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Background The incorporation of immunohistochemical markers in the analysis of small biopsy samples, as outlined in the fourth edition of the World Health Organization Blue books, represents a noteworthy advancement in the diagnosis of advanced-stage lung carcinoma. This improved the histological classification for poorly differentiated nonsmall cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs), especially in small biopsy specimens. Despite challenges in obtaining viable cells from diminutive tumor samples, a focused immunohistochemical panel effectively distinguishes histological types in most NSCLC. This preserves tissue for subsequent molecular testing.

Ki-67 proliferative index (PI) scoring is measured by estimating the proportion of the number of active cell nuclei in hotspot regions within immunohistochemical (IHC) stained slides. It provides valuable information about the rate of proliferation in a tumour. Manual scoring of Ki-67 PI is laborious, time-consuming and often the victim of interobserver variability between pathologists. This motivated us to develop an AI-based method to automate Ki-67 PI scoring with the aim to improve the concordance of pathologists' inter-observability through aided diagnosis. We sourced 88 sequential cases of sarcomas for our study. We applied watershed algorithm to perform nuclear segmentation on 440 regions of interest (ROI). A study was conducted where three pathologists scored the Ki-67 PI on the ROIs with and without AI-assistance. Our study demonstrated great concordance between the pathologists scoring with AI-assistance. After AI assistance, inter-pathologist discordance was significantly reduced by 82.1 %

Pityriasis rosea, is an acute self-limiting papulosquamous inflammatory disorder. It usually starts with a herald patch on the trunk and proximal extremities, followed by scaly oval patches that give them a “Christmas tree” appearance. The lesions may be associated with fever a rash. The disease can present as numerous morphologies such as papular, urticarial, lichenoid, and generalized that may be confused with other conditions such as secondary syphilis, seborrheic dermatitis, nummular eczema, pityriasis lichenoides chronica, tinea corporis, viral exanthems, lichen planus, and PR like eruption linked to particular drugs. We report a rare case of polymorphic pityriasis rosea in paediatric age group.

Malignant melanoma originates from melanoma cells, which derive from the neuroectoderm of the ectodermal mucosa. The chameleonic presentation of malignant melanoma, its often asymptomatic nature, the rarity of the lesion, the grim prognosis, and the imperative for highly specialized treatment are critical factors that merit careful consideration. Herein, we report a compilation of five cases of malignant melanomas occurring at unusual anatomical locations, which were initially misdiagnosed, which on careful analysis with the use of immuno-histochemical stains were correctly diagnosed as malignant melanoma.

Multiple primary malignancies are defined as two or more malignancies arising independently to each other in the same or different anatomical sites, while excluding the possibility of metastasis from the primary malignancy. Here, we present three cases, each with dual malignancies involving different anatomical locations.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare primary neuroendocrine tumor of the skin. It has an aggressive biological behavior and shows early local and distant metastasis. Diagnosis of MCC is a challenge and requires confirmation by immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, metastasis of MCC to the stomach is extremely uncommon and is rarely reported in the literature. We hereby describe a patient with gastric metastasis of MCC, who presented with black tarry stool and was finally diagnosed on the basis of clinical history, histology, and IHC.

Malignant melanoma is an aggressive, notorious tumor showing great variability in morphological and immunohistochemical expression, thus commonly leading to an erroneous diagnosis. Within the melanoma group, amelanotic melanoma, with its wide clinical presentations, lack of pigmentation, and varied histological appearances, has taken on a new persona as a master masquerader. Use of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of malignant tumors, including melanoma, is primordial and indispensable. However, the problem gets compounded in scenario of aberrant antigenic expression. The present case posed multiple diagnostic challenges in form of atypical clinical presentation, variant morphology, as well as aberrant antigenic expression. Here, we present the case of a 72-year-old male who, upon his initial presentation, was thought to be sarcomatoid anaplastic plasmacytoma, but 5 months later another biopsy from a different site revealed the actual diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are typically solid neoplasms but in rare instances may present as cystic lesions. Preoperative diagnosis of a cystic pancreatic lesion is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary and multimodal approach. We hereby describe an elderly female who came with complaints of abdominal lump. Radiologically, it appeared to be a pancreatic hydatid cyst located at the head of the pancreas, following which resection was done. Histopathological study of the lesion turned out to be a cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Thus, we present this unique case due to its rarity and diagnostic challenge.

