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In this article, the sheeting of pseudoplastic material under non-isothermal conditions has been studied. It is an excellent forecasting instrument for sheeting, where the thickness of the sheet is relatively thin in relation to the roll size, according to theoretical study based on the lubrication theory. At the calendering process, the detachment point is determined by taking the material parameter’s impact into account. The governing equations are derived for the constitutive equation of the Carreau fluid with momentum and energy equations. Suitable non-dimensional parameters are used to develop the non-linear partial differential expressions into ordinary differential systems. The maximum pressure, roll separating force, normal stress effect, and power delivered to the fluid by rolls are among the engineering-relevant quantities that are determined. Moreover, a graphic analysis is conducted to examine the impact of different material parameters on the temperature profile, pressure gradient, velocity profile, and pressure distribution. The results specific mechanism is explained in depth.

The current study theoretically and computationally analyses the viscoelastic Sisko fluids during the non-isothermal rollover web phenomenon. The mathematical modeling produces a system of partial differential equations, which we further simplify into ordinary differential equations through appropriate transformations. We have formulated the problem based on the lubrication approximation theory. The solution has been obtained with the perturbation method, and the outcomes are found in mathematical, tabular, and graphical forms that highlight the influence of pertinent parameters on velocity profiles, pressure gradients, flow rates per unit width, Nusselt number, pressure profile, temperature distributions, and other significant engineering quantities. Further, A comparative analysis between analytic and numerical solutions, utilizing the middefer method in the Maple environment, demonstrates reasonable agreement. Also, we observe that the fluid parameter significantly influences both velocity and temperature profiles. Moreover, the determination of a separation point 2.5000, accompanied by the observation of a maximum coating thickness of 0.6960. The enhancement in fluid heat transfer rate is approximately 5% compared to non-Newtonian fluid parameter values, with potential for further improvement by increasing the non-Newtonian parameter values. This comprehensive investigation offers valuable insights for practical implementation and future scholarly endeavors, with zero-order findings showcasing enhanced precision.

The calendering process is pivotal in enhancing various materials’ surface properties and characteristics, making them indispensable for achieving desired product quality and performance. Also, this process holds significant relevance in various industrial applications, such as polymer processing, food production, and the manufacturing of composite materials. So, the aim of this study is to theoretically examine the calendering process applied to third-grade materials. It specifically explores how temperature variations impact material behavior during passage through two counter-rotating heated rolls. Particular consideration is given to the influence of temperature-dependent viscosity via Reynold’s model. The complexities of mass, momentum, and energy balance equations are reduced through the application of the Lubrication approximation theory. Solutions to these equations for variables such as velocity, flow rate, and temperature fields are accomplished by combining perturbation and numerical techniques. In relation to the calendering process, the thickness of the exiting sheet is specifically explored. Furthermore, this study quantifies substantial engineering parameters such as roll-separating force, pressure distribution, and power transferal from the rolls to the fluid. The governing equations belong to three key dimensionless parameters, namely, the Brinkman number, which is a product of Eckert number and Prandtl number, the temperature-dependent consistency index μ\mu , and a parameter η\eta correlating to non-Newtonian behavior. The outcomes of this study are presented both graphically and in tabular form. It has been observed that a rise in the third-grade parameter decreases detachment point and sheet thickness due to increased material rigidity. Furthermore, established results in the literature regarding the calendering of Newtonian fluids are validated.

