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Plants are a valuable source of a wide range of secondary metabolites, which are used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavours, fragrances, colours, biopesticides and food additives. In the current review, PubMed, Web Science, Science Direct, Researchgate, Academia. edu and Scopus were searched to determinethe medicinal plantswhich pass the clinical trials with documented efficacy and safety.

Nanotechnology is one of the modern approaches that has found access to the medicinal as well as pharmaceutical uses where the nanoparticles of the nobel as well as other metals nanoparticles and their oxides have been reported to exploite various biological activities particularly antimicrobial besides antineoplastic activities. In addition, metal/metal oxides nanoparticles have also been proposed to have diagnostic applications in radioscanning of neoplastic diseases besides pharmaceutical application in neoplastic drugs delivery. Green/eco-friendly synthesis of these nanoparticles using biomaterials is considered as an innovatory approach for their production through which attaining economically beneficial along with drastic polluting methods avoidance advantages. In this context, plants extracts are increasingly finding the way for their production. In this survey, the green chemical synthesis approaches of nanoparticals of different metals and their oxides, their medical uses and biological activities, particularly antimicrobial mechanism of silver nanoparticles, as well as antineoplastic activity are discussed. The outcomes of this survey encourage us to conclude the feasibility of investment in the investigations in this approach.

Nicotiana tabacum (Family: Solanaceae) was used traditionally for wide range of disorders, it administered externally for bites of poisonous reptiles and insects, pain, neuralgia, gout, to enhance hair growth, in the treatment of ringworm, ulcers, wounds and as respiratory stimulant. The leaves contained sesquiterpene, alkaloids, lignans, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, essential oils, saponins, quinines, polypeptides, phenylpropanoids, chromanones, biphenyls and isocoumarins. The previous studied showed that Nicotiana tabacum possessed many pharmacological effects included antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, analgesic, antidiabetic, antifertility, anti-aphthous, cytotoxic and neuropharmacological effects. The current review focused on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Nicotiana tabacum.

Prunus persica (Family:Rosaceae) contained carbohydrates,fiber, carotenoids,alkaloids,oils, polyphenols, flavonoids and minerals. Previouspharmacological studiesrevealed thatPrunus persica possessed gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic,antipyretic, cytotoxic, antioxidant,antiprasitic, acetylcholine esterase inhibition, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antihistaminic, immunological, protective, vascular, dermatological, antitussive and many other effects. The current review was designedto highlight the chemical and nutritional constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Prunus persica.

Background and aims: Angina pectoris is the discomfort felt when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen. The definition of stable angina is the presence of symptoms only with exertion. Chest pain, or its angina equivillant, is a defining feature, and it is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin when exercise is ceased. Often, this is one of the first symptoms or warning indications of underlying coronary disease. The proinflammatory state is believed to aggravate endothelial dysfunction by activating endothelial cells, releases cytokines and chemokines, which may be crucial in the atherosclerotic plaque formation which is the primary cause of angina pectoris. We studied the value of some cytokines and cardiac markers as a diagnostic and follow up markers in patients with stable angina. Methodology: The study was carried out on 50 patients diagnosed with stable angina pectoris, who visited Nasiriya Heart Center throughout the period from December 2021 to April 2022, and 20 age matched healthy person. IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 were assayed at baseline (hospital admission), 1 day and 1 week post-PCI by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, Troponin I (cTnl) was determined by using monoclonal cTnI-specific antibody.