The present article aims to study the behavior of RC columns under blast loading. A nonlinear dynamic Three‐Dimensional (3D) Finite Element FE model‐based explicit solver available in ABAQUS Software is used. A parametric study is investigated to enhance the blast resistance of RC columns under three different scaled distances z of an explosion, that is, 0.23, 0.5, and 1.07 m/kg1/3 for close, intermediate, and Far in‐distance. In addition, three levels of concrete grades are used, which are Normal Strength Concrete (NSC), High Strength Concrete (HSC), and Ultra High‐Performance Concrete (UHPC). The study also considers Three reinforcement ratios for longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios of (ρL = 1.28%, 2.4%, and 3.1%) and (ρs = 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.35%), respectively. Further, three different Axial Load Ratios, ALR = 0.01, 0.2, and 0.4, are considered to examine the effect of increasing ALR on the RC column under close explosion. For more investigation, the parametric analysis considers two geometrical shapes of RC columns (square and circular). The material behaviors of concrete and reinforcing steel bars are represented using Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) and Johnson–Cook (J–C) models, respectively, available in ABAQUS Software. The FE model has been initially validated against experimental study. The FE‐predicted deflection and damage were observed and agreed with the practical cases. In addition, the parametric study's results demonstrate that the RC column's blast deflection is significantly reduced with increasing reinforcement ratios. However, increasing concrete grade could efficiently reduce blast damage and deflection. Furthermore, compared with NSC, UHPC significantly reduced maximum damage and deflection by around 60% for square and 55% for circular columns, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to determine the optimum conditions of urease extracted from different plant sources and evaluate its biochemical properties. Eighteen types of plants commonly used namely Tomato, Chickpea, Sesame, Mustard, Lebbeck, Watermelon, Soybean, Cotton, Male Iraqi berries, Female Iraqi berries, Indian berries, Pumpkin, Muskmelon, Legumes, Cowpea, Radish, Pisum and Phaseolus were taken and tested for the presence and activity of urease. Cotton (Gossypium barbadense) was selected as the plant source with highest specific enzymatic activity among them (2.51 U/mg protein) when extracted the enzyme after ground seeds using 0.15 M of tris base buffer pH 8.5 at a ratio 1:10 (w:v) for 15 min. Also the results showed that urease was stable in pH 8, and has the highest activity at 37 oC at 60 min of reaction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a worldwide viral, non-contagious disease that is transmitted to cattle. It is determined to be a significant source of economic loss for several ruminant species. It is mainly caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), which affects the epithelial and lymphoid tissues of the respiratory and digestive tracts. There are limited data on MCF in Egypt, and there is no epidemiological investigation of the clinical prevalence of MCF in Assiut governorate. So the aim of this work is to study the clinical occurrence of MCF at Manfalut center in Assiut governorate, and serological detection of MCF infection in cattle. A total of 30 cows suspected infected with MCF were screened using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Each investigated cow's age, sex, breed, admission time, and contact with sheep were recorded in order to determine the prevalence of MCF. Records included fever, lymphadenitis, corneal opacity, erosions in the buccal cavity, abnormal breathing, purulent nasal discharge with the nasal ulcer, and diarrhea. Overall, 10% of the examined cows were affected. The seroprevalence of MCF infection was higher in native female cows aged 1-3 years, which had previously interacted with sheep, particularly in April and May, although statistical analysis did not reveal a significant difference. Cattle are more likely to get infected if raised in the same grazing area as sheep and goats. As a result, we advise keeping cattle grazing areas distinct from those used for sheep and goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]