Abstract No study has assessed the effects of the incorporation of isolated lidocaine into botulinum toxin for reducing its pain or complications. Studies on the dilution of botulinum toxin with other materials are as well extremely few, small, and limited methodologically. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the effects of the incorporation of lidocaine alone into botulinum toxin type A on post-injection pain and complications. In this 2-week prospective, multicenter, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, 729 participants (667 females) were enrolled. They were randomized into placebo and lidocaine dilutions (about 2:1), and then into two brands of toxins (Dysport versus Xeomin). Hence, there were 4 subgroups. In the 2 experimental subgroups, botulinum toxin was diluted with 2% lidocaine without adrenaline; in the 2 control subgroups, botulinum toxin was diluted with normal saline as a placebo. After injection, the pain level was recorded (as an 11-scale numerical rating scale from 0 to 10). After 2 weeks, post-injection complications were assessed based on the participants’ reports and the surgeon’s observations. Data were analyzed using 3-way ANCOVA, multiple binary logistic regression, and bivariable analyses (α = 0.05, β ≤ 0.1). The mean ± SD pain levels in the lidocaine group (n = 263) and the placebo group (n = 466) were 3.51 ± 2.04 and 4.15 ± 2.35, respectively. The mean ± SD pain levels in the subgroups ‘Xeomin-Lidocaine (n = 61), Dysport-Lidocaine (n = 202), Xeomin-Placebo (n = 133), and Dysport-Placebo (n = 333)’ were respectively 3.39 ± 1.86, 3.55 ± 2.09, 4.61 ± 2.49, and 3.97 ± 2.24. Lidocaine incorporation (P = 0.001), Dysport brand (P = 0.030), and younger age (P = 0.032) [but not sex (P = 0.406)] reduced pain. The only significant findings for 2-week complications were for the associations observed between aging with increased asymmetry (P = 0.022, OR = 1.032) and a need for a retouch (P = 0.039, OR = 1.021). Botulinum toxin dilution with lidocaine alone (without adrenaline or other ingredients) can reduce pain without affecting postinjection complications. Toxin brands may cause different extents of pain. Aging, but not sex, may increase pain. Two-week complications were not affected by any factors, except aging in the case of asymmetry and the need for a botulinum toxin retouch.

The roll coating process is broadly employed in the manufacturing of wallpapers, protection of fabrics and metals, wrapping, adhesive tapes, x-ray and photographic films, books and magazines, beautification, magnetic records, film foils, coated paper, etc. This study proposes a new framework for analyzing non-Newtonian fluid flow between co-rotating rolls at identical speed and size. The framework combines analytical, numerical, and computational methods powered by artificial neural networks. A key aspect of the model is the incorporation of temperature-dependent viscosity, allowing us to investigate its theoretical influence on various flow characteristics and relevant engineering parameters. To achieve this, we derive non-dimensionalized mass and momentum balance equations using appropriate transformations and lubrication approximation theory. The analytic expression for velocity distribution, temperature, pressure gradient, pressure fields, and flow rate is achieved by utilizing the perturbation method. The numerical solutions using the collocation method based on Hermite functions and the boundary value problem built-in method are also obtained. After deriving these expressions, we calculate engineering quantities including the Nusselt number, streamline, power input needed to drive both cylinders, and the roll separation force. The impacts of emerging parameters on all quantities of interest are illustrated using graphs and tables. It is interesting to mention that an increase in the non-Newtonian parameter increases the velocity but in the increase in the Vogel viscosity parameter, the velocity decreases. Furthermore, the correctness of the present work is observed by comparing analytic, numeric solutions and previously published work, and observed good agreement. To obtain approximate solutions for various flow scenarios within the proposed model, we employ a supervised neural network solver with Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation (LMBP-SNNs) for testing, validation, and training. This approach utilizes the mean squared error (MSE) to adjust the network parameters. The efficiency of the proposed LMBP-SNN solver is validated through a combination of comparative analyses, performance studies based on MSE outputs, and visualizations of regression errors. The performance on MSE has been shown for the velocity profiles of the developed model about 9.174 × 10−12, 4.1029 × 10−12, 4.5997 × 10−12, and 2.8300 × 10−13. This study addresses a gap in the existing literature by exploring the rheological properties of the Eyring–Powell fluid model and integrating numerical methods along with machine learning techniques in the forward roll coating process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roll coating is a popular method for applying a thin coating film to a continuous substrate, such as paper or foil. This study aims to investigate analytically the fluid flow through counter rotating rolls using a non-Newtonian model. The