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Abstract Background Despite numerous genetic studies on Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), many strains from the Middle East remain misclassified or unclassified. Genotype 1 (GI-1) is found globally, while genotype 23 (GI-23) has emerged as the predominant genotype in the Middle East region, evolving continuously through inter- and intra-genotypic recombination. The GI-23 genotype is now enzootic in Europe and Asia. Methods Over a 24-month period from May 2022 to June 2024, 360 samples were collected from 19 layer and 3 broiler poultry farms in central Saudi Arabia. The chickens exhibited reduced laying rates and symptoms such as weakness and respiratory distress, while broilers showed respiratory issues. Samples, including tracheal swabs and various tissue specimens, were pooled, homogenized, and stored at -20 °C prior to PCR analysis. The samples underwent virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs, RNA extraction using automated systems, and detection of IBV through real-time RT-PCR targeting a conserved 5’-UTR fragment. Full-length genome sequencing was performed, and recombination analysis was conducted using RDP 4.6. Results Saudi IBV strains were found to cluster into genotypes GI-1 and GI-23.1. The study identified critical amino acid substitutions in the hypervariable regions of the spike protein and detected recombination events in the ORF1ab, N, M, 3ab, and 5ab genes, with nsp3 of the ORF1ab showing the greatest number of recombination events. Conclusion The multiple inter- and intra-genotypic recombination events that were detected in different genes indicate that the circulating IBV strains do not share a single ancestor but have emerged through successive recombination events.

International trade is considered the central link in the complex system of contemporary international economic relations. It links all countries of the world in a unified economic system whose goal is to address economic problems at the international level through developing productive capacity, expanding employment opportunities, and enhancing the flow of production factors between countries to achieve economic growth. Our study aimed to clarify the considerable impact of some macroeconomic variables (exchange rate, gross domestic product, public spending, foreign direct investment) on foreign trade in Iraq and to determine the degree of relative importance of the macroeconomic variables affecting foreign trade in Iraq. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach by collecting data related to the study for the period from 2003 to 2020 and then analyzing the data obtained through artificial neural networks.

Luolin Wang,1,* Zhenglei Xu,1,* Aarti Bains,2 Nemat Ali,3 Zifang Shang,4 Abhinandan Patil,5 Sandip Patil6 1Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 2Deparment of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India; 3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Research Experiment Center, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Pharmaceutics, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India; 6Department of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Abhinandan Patil, Department of Pharmaceutics, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kadamwadi, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India, Email abhisirdyp@gmail.com Sandip Patil, Department of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, Email sandippatil1309@yahoo.comIntroduction: This study aims to systematically assess the anticancer potential of distinct Lactobacillus strains on Human Colorectal Tumor (HCT) 115 cancer cells, with a primary focus on the apoptotic mechanisms involved. Lactobacillus strains were isolated from sheep milk and underwent a meticulous microbial isolation process. Previous research indicates that certain probiotic bacteria, including Lactobacillus species, may exhibit anticancer properties through mechanisms such as apoptosis induction. However, there is limited understanding of how different Lactobacillus strains exert these effects on cancer cells and the underlying molecular pathways involved.Methods: Cytotoxicity was evaluated through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and exposure durations of Lactobacillus cell-free lyophilized filtrates. Additional apoptotic features were characterized using 4.6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) analysis for nuclear fragmentation and Annexin V/PI analysis for apoptosis quantification. Genetic analysis explored the modulation of apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bcl2) in response to Lactobacillus treatment. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to understand the genetic makeup of the Lactobacillus strains used in the study.Results: The study demonstrated a significant reduction in HCT 115 cell viability, particularly with L. plantarum, as evidenced by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) and MTT assays. DAPI analysis revealed nuclear fragmentation, emphasizing an apoptotic cell death mechanism. Annexin V/PI analysis supported this, showing a higher percentage of early and late apoptosis in L. plantarum-treated cells. Genetic analysis uncovered up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 in response to Lactobacillus treatment. WGS study revealed a strain reported to NCBI PRJNA439183.Discussion: L. plantarum emerged as a potent antiproliferative agent against HCT 115 cancer cells, inducing apoptosis through intricate molecular mechanisms. This study underscores the scientific basis for L. plantarum’s potential role in cancer therapeutics, highlighting its impact on antiproliferation, adhesion, and gene-protein regulation. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific molecular pathways involved and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of L. plantarum in preclinical and clinical settings.Keywords: sheep milk, Lactobacillus plantarum, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, human colorectal tumor 115, cancer therapeutics