A huge number of studies have demonstrated the significance correlation between diabetic ketoacidosis as well as other type of ketosis/hyperosmolar metabolic state deterioration conditions and the SARS-COV2 infection. It is investigated in various infected age group, geneders, and countries. It is reported to be correlated to the two types of diabetes (type I DM and type II DM) available as pre-existing co-morbidity, infection related new-onset developed diabetes of both types or even due to hyperinflammation related acute pancreatitis. In fact, although most of the studies have reported greater survival, however, small single center retrospective studies have reported the association of diabetic ketoacidosis with elevated mortality rate that approaches 50%. Mechanistically, the DKA caused metabolic state deterioration due to the glucose metabolism fluctuation is attributed to the bidirectional sophisticated SARS-COV2 infection and different reasons hyperglycemia disease-disease interaction. Nevertheless, exaggerated inflammatory/immune response may also worsen the glycemic state that brings about ketosis. Remarakably, DKA can be developed even in cases of approximately normoglycemic conditions of the SARS-COV2 infection which is fewly reported, yet, it is attributed to SGLT2 inhibitors therapy. The SARS-COV2 infection related DKA complication among diabetic individuals have been treated with the same therapeutic protocol of non-infectious conditions including insulin and IV replenishment therapy however, with significantly greater dosing regimen. It is worthy to note that the infused replenishment fluids should be carefully calculated along with monitoring the lung function besides careful monitoring the potassium and some other electrolytes level particularly while insulin is intravenously infused. Thus, in order to explore the significance of correlation of this metabolic complication with the virus infection poor prognosis as well as higher mortality rate this survey reports the development of DKA as well as the ketosis related metabolic abnormailities while the course of SARS-COV2 infection among individuals with pre-exisitng and new onset diabetes.

Viral infections deteriorates the infected diabetic individuals’ glycemic state, hence developing hyperglycemia as frequently reported for SARS-COV2 viral infection. However, higher prevalence, poorer prognosis as well as higher mortality rates associated with SARS-COV2 infection among diabetic individuals. Consequently, it is strictly recommended good glycemic control for ensuring reducing disease severity as well as better survival rate. Uptodate, insulin seems to be the hypoglycemic agent of choice for treating hyperglycemia condition encountered during acute/severe microbial infection that requires hospitalization. Nevertheless, paradoxical spectulations are issued regarding the feasibility of considering oral hypoglycemic agents such as metformin,(GLP-1) Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose-Transporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors, pioglitazone administration to SARS-COV2 infected diabetic patients’ therapy. Although, several reports about various side effects associated with these drugs including dehydration, hypovolemia, gastrointestinal and perecipitating lactic acidosis side effects. Thus, this report surveys the paradoxical spectulations and recommendation are reported for these classes of hypoglycemic drugs beside some other drugs related to other comorbidities such as those acting on renine- angiotensine system and hydroxychloroquine.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of histamine on the anterior pituitary secretion in rats. Materials and Methods: In the first experiments rats were injected with histamine 5 mg/kg i.p., and blood samples were collected to determine the effect of histamine on serum level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, FSH, and luteinizing hormone (LH) after 10, 20, and 30 min of histamine injection. In the second experiments, rats were treated with (H 1 blocker), chlorphenramine 10 mg/kg, i.p. or (H 2 blocker), cimetidine 80 mg/kg, i.p. respectively, and after 30 min they were injected with histamine and blood samples were taken 30 min after the injection of histamine to determine the same hormones. Results: Histamine significantly elevated serum ACTH and LH level, and these stimulatory effects were inhibited by both H1 and H2 receptor blockers. However, histamine significantly inhibited the serum level of thyroid-stimulating hormone and this inhibitory effect was blocked by H2 receptor blocker, while it showed no effect on the secretion of both prolactin and FSH, although H2 blocker significantly decreased prolactin level and H1 blocker significantly elevated FSH level. Conclusion: The results clearly indicated that histaminergic pathways were involved in the anterior pituitary secretion.

Background: The inflammatory mediators released by injured endothelium enhance the interaction of circulating leukocytes with endothelial cells and contribute to development and progression of atherosclerosis. In this study we designed to determine some interleukins (IL-1?, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-8) as diagnostic markers instable angina pectoris. Methods: The study was carried out on 30 patients who were diagnosed with stable angina pectoris (18 males and 12 females).They visited Nasiriya Heart Center throughout the period from the beginning of November 2021 to the end of April 2022, and 20 age matched healthy person (13 males and 7 females). IL-1?, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 were assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Troponin I (cTnl) was determined by using monoclonal cTnI-specific antibody. D- dimer by electro-chemiluminescence method. CK-MB by monoclonal CK-MB-specific antibody. Myoglobin by monoclonal MYO-specific antibody. Results: Male and female patients with stable angina showed significantly elevated serum levels of troponin (P

