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A hot filament chemical vapor deposition is an attractive technique to deposit carbon films of different applications. In this technique, it is also feasible to study the influence of chamber pressure in the deposition of carbon films. In the deposition chamber, having dissociated from the methane precursor, gaseous carbon atoms first convert into the graphite state atoms and then into the diamond state atoms. An increase in the chamber pressure changes the morphology and structure of the deposited carbon films. The growth rate of the deposited carbon film increases by increasing the chamber pressure from 3.3 kPa to 8.6 kPa. The rate of converting gaseous carbon atoms into diamond atoms also increases. At 11.3 kPa and 14 kPa chamber pressure, gaseous carbon atoms convert into graphite state atoms at a high rate. The gas activation and gas collision processes vary broadly at varying chamber pressure. The morphology and structure of carbon films got deposited at different growth rates. The dissociation of molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen varies by varying the chamber pressure. Atomic hydrogen etched the photons released from the hot filaments. Thus, bits of differently shaped energy result. Gaseous carbon atoms convert into graphite and diamond state atoms under suitably shaped bits of energy. Graphite state atoms bind under the same involved bits, which is not the case when the diamond state atoms bind. The study sets a new trend in depositing, characterizing, and analyzing carbon films.

It is customary to refer to atoms by stating positive or negative charges when they lose or gain electrons. However, thinking about the related principles and phenomena of ionization has become confusing. It is also necessary to realize that atoms of suitable elements can execute the interstate dynamics of qualified electrons. Atoms also undertake transition states. Atoms can elongate. Atoms can expand. Atoms can contract. Under a suitable input power, flowing inert gas atoms can split. Upon splitting, inert gas atoms are converted into electron streams. By carrying photons, when electron streams impinge on atoms, atoms with solid behavior further elongate. Otherwise, elongated atoms at least deform. These atomic behaviors validate that they cannot ionize. When the flowing inert gas atoms split, the characteristics of the photons become apparent. The splitting of inert gas atoms, the carrying of photons by electron streams, and the lighting of traveling photons validate that an electric current is a photonic current. The surface and interface images of differently processed materials resulting from various microscopic investigations are due to the resolving powers of the characteristic photons. Several well-known principles also validate that an electric current is a photonic current. This study enables us to understand the basic and applied sciences.

Differentiating structural evolution from structural development or formation opens many avenues of research. This research particularly broadens the horizon of chemical science. When atoms of a suitable element amalgamate undergo uniformly attained dynamics, they execute confined interstate dynamics of outer ring electrons. Atoms execute electron dynamics in their original zones. For this purpose, atoms of suitable elements first attain a neutral state. Upon the disappearance of the pole forces conserved in nature, the electron instantaneously regains its state. In this way, the electron dynamics for one cycle generate a binding energy shape similar to the path of its dynamics. The exerted forces remain almost in the associated formats of the growth of those atoms. Structures evolve into suitable gaseous element atoms above the ground surface, semisolid atoms at the ground surface, and solid atoms below the ground surface. The structural dimension depends on the number of electrons executing dynamics simultaneously. For gaseous element atoms, binding occurs from the upward sides. The binding atoms in the solid elements are from the downward sides. A nucleated mono-layer binds to another nucleated mono-layer via chemical forces and engaging chemical energy. The present work also discusses the surface plasmon phenomenon. The structural evolution of atoms of suitable elements discussed here provides a new horizon for material and chemical science.

Developing tiny metallic particles of specific shapes is needed for many cutting-edge applications. In processing solutions by different methods and approaches, atoms first dissociate from the precursor. The supplied tuned pulses develop tiny triangular particles. According to the published literature, the supply of nanoenergy packets for developing tiny-shaped particles occurs through different sources. Owing to their potential application, tiny-shaped particles are the building blocks of the later-developed mono-layers of nanoparticles and particles. During development, triangularly shaped tiny particles leave the electronically flat-leveled solution surface. By entering an electronically decreasing-level solution surface, tiny-shaped particles arrive at the center of the concave meniscus. In a triangularly shaped tiny particle, atomic arrays convert into structures of smooth elements, where photons traveling along the air-solution interface further flatten them. There is the nucleation of a mono-layer. For later coalesced tiny particles, structures of smooth elements adhered adjacently to grow a nucleated mono-layer. The developing tiny-sized and tiny-shaped particles do not appear to qualify for the extensively studied surface plasmons phenomenon. In the upper-shaped mono-layer, the force of gravity becomes more significant than the force of levity. The opposite is the case for the lower-shaped mono-layer. Only a few microseconds are involved in adhering to two mono-layers. This study highlights the development of triangularly shaped tiny particles, a mono-layer shape, and the adherence of two mono-layer shapes. This study has great potential in the nanoscience and nanotechnology fields.