The concept of being uniform strong interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (also termed as USIVIF) is an integration of two ideologies, which are called "uniformity" and "strong interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets". Inspired by the study on uniform fuzzy topological indices, it is natural to introduce uniform IVIFTIs. Originally, topological indices were generalized for the fuzzy sets However, the utilization of the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy topological indices provides a finer approach, especially if there are multiple uncertainties based on intervals. Consequently, both theories imply that topological indices are not fixed and depend on certain situations or problems in the question. In this article, the generalized results for the uniform degree of the fuzzy sets associated with individual vertices/edges of strong interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy graphs were presented and results for the total uniform degree of such graphs were also included. In addition, the nature of the implemented methods and models was discussed based on the cellular neural interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy graphs of sets of membership and non-membership values.

This work evaluates a new TiO2/Si3N4 catalyst that was prepared by deposition of thin films of Si3N4 and TiO2 nanostructures on glass using lab made closed field unbalanced dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique. A highly-pure silicon sheet and titanium sheet were used as a sputtering target and gas mixture of (Ar: N2), (Ar∶O2) with mixing ratios of (50:50) for each were used to prepare TiO2/Si3N4 sample, respectively. This sample has been heat treatment. The structure and morphology of the catalyst were determined by X-ray diffraction, Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy tests. The resultant nanocomposite sample was polycrystalline and there were no impurities in the investigated nanocomposite as revealed by XRD analysis. The absorption edge was found to be at 420 nm, as revealed by d UV-visible spectroscopy. The results obtained from the photodegradation of organic pollutants under a Xenon lamp indicate that TiO2/Si3N4 nanocomposite's photocatalytic activity is significantly more effective than TiO2 nanophotocatalyst.

The growing integration of fast-fluctuating energy resources poses potential challenges to power system operation. However, the widespread deployment of sensors across distribution networks enhances system visibility and enables the development of advanced voltage control strategies. These control methods depend on accurate voltage condition predictions to anticipate violation scenarios. This paper developed a predictive model for determining the condition of voltage in a power system based on the network topology behavior as input formulation. Different machine learning algorithms random forest, support vector machine and gradient boosting were used to evaluate the input formulation approach for voltage condition prediction in power system networks. In addition, various performance metrics were used to evaluate the model; the Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) was also used to assess the predictive model's performance to avoid the effect of the imbalance in the dataset on the predictive model. The performance of the model indicates that the input formulation based on the network topology behavior in the power system is suitable for predicting the condition of voltage in the network. The MCC indicates that the models give an accuracy of 0.98 for the random forest model and 0.87 for both support vector machine and gradient boosting, respectively. The high accuracy of the model in identifying and predicting the voltage condition enables the operators to initiate necessary control actions to regulate the voltage within the acceptable limits in the network. In addition, the implementation of the predictive model to determine the voltage condition in the power system will ensure reliability and security in the power system network. Finally, the predictive model should be implemented with the control algorithim to increase the accuracy of voltage regulation in the power system.