Morusalba is a fast-growing shrub or medium-sized tree with a straight, cylindrical trunk. Medicinally, whole plants, leaves, fruits, branches, and roots have been employed. Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to search for relevant material on the phytochemical components and pharmacologic and mechanism of action of the Morus alba. This was reviewed to assess important updates about Morus alba. The fruits of Morus alba have traditionally been used as an analgesic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, anti-rheumatic, diuretic, hypotensive, hypoglycemia, purgative, restorative, sedative tonic, and blood stimulant. Various plant parts were used as a cooling, sedating, diuretic, tonic, and astringent agent to treat nerve disorders. The plant contained tannins, steroids, phytosterols, sitosterol, glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, as well as saponins, triterpenes, phenolics, flavonoids, benzofuran derivatives, anthocyanins, anthraquinones, glycosides, vitamins, and minerals. Previous pharmacological research identified antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunological, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, dermatological, neurological, muscular, and protecting effects. This study looked at Morus alba’s traditional uses, chemical components, and pharmacological effects.

Matricaria chamomillacontained oils, sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, sugars, proteins, mucins, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, polyacetylenes, phenyl carboxylic acids, amino acids, phytosterols, choline and mineral substances. The pharmacological studies revealed thatMatricaria chamomillapossessed dermatological, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, reproductive, antiulcerogenic, antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antiallergic, protective, anxiolytic, sedative, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, hypotensive, hypolipidemic, memory enhancing and many other effects. This review was designed to highlight thechemicalconstituents andpharmacological effects ofMatricaria chamomilla.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for an estimated 60% to 80% of cases. The treatment of Alzheimer's disease remains challenging. Many medicinal plants possessed beneficial therapeutic effect inAlzheimer’s disease and memory deficits, by their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, NF-κBinhibition, phosphodiesterase inhibition, anti-amyloidogenic, and anticholinesterase activities. In the current article, the medicinal plants with beneficial effects in Alzheimer’s disease and memory deficits were discussed. This article considers not only the therapeutic effect of medicinal plants in AD and memory deficits, but also discussed the mechanisms of their beneficial effects.

A large percent of the patients were controlled by the available antiepileptic drugs. The limited efficacy of antiepileptic drugs is still a matter of concern, >30% of patients showed refractory epilepsy and 30-40% suffered from antiepileptic side effects. Many kinds of medicinal plants possessed antiepileptic activity, and many researchers have focused on the efficacy of their crude extracts. This review discussed the medicinal plants with antiepileptic effect focusing on active ingredients and their mode of action.

Mutations of p53, a tumor suppressor gene, are known to be involved in multiplication and metastasis of tumors. A number of natural products targeted the p53-MDM2 pathway. This review is an attempt to highlight the medicinal plants that can modulate the expression and activity ofp53tumor suppression, for cancer prevention and treatment.

Iris pallid (Family: Iridaceae) was used traditionally asantispasmodic, aperient, aromatic, attenuant, carminative, detoxicant, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, fixative, laxative, pectoral, purgative and sedative. It contained oils and aromatic constituents, fat, resin, a large quantity of starch, mucilage, phenolics, flavonoids and glucosides. Iris pallida possessed many pharmacological effects included anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, anticancer, antiparasitic and antimicrobial activities. The current review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Iris pallida.

Medicago sativa (Family: Fabaceae) was used traditionally for the treatment of arthritis, kidney problems, fever, as diuretic, anti-cancer, anti-rheumatic, cardiotonic, depurative, lactagogue, emmenagogue, antiscorbutic and in the treatment of boils. Leaves and sprouts were also consumed as vegetable salad. The leaves or seeds were sold as bulk powdered herb, capsules, and tablets for nutritional supplement in health food stores. The phytochemical analysis of Medicago sativashowed the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, saponins, lignin, phenolic compounds, tannins, alkaloids triterpene glycosides, carotenoids, sterols, phytoestrogens, flavones, isoflavonoids and phenolic compounds. The previous pharmacological investigation showed that the plant possessed antioxidant, antidiabetic, reproductive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, dermatological, anxiolytic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, immunological, cardioprotective, cytotoxic, anti-scorbutic, anti-anemic, xanthine oxidase inhibition and many other pharmacological effects. The current review discussed the bioactive constituents and pharmacological activities of Medicago sativa.