Tiny-sized particles under the scheme of monolayer assembly, comprising gold atoms, developed at a different processing time in a pulse-based process. For a different processing time, atoms bind into different tiny particles under the placing packets of nanoshape energy where they elongate as per arrangement and when in one-dimensional arrays, they convert into structures of smooth elements. For different processing time and where tiny particles possess triangular-shape, they pack to develop extended shapes where development rate of an anisotropic particle is not more than millisecond time. Increasing the processing time of solution upto certain duration increases the number of developing tiny particles in a triangular-shape, so, their extended shapes also. Uniformly adjacent-orientation of electrons in atoms of tiny-shaped particle is because of exerting uniform surface force along their opposite poles as per gained potential energy where stretching of their clamped energy knots is remained orientational-based. At a different processing time, inter-spacing distance of spotted intensity spots in selective area photons reflection patterns of particles is remained the same as for the case of their structures of smooth elements visualized through transmission microscope high-resolution images. When the forceful coinciding of two parallel structures of smooth elements is occurred, they bind into single element structure of smooth element by a bit overlying inner sides, thus, giving its double width where certain filled state electrons and unfilled energy knots belonging to sides of elongated atoms of parallel structures of smooth elements coordinate to adhere. This study discusses the formation of tiny particles following by their extended shapes at different processing time of gold solution while employing a pulse-based electron-photon solution-interface process where they become the origin

Controlling the shape and structure of metallic colloids is an important topic. Here, different morphology-structures of colloidal gold particles are investigated with different process parameters in a pulse-based electron-photon and solution interface process. Different tiny-shaped particles of gold developed for different packets of supplied nano-energy as per set pulse OFF to ON time. Depending on the set ratios of pulse OFF to ON times and pulse polarity, packets of nano-energy bind transitional state gold atoms resting at electronically-flat solution surface that is controlled in their own shapes. Tiny particles of joined triangular shape in each case developed under set tuned ratio of bipolar pulses OFF to ON time. At unipolar pulse, tiny particles in triangular shape developed directly. When the ratio of bipolar pulse OFF to ON time was large, distorted shapes of the particles developed. Geometrical shapes of particles developed under significant ratios of pulse OFF to ON times. When the ratio of bipolar pulse OFF to ON time was 3, particles developed in low aspect ratio. But under the fraction of this ratio, particles tend to develop in high aspect ratio. For longer pulse ON time, structures of smooth elements get developed in width less than inter-spacing distance and forcing energy of travelling photons along the interface to flatten them further. Morphology and structure of tiny particles, nanoparticles and particles are discussed for different process parameters opening multiple routes for materials research and their counterparts. This is the overall attained orientation of electrons in elongated atoms forming colloidal particles of different size and shape maintaining the certain color of their solution under sunlight.

Metallic colloids are frequently used in industry and provide understanding of science at microns to nanometers scales along with their applicability for various technologically important applications. Present investigations deal morphology-structure of gold, silver and their binary composition while processing the certain amount of their solutions in a newly designed process and tap opportunities of developing tiny shaped particles. At tuned ratio of pulse OFF to ON time and when gold solution was processed, several tiny shaped particles developed at solution surface. Such tiny particles deal force at the tip of each converted structure of smooth element under the steady-state immersing behavior pointing toward common centre to pack for developing different geometric anisotropic shaped particles. Under identical parameters along with pulse time, processing solutions of silver nitrate and binary composition of chloroauric acid-silver nitrate result into develop tiny particles having no specific shape where their packing deal mixed behavior of force resulting into develop distorted particles. Elongation and deformation of gold and silver atoms while in different structures is because of the plastically-driven behavior of electrons as per stretching of their clamped energy knots. In structure of three-dimensional where electrons of atoms do not deal transition require for elongation they retain the structure as it is known in hcp structure or two-dimensional structure. Different nature of precursors along with morphology-structure of particles is discussed in this paper opening abundant avenues of research.