The title compound, bis[dithiobis(formamidinium)] hexabromidoruthenium dibromide trihydrate, [(NH2)2CSSC(NH2)2]2[RuBr6]Br2·3H2O, crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Cmcm, Z = 4. The [RuBr6]2− anionic complex has an octahedral structure. The Ru—Br distances fall in the range 2.4779 (4)–2.4890 (4) Å. The S—S and C—S distances are 2.0282 (12) and 1.783 (2) Å, respectively. The H2O molecules, Br− ions, and NH2 groups of the cation are linked by hydrogen bonds. The conformation of the cation is consolidated by intramolecular O—H...Br, O—H...O, N—H...Br and N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The [(NH2)2CSSC(NH2)2]2+ cations form a hydrogen-bonded system involving the Br − ions and the water molecules. Two Br − anions form four hydrogen bonds, each with the NH2 groups of two cations, thus linking the cations into a ring. The rings are connected by water molecules, forming N—H...O—H...Br hydrogen bonds.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: تم مؤخرا اقتراح مشاركة البروتين المفرز الناجم عن ونت-1 (ويسب1/سي سي إن 4) في العديد من التفاعلات مع الالتهاب. ومع ذلك، فإن دوره في التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي لا يزال موضع جدل. تم الإبلاغ عن الارتباطات بين التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي الذي تم تشخيصه بشكل سيئ وعدد من العلامات الكلاسيكية المستمدة من الديموغرافيا والكيمياء الحيوية. تهدف هذه الدراسة للبحث في موثوقية وفعالية تركيزات مصل ''سي سي إن 4''، وجزيء التصاق الخلايا الوعائية -1، وماتريكس ميلوبروتيناز-3، وعامل تحفيز مستعمرة الخلايا المحببة في المراقبة والتقييم لتوقع التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي وتلف العظام وارتباطهما بمسار المرض. طريقة البحث: قامت الدراسة بتحليل 128 مريضا مصابا بالتهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي، بما في ذلك 68 تم تشخيصهم حديثا، و60 تم تشخيصهم مسبقا، و60 كمجموعة مراقبة. تم قياس مستويات العلامات الحيوية باستخدام مقايسة الممتص المناعي المرتبط بالإنزيم، وتم قياس المعلمات المخبرية الروتينية مثل المعلمات المصلية والسريرية والكيميائية الحيوية والدموية. تم جمع بيانات الديموغرافيا والقياسات البشرية والأعراض السريرية من خلال المقابلات والاستبيان، وتم استخدام درجة نشاط المرض المشترك 28 لتحديد نشاط المرض. النتائج: أشارت النتائج إلى ارتفاع معنوي في تراكيز أربعة مؤشرات حيوية في مجموعة التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي مقارنة بالعينة السليمة. كما تم تسجيل تراكيز مرتفعة في المرضى الذين يعانون من ارتفاع، مقارنة مع المرضى المعتدلين والمنخفضين، وفقا لحالة نشاط ''المرض المشترك 28 إي إس آر''، باستثناء عدد الوحيدات، ونسبة الهيماتوكريت، ومستوى اليوريا. علاوة على ذلك، تم تسجيل ارتباط إيجابي بين مستوى ''سي سي إن 4'' وقيم جزيء التصاق الخلايا الوعائية -1، ماتريكس ميلوبروتيناز-3، عامل تحفيز مستعمرة الخلايا المحببة، درجة نشاط ''المرض المشترك 28 سي آر بي'' ودرجة نشاط ''المرض المشترك 28 إي إس آر''. مستويات العلامات التنبؤية الثلاثة (''سي سي إن 4'' وجزيء التصاق الخلايا الوعائية -1 وماتريكس ميلوبروتيناز-3) كانت مرتفعة في المرضى غير المعالجين، في حين أن مستوى عامل تحفيز مستعمرة الخلايا المحببة لم يظهر أي فرق. الاستنتاجات: تشير هذه البيانات إلى أنه يمكن استخدام ''سي سي إن 4'' بشكل موثوق لتحديد النشاط والاستجابة العلاجية المتعلقة بالتهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي، مما يؤدي إلى تشخيص التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي مبكرا. Abstract: Background: The involvement of Wnt-1-induced secreted protein-1 (WISP1/CCN4) in several inflammatory reaction has recently been proposed. Nevertheless, this protein's involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains debated. Associations between poorly diagnosed RA and several classical markers derived from demography and biochemistry have been reported. Aim: We sought to investigate the reliability and effectiveness of serum concentrations of CCN4, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), matrix melloprotenase-3 (MMP-3), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in monitoring and predicting RA and bone damage, and their correlation with RA disease course. Methods: The study analyzed 128 patients with RA, comprising 68 newly diagnosed and 60 previously diagnosed patients, as well as 60 controls. Biomarker levels were measured with enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assays. Routine laboratory parameters such as serological, clinical, biochemical, and hematological parameters were additionally measured. Demography, anthropometry, and clinical symptom data were collected through interviews and a questionnaire. The joint disease activity score 28 (DAS28) was used to determine disease activity. Results: Concentrations of four biomarkers were significantly higher in the RA group than the healthy controls. Elevated biomarker concentrations were also observed in patients with high, rather than moderate or low, DAS28-ESR activity status, except for monocyte count, hematocrit (%), and urea level. Furthermore, CCN4 level positively correlated with VCAM-1, MMP-3, and GM-CSF levels, DA-S28-CRP and DAS28-ESR. The levels of three predictive markers, CCN4, VCAM-1, and MMP-3, were elevated in non-treated patients, whereas GM-CSF level showed no difference. The highest area under the curve was 73.3% for CCN4, with 93.3% sensitivity and 64.7% specificity. Conclusion: Our data suggest that CCN4 can be reliably used to indicate activity and therapeutic response associated with RA, thus facilitating earlier RA diagnosis.