Marrubium vulgare (Family: Lamiaceae) was used traditionally in the treatment of dyspeptic complains, pulmonary infections, cough, rheumatoid arthritis, night blindness, loss of appetite, as cholagogue, purgative, diuretic, bitter tonic, carminative and appetizer. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the plant contained alkaloids, sterols, steroids, terpenoids (diterpene), saponins, flavonoid, catecholic tannins, anthocyans, phenolic compounds and many other bioactive ingredients. The pharmacological investigations showed that the plant exerted anti-inflammatory, antiedematogenic, analgesic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cardiovascular hypolipidemic, antispasmodic and many other biological effects. This review discussed the bioactive contents and pharmacological activities of Marrubium vulgare.

Mirabilis jalapa was used traditionally in the treatment of kidney infections, as diuretic, tonic, cathartic, purgative and emetic. The phytochemical screening of the extracts of the leaves and stems of the Mirabilis jalaparevealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, terpenes, glycosides, saponins, protein, cardiac glycosides, steroids and emodin. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that Mirabilis jalapa possessed wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic effects included antimicrobial, antiparasitic, dermatological, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antihistaminic, immune-modulatory, antispasmodic and many other pharmacological effects. The chemical constituents, nutritional, pharmacological and therapeutic effects ofMirabilis jalapawere discussed in the current review.

Obesity and overweight have increased and became a major public health problem in the world during the last decades. Obesity and overweight increased the risk of diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, bile diseases and certain cancers. In the current review, PubMed, Web Science, Science Direct, Researchgate, Academia.edu and Scopus were searched to highlight the anti-obesity activities of medicinal plants.

Objective: This study was performed to detect the recurrence rate for two years after eradication therapy of peptic ulcer. Methods: Sixty-nine patients included in this study in Kirkuk city from January 2004 to January 2005 as 1st year follow up, and 49 patients from January 2005 to January 2006 as second year follow up study. A urea breath test and re-endoscopic examination were carried out to confirm peptic ulcer recurrence. A questionnaire was prepared to take the history of the disease and other relevant data of each patient. Results: The recurrence was occurred in 6 (8.7%) and 8 patients (16.33%) in the 1st and 2nd years after eradication therapy. Highly risk of recurrence was smoking, age below 50 y and stress in 1st year follow up, and stress was the highly risk in the 2nd year follow up. Conclusion: After triple and quadruple therapy of peptic ulcer, the recurrence is low, However, the possibility of H. pylori resistance should be considered.