Carbon is one of the most investigated materials and shows chaotic behavior in terms of evolving structure. Synthesizing carbon materials largely depend on the deposition technique, process parameters, condition of substrate surface and ratios of the gaseous chemistry. A variety of techniques have been employed to depositing carbon films from various gaseous mixtures to different substrate materials. In this study, carbon thin and thick films are discussed for different techniques known as hot filament chemical vapor deposition and microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition where their synthesis process has been explained in a new context. Here, we discuss attained dynamics of atoms or tiny grains amalgamating into a particular phase of grain or crystallite and electron-dynamics responsible for binding atoms in the formation of all sorts of tiny grains, grains and crystallites controlling overall morphology-structure of films thickness at few nanometers to several microns. Carbon atoms when in solid state, on amalgamation at flat surface result into bind under uniform electron-dynamics and when the amalgamation is at uneven surface, they result into bind under non-uniform electron-dynamics. Substrates under appropriate surface defects or abrasion result into an improved rate of nucleation of tiny grains, hence, their increased rate of growth. This study embarks on unexplored science of carbon films where in addition to localized process parameters nature of substrate also influence dynamics of formation of tiny clusters, grains and crystallites at their initial stage of formation. Our results and discussions enlighten us to revisit the nucleation and growth mechanisms of different sorts of films deposit at any scale and at any substrate surface constituting different composition.

Coalescence (or Growth) of tiny particles to larger particles has been an exciting and practical research topic in nanotechnology. This study deals with development of gold particles at varying precursor concentration in a custom-built setup. Under the tuned ratio of bipolar pulse OFF to ON time, tiny particles of different sizes and shapes develop depending on the amount of gold precursor. When compact monolayer assembly is formed on solution surface, nano energy in packet shapes bind gold atoms in own shape. Between 0.07 mM to 0.90 mM precursor concentration, tiny particles develop in both triangular and non-triangular shapes. Tiny particles of triangular shape develop in a large number at precursor concentration 0.30 mM and 0.60 mM. Hence, nanoparticles and particles also developed in different geometrical shapes. Such tiny particles pack due to the exerted force in immersing format, where made structures of smooth elements assemble to develop nanoparticles and particles of different shapes. Tiny particles of non-geometrical shapes do not assemble at a common point and their assembling develops a nanoparticle or particle of distorted or spherical shape. This occurs mainly when precursor concentration is 0.05 mM and 1.20 mM. At 50 sccm Argon flow rate, nanoparticles and particles develop in the same shapes as in case of 100 sccm. For different precursor concentrations, different colors of solutions indicate different features of nanoparticles and particles. This study clarifies the necessary concentration of precursor to develop colloids of different sizes.

Different peak trends of tiny grains carbon film have been observed under the investigations of Raman spectroscopy and energy loss spectroscopy. Carbon films known in nanocrystalline and ultra-nanocrystalline diamond films are synthesized by employing microwave-based vapor deposition system. Carbon atoms exhibit several state behaviors depending on the incurred positions of their electrons. Different morphology of tiny grains under different chamber pressure is related to different rate of arriving typical energies at/near substrate surface. Those tiny grains of carbon film which evolved in graphitic state atoms are converted to structure of smooth elements where elongation of atoms of one-dimensional arrays is as per exerting surface format forces along opposite poles from their centers. Such tiny grains in the film are the cause of v1 peak under the investigation of the Raman spectrum because of the enhanced propagation of input laser signals through channelized inter-state electron gaps of elongated graphitic state atoms. Those tiny grains of carbon film which evolved in fullerene state are the cause of v2 peak. The tiny grains related to v1 peak possess a low intensity as compared to the ones which comprised atoms having state behaviors known in their exceptional hardness. Tiny grains representing v1 peak in the Raman spectrum are also the cause of field emission characteristic of a carbon film. Different peak recordings were made for the Raman at defined positions indicating a different state of carbon atoms for a different phase of deposited tiny grains, which is in line to their energy loss spectroscopy.

In addition to the self-governing properties, tiny metallic colloids are the building blocks of larger particles. This topic has been the subject of many studies. This work discusses the results of three different experiments discuss. Attained dynamics of the atoms also play a role in developing tiny particles. Atoms at the solution surface can also bind by the nano energy packets. Arrays of atoms transform into structures of smooth elements. When electron streams impinge on gold atoms at a fixed angle, they can elongate further. Traveling photons along the interface affect the atomic arrays. Gold atoms can also develop different tiny particles in solution. Various factors to their development contribute. The present work also considers the analyses of some important tiny-sized particles. In the processing of tiny-metallic colloids at different parameters, major leveled modifications of atoms took place. The study also discusses the influence of traveling photons along the matter-solution interface. This study highlights the fundamental process of developing a variety of tiny particles. Several possibilities may open through the pulse-based process to develop engineered materials.