s current medical condition or the surgeon's preference.

It has been experimentally shown that reperfusion injury occurs in many remote organs after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) of the lower extremity. However, which distant organ is affected more after I/R of the lower extremity has not been investigated. In this study, we investigate which remote organ is predominantly affected after lower extremity I/R.Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: sham (group 1) and lower extremity I/R (group 2). In group 2, 1 hr of ischemia of the left lower extremity was followed by 24 hr of reperfusion of the limb. After reperfusion, the lung, liver, kidney, heart, and small intestine tissues were harvested in both groups.In the I/R group, the malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher in the heart and small intestine tissues than those in other tissues (P0.05). In addition, in the I/R group, the glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activities were also higher in the heart tissues than those in other tissues (P0.05). However, these results were not significant because the malondialdehyde, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase levels of the heart tissues in the control group were higher than those of the other tissues. Therefore, no statistically significant difference was found between the tissues in terms of the histological damage score we created and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-positive cell numbers.There was no difference in the severity of reperfusion injury between the tissues we examined after lower extremity I/R. This suggests that every distal organ should be carefully monitored after lower extremity I/R.

Objective: Treatment of acute diseases of the aorta is still associated with high mortality and morbidity. It is believed that interventions for these diseases on overtime hours (night shifts or weekend shifts) may increase mortality. In this study, we investigated the effect of performing acute type A aortic dissection surgery on overtime hours in terms of postoperative outcomes. Methods: 206 patients who underwent emergency surgery for acute type A aortic dissection were retrospectively evaluated. Two groups were constituted: patients operated on daytime working hours (n=61), and patients operated on overtime hours (n=145), respectively. Results: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and repeat surgery were higher in group 1. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of operative and postoperative results. Mortality rates and postoperative neurological complications in group 1 were 9.8% and 13.1%, respectively. In group 2, these rates were 13.8% and 12.4%, respectively (P=0.485 - P=0.890). Multivariate analysis identified that cross-clamp time, amount of postoperative drainage, preoperative loss of consciousness and postoperative neurological complications are the independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: As the surgical experience of the clinics improves, treatment of acute type A aortic dissections can be successfully performed both overtime and daytime working hours.

The aim of this study is to explore the effect of parental attitudes of students at the Faculty of Sports Sciences on their leadership behaviors. For data collection, two instruments were used in the current study to explore the leadership behaviors of students and their parental attitudes. These were: ‘The Leadership Behavior Scale’ which was developed by Hemphill and Coons [8] and adapted into Turkish by Önal [10] and ‘The Parental Attitude Scale’ which was developed by Kuzgun and Eldeklioğlu [9]. These questionnaires were administered to a total of 590 students consisting of 376 male and 214 female students. For data analysis, the SPSS statistical packet program was used for frequency analysis, and independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA and Tukey test were run to find out the source of the difference among different groups of participants. In addition, correlation analysis was performed to reveal the relationship between the students’ leadership behaviors and parental attitudes. The findings of the study showed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between parental attitudes and leadership behaviors of the participants. Based on this finding, it was revealed that the more the parental attitudes of the participants increased, the more the students’ leadership behaviors increased.