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Over the last decades, conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been utilized as an efficient rehabilitation intervention for alleviation of chronic pain, including phantom limb pain (PLP). However, recently the literature has increasingly focused on alternative temporal stimulation patterns such as pulse width modulation (PWM). While the effect of non-modulated high frequency (NMHF) TENS on somatosensory (SI) cortex activity and sensory perception has been studied, the possible alteration following PWM TENS at the SI has not yet been explored. Therefore, we investigated the cortical modulation by PWM TENS for the first time and conducted a comparative analysis with the conventional TENS pattern. We recorded sensory evoked potentials (SEP) from 14 healthy subjects before, immediately, and 60 min after TENS interventions (PWM and NMHF). The results revealed suppression of SEP components, theta, and alpha band power simultaneously associated with the perceived intensity reduction when the single sensory pulses applied ipsilaterally to the TENS side. The reduction of N1 amplitude, theta, and alpha band activity occurred immediately after both patterns remained at least 60 min. However, the P2 wave was suppressed right after PWM TENS, while NMHF could not induce significant reduction immediately after the intervention phase. As such, since PLP relief has been shown to be correlated with inhibition at somatosensory cortex, we, therefore, believe that the result of this study provides further evidence that PWM TENS may also be potential therapeutic intervention for PLP reduction. Future studies on PLP patients with PWM TENS sessions is needed to validate our result.

Modulation in the temporal pattern of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), such as Pulse width modulated (PWM), has been considered a new dimension in pain and neurorehabilitation therapy. Recently, the potentials of PWM TENS have been studied on sensory profiles and corticospinal activity. However, the underlying mechanism of PWM TENS on cortical network which might lead to pain alleviation is not yet investigated. Therefore, we recorded cortical activity using electroencephalography (EEG) from 12 healthy subjects and assessed the alternation of the functional connectivity at the cortex level up to an hour following the PWM TENS and compared that with the effect of conventional TENS. The connectivity between eight brain regions involved in sensory and pain processing was calculated based on phase lag index and spearman correlation. The alteration in segregation and integration of information in the network were investigated using graph theory. The proposed analysis discovered several statistically significant network changes between PWM TENS and conventional TENS, such as increased local strength and efficiency of the network in high gamma-band in primary and secondary somatosensory sources one hour following stimulation. Our findings regarding the long-lasting desired effects of PWM TENS support its potential as a therapeutic intervention in clinical research.

Chronic musculoskeletal pain has a high prevalence between European citizens, affecting their quality of life and their ability to work. The plastic changes associated with the occurrence of chronic musculoskeletal pain are still not fully understood. The current short report investigated the possible changes in brain activity caused by pain during movement in two of the most common musculoskeletal pain disorders in Denmark, knee pain and low back pain. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from 20 participants (5 participants with knee pain, 5 with low back pain and 10 healthy controls). Participants with pain performed a movement that evoked pain in the area of interest, and the healthy controls performed the same movement. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were also collected to identify movement initiation. No differences were observed in brain activity of participants with pain and healthy controls during rest. During movement execution, though, participants with pain showed significantly higher event related synchronization in the alpha and beta bands compared to healthy controls. These changes could be related to higher cognitive processing, possibly due to the attempt of suppressing the pain. These results highlight the importance of assessing cortical activity during movement to reveal plastic changes due to musculoskeletal pain. This adds to our knowledge regarding plastic changes in cortical activity related to musculoskeletal pain in different locations. Such knowledge could help us identify neurophysiological markers for clinical changes and contribute to the development of new treatment approaches based on neuromodulation such as neurofeedback.