This study aimed to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of lawsone isolated from henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis). Methods: A total of 120 healthy adult mice (weighing about 25±5 g) were included in this study. Sixty mice out of the total were used to determine LD50, 30 mice to determine the anti-inflammatory test, and the remaining (30 mice) were used for an analgesic test. The hot plate was used to determine the analgesic effect, while the anti-inflammatory effect was determined by the ability of the compound to minimize the inflammation and edema caused by the injection of carrageenan. Results: Lawsone was isolated from Lawsonia inermis. A Stuart SMP10 digital melting point apparatus was used for measuring all melting points. Infrared spectrometer FT-IR 400D was used for measuring/recording IR spectra (KBr) which the frequency of absorption was represented as cm−1. For 1H-NMR spectrum recording, a Bruk-spectrophotometer of 400 MHz was used with internal TMS standard, with deuterated Ś 2.51 ppm for acetone-d6, remained solvent signals as well as 13C.NMR was used. TLC was utilized as adsorbent, UV light, or iodine-completed visualization to verify compounds' purities. The LD50 of the oral lawsone was 96 mg/kg, and the highest dosage that did not kill any of the experimental animals was 80 mg/kg, which was used to investigate lawsone's analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Lawsone and aspirin possessed an analgesic effect compared to the control group (p, Целью этого исследования было оценить обезболивающее и противовоспалительное действие хеннотановой кислоты, выделенной из листьев лавсонии (Lawsonia inermis). Методы. В это исследование было включено в общей сложности 120 здоровых взрослых мышей (весом около 25±5 г). Шестьдесят мышей из общего количества использовали для определения LD50, 30 мышей для определения противовоспалительной активности, а остальные (30 мышей) использованы для исследования анальгетической активности. Для определения обезболивающего эффекта использовали горячую пластину, тогда как противовоспалительное действие определяли по способности соединения минимизировать воспаление и отек, вызванные инъекцией каррагинана. Результаты: Хеннотановая кислота была выделена из Lawsonia inermis. Для измерения всех температур плавления использовался цифровой прибор для измерения температуры плавления Stuart SMP10. Инфракрасный спектрометр FT-IR 400D использовался для измерения/записи ИК-спектров (KBr), частота поглощения которых была представлена как см-1. Для записи спектра 1H-ЯМР использовался спектрофотометр Bruk 400 МГц с внутренним стандартом TMS с дейтерированным Ś 2,51 ppm для ацетона-d6, сигналами остатка растворителя, а также 13C.ЯМР. ТСХ использовали в качестве адсорбента, УФ-света или йодной визуализации для проверки чистоты соединений. LD50 перорально полученной хеннотановой кислоты составляла 96 мг/кг, а самая высокая доза, не убившая ни одного из экспериментальных животных, составляла 80 мг/кг, которая и была использована для исследования обезболивающих и противовоспалительных эффектов хеннотановой кислоты. Хеннотановая кислота и аспирин имели обезболивающий эффект на уровне с контрольной группой (p, Метою цього дослідження було оцінити знеболюючу та протизапальну дію хеннотанової кислоти, виділеного з листя лавсонії (Lawsonia inermis). Методи. У це дослідження було включено загалом 120 здорових дорослих мишей (вагою близько 25±5 г). Шістдесят мишей із загальної кількості використовували для визначення LD50, 30 мишей для визначення протизапальної активності, а решту (30 мишей) використовували для дослідження анальгетичної активності. Для визначення знеболюючого ефекту використовували гарячу пластину, тоді як протизапальну дію визначали за здатністю сполуки мінімізувати запалення та набряк, викликані ін’єкцією карагеніну. Результати: Хеннотанову кислоту було виділено з Lawsonia inermis. Для вимірювання всіх температур плавлення використовувався цифровий прилад для вимірювання температури плавлення Stuart SMP10. Інфрачервоний спектрометр FT-IR 400D використовувався для вимірювання/запису ІЧ-спектрів (KBr), частота поглинання яких була представлена як см−1. Для запису спектру 1H-ЯМР використовувався спектрофотометр Bruk 400 МГц з внутрішнім стандартом TMS, з дейтерованим Ś 2,51 ppm для ацетону-d6, сигналами залишку розчинника, а також 13C.ЯМР. ТШХ використовували як адсорбент, УФ-світло або йодну візуалізацію для перевірки чистоти сполук. LD50 перорально отриманої хеннотанової кислоти становила 96 мг/кг, а найвища доза, яка не вбила жодної з експериментальних тварин, становила 80 мг/кг, яка й була використана для дослідження знеболювальних та протизапальних ефектів хеннотанової кислоти. Хеннотанова кислота та аспірин мали знеболюючий ефект на рівні з контрольною групою (p

Neuroprotection is the preservation of the structure and function of neurons from insults from cellular injuries caused by a variety of agents or neurodegenerative diseases. Medicinal plants possess neuroprotective effects via mechanisms that include inhibiting protein-based deposit accumulation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, and correcting defects of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine [1-3]. The current review will highlight the neuroprotective effects of medicinal plants.

Parkinsonʼs disease is a progressive neurodegenerative dysfunction characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system. Dopamine is important to maintain normal movement patterns. The cardinal physical signs of the disease are distal resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and asymmetric onset. Treatment aims to improve these motor symptoms. Many medicinal plants possessed Parkinsonian effects by different mechanisms, included inhibition of α-synuclein condensation, reduction of oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, increase of dopaminergic neurons survival, blockade of the adenosine A2Areceptor and regulation of molecular pathways involved in neuronal survival such as MAPK, Nrf2, and NF-κB, thus exerted neuroprotective actions. In the present review, we highlight the medicinal plants with potential anti-Parkinsonian effects with discussing the mechanisms of their beneficial effects.