In the title compound, C19H17NO5S, the cyclohexene ring adopts nearly an envelope conformation. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. In addition, C—H...π interactions connect the molecules by forming layers parallel to the (010) plane. According to the Hirshfeld surface analysis, H...H (36.9%), O...H/H...O (31.0%), C...H/H...C (18.9%) and S...H/H...S (7.9%) interactions are the most significant contributors to the crystal packing.

Multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of the bone marrow, is categorized as the second most common hematological malignancy of adults in the Western world. Despite dramatic improvements in immunotherapies in the field of cancers, MM immunotherapy has not been promising until now. Recent clinical studies of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, either alone or in combination with anticancer drugs, showed excessive side effects or low efficacy, particularly in advanced MM patients. In this context, lymphocyte levels of exhaustion markers play a pivotal role in the MM tumor microenvironment (TME). Hence in the present review, the mechanisms relevant to MM of five inhibitory molecules including T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), T-cell immunoglobulin, and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), V-domain Ig Suppressor of T-cell activation and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors along with bispecific T-cell antibodies (BsAbs) will be discussed. Further, we summarized the underlying biology of these checkpoints in cancer and their rapidly emerging role in pathways in MM along with presenting recent clinical trials in context.

In the current research, a computer simulation program was designed and written according to the Monte Carlo method to serve as a virtual practical system instead of a real one. The program has been statistically, geometrically and numerically tested for virtual radioactive source-detector setup. The simulation program is carried out for NaI(Tl) detector, and once for Gieger-Muller counter, for a range of energy up to 10 MeV. The Law of Large Numbers and the Central Limit Theorem were used to test the accuracy and precision of the program’s workflow and an indication of how the results are close to their averages and, statistically, how they tend to a normal distribution. Generally, results of a number of detector efficiency types showed a high agreement with published experimental and several global codes results within a percentage error of ~ 0.02-5% (i.e. the accuracy ~ 95-99.98%) and the significance level reflects the precise of the algorithm of simulation. The accurate and precise estimation of the current simulation gives it the desired reliability. The current simulation program also showed flexibility and effectiveness in designing any nuclear source-detector system and providing the relevant workers or experimenters with indicators that help in the optimal design of a system in terms of equipment and geometrical configuration with the least time. It may take a few seconds to a few minutes of execution time for a personal computer with normal specifications. Unlike laboratory experiments which may take from several minutes to several hours. In addition, it provides an ideal work environment that is completely free of radiation hazards. Also, the current simulation provides a deep understanding of the interactions that occur in a real physical practical system.

The results of an experimental work to explore the effect of elevated temperatures on load resistance of reinforced concrete beams with glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP) bars are reported in this paper. Twenty beams with cross-sectional dimensions of (120 x 200 x 1600 mm) were designed. Two specimens were evaluated at room temperature as reference beams, while the remaining eighteen were treated to high temperatures (200, 400, 600, and 800 °C) for 30, 60, and 90 minutes before being subjected to a similarly increased four-point load-up to the failure. The influence of raised temperature on load-deflection relationships as the failure modes for tested beams was examined and compared to a control beam. Compression failure is the most frequent failure mechanism in all the analyzed GFRP beams before and after exposure to high temperatures, according to the experimental test data. However, as the temperature and exposure time increased, the failure mode shifted from compression to balance and tensile failure. The beam heating was done under elastic loading, making these results unique. After 60 minutes of exposure to temperatures of 200, 400, 600, and 800 ⁰C, the residual loading capacity of heated beams was reduced by 13%, 17.39%, 32.6%, and 41.3%, respectively, compared to the control beam.