1. Introduction since “three functions” such as “religious affairs management”,”bravery”, and “fertility” were appeared for the first time in Indo-European mythology by Georges Dumezil. Survey about every part of that “three functions” began in different nations of “Indo-European” family, bringing valuable researches for comparative mythology. Three other functions were known and presented in the subset of second function, i.e.,war, to survey hero’s three “crimes”, or “three-function crimes”. The structure of these myths shows a famous hero who commits three crimes in return for three functions of “divine”, “bravery” and “fertility”, and he is usually failed by the third function. In this survey, we try to investigate Garshasb’s three crimes such as: “Mazdayasni religious indignity”, “turning the fire off” and “associating with a fairy”, then adjust them with three functions. This is a library, comparative and descriptive research. 2. Methodology This survey has been done on the basis of descriptive-comparative method and by the use of library research. In this research, we try to answer these questions: What are three mythological functions in Indo-European families according to Dumezil’s theory? Do these three actions precede in Iran? As one of these function is the “three crimes” of famous heroes, have any Iranian heroes had such functions? In this survey, we try to explain these three functions in Garshasb myth. 3-Discussion “Three actions” of mythical Indo- European myth contain these cases briefly: 1) The gods of the first action have normally two features with a holy disciplinarian and ruler function: A) Empire magical and bravery features, B) Human, regularization, pacifism, lawfulness and moralism features. They were the divine reactions of the ruler persons such as druids, monarchs, kings, minister and etc. 2) Gods in the second action were all the reflection of war and bravery. They are famous for their militancy and physical ability in which Aryans ancient society caused forming young man association, its related rules and ceremonies and to Dumezil it has been continued up to now. 3) Gods in the third action were all the reflection of wealth, healthy, fertility, and worldly abundance on the earth. This action mostly contains common people. In Dumezil's idea, this function has different forms unlike those two ones. (Mokhtayan & Kmali, 2011, p.90) In the subset of second action, warfare and bravery, three other actions are recognized and introduced which explained about “three crimes” or “three functions crimes” of the heroes in Indo-European families. The structure of these myths is that popular and famous warriors commit “three crimes” against “three actions” such as divine, bravery and fertility. Here we introduce these “three actions” in Garshasb myth: 1) First action: Monarchy and piety action, the Crime of despising Mazdayana religion: One of Garshasb's crimes is the despising of Mazdayasna religion .The offense of saintliness and the violation of social structure in its highest rank, i.e., the belittlement of Ormazd will cause the ruin of hero's eternity .When Garshasb despised Mazdayasna religion up on hitting arrow on him, he swooned and has is now asleep. In the case of judgment, first dead Garshasb will be resurrected; since the creation of Hormoz would not remaine if Garshasb's deeds did not excite. Zahak starts to swallow Ormazd creations, in Hourshidmah millennium. Gods revive Garshasb who is swooned and Garshasb kills Zahak. (Bahar, 2002, p, 233) 2) Second action: The bravery or heroic action and damning “Atash-e- Bahram”: It is the second action in association with bravery, militancy and also physical ability, which in Aryan ancient society, has introduced heroes and their related ceremonies. The bravery action is sometimes connected to “three crimes” in Indo-European people. The second crime of hero has its roots in bravery function. In Garshasb narrative, annoying “Atash-e Bahram” was one of his crimes; that’s why he didn’t accede to paradise. His soul was constantly complaining to Zoroaster and telling that “I wish I lived in your time, accepted religion, and kept away from the hell.” Therefore, to find a way to paradise he was recounting his heroic arts and great deeds and asking for paradise as a reward, but “Atash-e Bahram” whom had the license of entering into paradise, did not forgive him. So Garshasb requested another life in order to make the hell free from daemons, but that was not the time to do so. As we read in Pahlavi narrative, this god is so important that the fourteenth Yasht of Avesta is denominated by “Atash-e Bahram”. He is the most armed god who runs for helping people, brings treatment and power to them and overcomes daemons. He is a god who changes his appearance to a tornado, bull, white horse, fertile camel, boar, young man, Varaghna, and other creatures. Every army who calls him during the battle, will wine. If a plain sheep is sacrificed for him, no enemy will enter into that land. Indeed, the sacrifice does not have any benefits for criminals, cause after this sacrifice, all torments will descend over them. According to this discrimination, it is clear that Garshasb’s second crime has its roots in the second action or bravery function. As a torment, he is prohibited from entering into paradise, since he turns out and despises the fire which is the symbol of victory and heroism. (Bahar, 2002, P, 233) 3) Third action: Craftsmanship, desire and fertility (the negative meaning is avarice, greedy, sexuality, etc.): The third crime that is attributed to Garshasb, is his association and getting married with a fairy called Xnāθāiti in unhappy Kabul. The name of this fairy has come twice in Avesta.” So, the villainess devil comes and creates fairy Xnāθāiti to join and get married with Garshasb. (Avesta, 2005, P, 661) o: Zartosht replied the devil: / you! The criminal devil! / I will destroy the creation of daemon /I will destroy daemon dead body/I will destroy fairy Xnāθāiti (Avesta, 2005, p.863). This description of fairy Xnāθāiti in Avesta, displays more the devilish of her. Garshasb is one the heroes who joins and gets married with fairy Xnāθāiti and penetrates to her soul and creates her, as a result, Boshasb daemon overcomes her, overslept her to the end of “Houshidarmah “ millennium. Fairies features are completely harmonized with the feature of fertility which is placed in third function. (Baghery hasankiade, 2005, p.97-98) Garshasb’s third crime is rooted in craftsmanship action. Third function is related to libido; he wishes greedily like Heracles, and looks for libido, that’s why he is condemned to be overslept as it will be continued to the judgment day. 4. Conclusion According to this explanation, it can be concluded that there is a stable structure in Indo-European myths, which is remained in these cultures during a lot of centuries, their effects are shown after many years despite geographical broadness and the reformations of different religions. Garshasb’s “three crimes” are placed in Dumezil’s “three actions”. According to “three actions of felonious”, he despises Mazdyasna religion and the fire of warfare , afterwards, gets married with a fairy and considers her as Indian “Indera”, Greek “Heracles” Norse “Setarkazrous” and other Indo- European heroes.

Nowadays, the impact of advertising on the growth and survival of organizations is undeniable in the present turbulent and competitive environment. With an increase of membership in electronic social networks, advertising on these networks has become the most important and effective marketing activity. Virtual social networks, known to be the most important communication and marketing tools in societies of the world, have increasing significance in attracting audience and presenting an enormous source of potential customers. This makes it more critical to identify factors that affect the acceptance of advertisements in electronic social networks. This study is an applied and non experimental piece of research which is descriptive and correlational in nature by virtue of its functional goal and data collection method. The study is done with 188 electronic social network users. Cronbach's alpha and a composite reliability test are used to evaluate the reliability. Also, the methods of content analysis, structural analysis and diagnostic validity are used to check the validity. Advertising effect indicators are introduced in nine dimensions, the conceptual framework is provided, and the indicators are confirmed through factor analysis. The analytical software programs were SPSS and Smart PLS. According to the findings, entertaining, resenting and awareness of advertising have effects on users’ attitudes toward advertisements; attitudes toward advertisements, in turn, affect advertisements acceptance as the basic factor determining the effectiveness of advertising.