Lepidium sativum contained many bioactive constituents included cardiac glycoside, alkaloids, phenolic, flavonoids, cardiotonic glycosides, coumarins, glucosinolates, carbohydrates, proteins and amino-acids, mucilage, resins, saponins, sterols, tannins, volatile oils, triterpene, sinapic acid and uric acid. The pharmacological investigation revealed that Lepidium sativum possessed antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, reproductive, gastrointestinal, respiratory, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, diuretic, central nervous, fracture healing and protective effects. The current review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lepidium sativum.

Convolvulus genus is a representative of the family of Convolvulaceae. Convolvulus plants are broadly distributed all over the world and has been used for many centuries as herbal medicine. Convolvulus genus contains various phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, mucilage, unsaturated sterols or terpenes, resin, tannins, lactones, and proteins. This review highlights the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, application as food preservative, traditional medicine use, anticancer activities, and clinical effectiveness in human of Convolvulus plants. All the parts of Convolvulus plants possess therapeutic benefits; preliminary pharmacological data validated their use in traditional medicine. However, further preclinical and clinical experiments are warranted before any application in human health.

Objective: The review was designed to investigate the traditional uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lantana camara. Methods: In the current review, databases including Web Science, Pub Med, Scopus and Science Direct, were searched to investigate the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lantana camara. Results: The plant contained alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavanoids, coumarins, tannins, carbohydrates, hydroxy anthraquinones, anthraquinone glycosides, proteins, phytosteroids, fixed oils, fats, and triterpinoids. Previous pharmacological studies revealed that Lantana camara possessed antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anxiolytic, gastrointestinal, hypoglycemic, cardiovascular, antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory, analgesic, wound healing, antiurolithiatic, hepatoprotective, reproductive, anti–hemorrhoidal, thrombin inhibition and many other effects. Conclusion: Lantana camara represents a promising medicinal plant with a wide range of pharmacological activities that could be utilized in several medical applications because of its effectiveness and safety.

Lawsonia inermis (Family: Lythraceae) contained carbohydrates, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, coumarins, xanthones, fat, resin and tannins. It also contained 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (lawsone). Many alkaloids, naphthoquinone derivatives, phenolics and flavonoids were isolated from different parts of Lawsonia inermis. The pharmacological studies showed that Lawsonia inermis showed antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, molluscicidal, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, central nervous, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, wound and burn healing, immunomodulatory, antiurolithiatic, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antiulcer, antidiarrhoeal, diuretic, anticancer and many other pharmacological effects. The current review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lawsonia inermis.

Lagerstroemia speciosa (Family: Lythraceae) is native to Asia-tropical and subtropical regions. The phytochemical investigation of Lagerstroemia speciosa leaf and fruit revealed that it contained steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, α-amino acids, saponins, starch, alkaloids, carbohydrates, organic acids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins and many other active metabolites. Lagerstroemia speciosa possessed many Pharmacological effects included antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastrointestinal, diuretic, thrombolytic, cardiovascular, central nervous, inhibition of TNFα production, xanthine oxidase inhibitition, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects. The current review discussed the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Lagerstroemia speciosa.

Background Consumer concern on the use of naturally-occurring antimicrobials from plants, microorganisms and animal sources continues to grow daily, mostly triggered by the increasing awareness about the risks associated with the use of synthetically manufactured additives and preservatives in the food industry. Scope and approach Natural compounds present in herbs- and spices-derived extracts, essential oils and other secondary metabolites from plants, bacteria and enzymes are currently gaining ground and are still largely underused. Their use as replacements for synthetic additives can open new frontiers in safety and quality preservation in food, as they are relatively safer and do not pose health risks to consumers. This review provides updated information on the use of preservative solutions from natural sources on foods, especially perishable ones, also discussing the use of new packaging technologies. Key findings and conclusions Although the use of additive sources of natural origin has received increasing interest, some adverse effects on organoleptic properties may also result from its use. Thus, despite the latest advances, more studies are still needed on the optimization of the quantities to be used to effectively inhibit spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms without affecting the organoleptic properties of foods; otherwise, these natural food additives can be encapsulated for inclusion in foods as preservatives.