In the title compound, C20H17BrO5S, molecules are connected by intermolecular C—H...S hydrogen bonds with R22(10) ring motifs, forming ribbons along the b-axis direction. C—H...π interactions consolidate the ribbon structure while van der Waals forces between the ribbons ensure the cohesion of the crystal structure. According to a Hirshfeld surface analysis, H...H (40.5%), O...H/H...O (27.0%), C...H/H...C (13.9%) and Br...H/H...Br (11.7%) interactions are the most significant contributors to the crystal packing. The thiophene ring and its adjacent dicarboxylate group and the three adjacent carbon atoms of the central hexene ring to which they are attached were refined as disordered over two sets of sites having occupancies of 0.8378 (15) and 0.1622 (15). The thiophene group is disordered by a rotation of 180° around one bond.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C25H18N6·H2O, comproses two molecules (I and II), together with a water molecule. The terminal phenyl groups attached to the methyl groups of the molecules I and II do not overlap completely, but are approximately perpendicular. In the crystal, the molecules are connected by N—H...N, C—H...N, O—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds with each other directly and through water molecules, forming layers parallel to the (001) plane. C—H...π interactions between these layers ensure the cohesion of the crystal structure. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that H...H (39.1% for molecule I; 40.0% for molecule II), C...H/H...C (26.6% for molecule I and 25.8% for molecule II) and N...H/H...N (24.3% for molecules I and II) interactions are the most important contributors to the crystal packing.

Introduction. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most common human viral infections and has a double-stranded DNA genome belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Smoking is one of the leading causes of disease and premature death worldwide, responsible for the death of up to six million people annually. The purpose of the current study was to determine the seroprevalence of HSV-1 infection among smokers.‎ Methods. The search strategy was conducted in the period from December 2022 to January 2023. The study included a random sample of 94 (88 males, and 6 females) healthy participants, aged between ≤ 20 to ≥ 60 years, with 50 participants as the control group. The HSV serological testing consisted of detecting antibodies to HSV-1 IgG with the help of ELISA. Results. Most participants were university students, consisting of 45.7% males and 5.3% females, followed by employed smokers, consisting of 0.2% males and 1.1% females. The number of females was much lower than that of males reaching 6.4 and 93.6% respectively, due to customs and traditions. The seroprevalence was 24.47, 22.3 and 2.1% in males and females respectively. The seroprevalence rate was 13.8% in hookah and cigarette smokers, 9% in cigarette smokers and 1.1% in hookah smokers exclusively. The highest rate was observed in the age groups of 21-30 and 31–40 years with 12.80% and 7.40% respectively. Conclusions. The study revealed that the seroprevalence of HSV-1 IgG was 24.47%, and was higher among hookah and cigarette smokers compared to those who exclusively smoked cigarettes or hookah.

In the ten-membered 1,3,4,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine ring system of the title compound, C17H15N5, the 1,2-dihydropyridine ring is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.001 Å), while the 1,3-diazinane ring has a distorted twist-boat conformation. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...N and C—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. In addition, C—H...π interactions form layers parallel to the (100) plane. Thus, crystal-structure cohesion is ensured. According to a Hirshfeld surface study, H...H (40.4%), N...H/H...N (28.6%) and C...H/H...C (24.1%) interactions are the most important contributors to the crystal packing.

In the title compound, C21H15N5OS2, molecular pairs are linked by N—H...N hydrogen bonds along the c-axis direction and C—H...S and C—H...O hydrogen bonds along the b-axis direction, with R22(12) and R22(16) motifs, respectively, thus forming layers parallel to the (10\overline{4}) plane. In addition, C=S...π and C[triple-bond]N...π interactions between the layers ensure crystal cohesion. The Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the major contributions to the crystal packing are H...H (43.0%), C...H/H...C (16.9%), N...H/H...N (11.3%) and S...H/H...S (10.9%) interactions.

If a subset of vertices of a graph, designed in such a way that the remaining vertices have unique identification (usually called representations) with respect to the selected subset, then this subset is named as a metric basis (or resolving set). The minimum count of the elements of this subset is called as metric dimension. This concept opens the gate for different new parameters, like fault-tolerant metric dimension, in which the failure of any member of the designed subset is tolerated and the remaining subset fulfills the requirements of the resolving set. In the pattern of the resolving sets, a concept was introduced where the representations of edges must be unique instead of vertices. This concept was called the edge metric dimension, and this as well as the previously mentioned concepts belong to the idea of resolvability parameters in graph theory. In this paper, we find all the above resolving parametric sets of a convex polytope $ {F}_{♃} $ and compare their cardinalities.