governing equation for the constitutive of the Oldroyd-B as a non-Newtonian fluid with momentum equation has been discovered. The nondimensionalizing of the fluid flow equations is done by using suitable dimensionless parameters. The equations are then simplified by using Lubrication Approximation Theory (LAT) to obtain the solution for various quantities. Analytical solutions for the velocity distribution, pressure and pressure gradients have been obtained by regular perturbation method. Numerical integration has been used to calculate separation point, coating thickness, separation force and power input of the fluid. The effect of involved parameter such as Weissenberg number We and viscosity on velocities, pressure gradient and pressure is presented in a variety of graphs and several other results are shown in tables. It has been observed that as the modified capillary number N C a 2 increases, the separation point moves toward the nip region, whereas the coating thickness declines. It has been witnessed that the We serves as the controlling parameter for flow rate, pressure distribution and power input, whereas for the coating thickness, the separation force increases, which are important for coating industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We utilize Lyapunov exponents to quantitatively assess the hyperchaos and categorize the limit sets of complex dynamical systems. While there are numerous methods for computing Lyapunov exponents in integer-order systems, these methods are not suitable for fractional-order systems because of the nonlocal characteristics of fractional-order derivatives. This paper introduces innovative eight-dimensional chaotic systems that investigate fractional-order dynamics. These systems exploit the memory effect inherent in the Grünwald–Letnikov (G-L) derivative. This approach enhances the system's applicability and compatibility with traditional integer-order systems. An 8D Chen's fractional-order system is utilized to showcase the effectiveness of the presented methodology for hyperchaotic systems. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing algorithms in both accuracy and precision. Moreover, the study utilizes the 0–1 Test for Chaos, Kolmogorov–Sinai (KS) entropy, the Kaplan–Yorke dimension, and the Perron Effect to analyze the proposed eight-dimensional fractional-order system. These additional metrics offer a thorough insight into the system's chaotic behavior and stability characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roll coating method is of considerable significance in several industries, as it is applied practically in the production of paint, the manufacturing of PVC-coated cloth, and the plastic industry. The current study theoretically and computationally analyses the Powell–Eyring fluids with variable viscosity during the non-isothermal roll-over web phenomenon. Based on the lubrication approximation theory (LAT), the problem was formulated. The system of partial differential equations (PDEs) obtained from the mathematical modeling was further simplified to a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using suitable transformations. A regular perturbation method was implemented to obtain the solution in terms of velocity, pressure gradient, pressure, and flow rate per unit width. This study also captures important engineering characteristics such as coating thickness, Nusselt number, shear stress, roll/sheet separating force, and roll-transmitted power to the fluid. Along with a comparison between the present work and published work, both graphical and tabular representations wer made to study the effects of various factors. It was observed that the velocity profile is the decreasing function of non-Newtonian and Reynold viscosity parameters. In addition, the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the sensitivity of the shear stress and the Nusselt number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new intelligent computing method based on the Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagation-based supervised neural network (LMB-SNN) for the flow of Oldroyd 4-constant fluid in the forward roll coating process (OFC-FRCP). The mathematical formulations for OFC-FRCP are converted into ordinary differential equations using lubrication approximation theory (LAT) and suitable dimensionless parameters. The analytic expressions for velocity distribution, pressure and pressure gradients have been obtained using Adomian's Decomposition Method (ADM) for several situations. The fluid's separation point and coating thickness are then calculated using integration. The reference dataset for LMB-SNN has been obtained by ADM for multiple scenarios by adjusting various physical variables. The neural network's training, testing and validation are carried out in parallel to minimize the mean-squared error function (MSEF). The proposed LMB-SNN's effectiveness was confirmed by analyzing the MSEF, error histograms and regression plots. The precision of the method is verified by the close agreement between numerical outputs and dataset values. The intelligent numerical results computed using ADM and LMB-SNN are presented in various graphs and tables. The method's accuracy is demonstrated by the numerical outputs closest to the built and dataset values at levels between 1 0 − 9 and 1 0 − 1 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Results on the strength and displacement of internal fixation methods for bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy are controversial, and some designs have not been adequately studied. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare techniques using bicortical or monocortical screws. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 35 sheep hemi-mandibles were randomly assigned to five groups of seven each: fixation using (1) a 13 × 2 screw, (2) two 13 × 2 screws (arranged vertically), (3) three 13 × 2 screws, (4) 1 plate with 4 holes and four monocortical screws, and (5) a Y-shaped plate and five monocortical screws. Specimens underwent vertical forces until failure. Breakage forces and displacements of groups were recorded and compared statistically. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey's post hoc test and Kruskal–Wallis test. Level of significance was predetermined as 0.05. Results: Strengths of Groups 1–5 were, respectively, 14.43 ± 4.35, 28.00 ± 8.89, 28.29 ± 8.01, 29.43 ± 8.24, and 61.29 ± 12.38 N, respectively (P = 0.000, analysis of variance). The corresponding displacement extents were 7.98 ± 0.04, 7.85 ± 0.26, 8.00 ± 0.00, 7.35 ± 1.73, and 6.79 ± 2.03 mm (P = 0.298, Kruskal–Wallis test). Conclusion: Use of a single bicortical screw is the weakest method, while Y-shaped plates might provide the highest strength. Using two or three bicortical screws or 4-hole plates might deliver similar strengths.

This study explores the flow of a non-Newtonian fluid between two rolls that are counter-rotating at the same speed and of equal size. The fluid's viscosity depends on temperature, and we investigate its theoretical impact on the thickness of the sheet and other engineering parameters relevant to the process. We derive non-dimensional mass and momentum balance equations using suitable transformation and the lubrication approximation theory. The expressions for velocity distribution, pressure gradient, flow rate, temperature profile, and pressure fields have been obtained by utilizing the perturbation method. After obtaining these expressions, we compute engineering quantities such as the roll separation force, streamline, Nusselt number, and the power input required to drive both cylinders based on the system's kinematical and geometrical parameters. We also obtain numerical solutions using the finite difference method and built-in (BVP method) in Maple. Further, we use response surface methodology and analysis of variance to determine what the mathematical models mean and whether they are good enough for sensitivity and optimization analysis of the heat transmission and roll separation force. Using statistical tools such as the R2, we determine that our Nusselt number and roll separation force provide the best solution for the considered model. Additionally, it has been observed that as the Weissenberg number increases, velocity tends to rise; conversely, velocity decreases with a higher velocity ratio. Also, the temperature profile is notably influenced by the Brickman number and increases with the increase in the Brickman number. It has also been noted that as the values of velocities ratio increase, the separation points shift toward the nip region, while concurrently, the coating thickness decreases. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that compression between analytical and numerical solutions for the considered problem of fluid flow, which suggests that the results presented here are reasonable. Finally, we compare our work with published studies to validate our findings. Hence, these factors help in an efficient fluid coating process and improve the substrate life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, first graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized using modified Hummers method and thence via a multi-step procedure, surface of GO was decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (GO-Fe3O4). Thereafter, developed nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM analyses and their magnetic properties confirmed using VSM analysis. Moreover, performance of the GO-Fe3O4 for the removal and adsorption of Erythrosine dye from the aqueous solution under variable conditions including pH, phosphate buffer solution (PBS), adsorbent content, stirring time, electrolyte concentration, solution content and temperature were examined. In this regard, for obtained solutions from the chicken slaughterhouse and hospital sewage disposal system containing 20, 50 and 70 mg mL-1 Erythrosine dye, GO-Fe3O4 nanoparticles adsorbed from approximately 94 % to 97 % of the total dye, respectively. What is more, the highest adsorption capacity was obtained at 149.25 mg/g by means of Langmuir model. The obtained results clearly showed that GO-Fe3O4 nanoparticles present a fabulous performance for the absorption and removal of dyes form disposal systems.

Abstract Background One of the most controversial issues in treatment planning of class III malocclusion patients is the choice between orthodontic camouflage and orthognathic surgery. Our aim was to delineate diagnostic measures in borderline class III cases for choosing proper treatment. Methods The pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 65 patients exhibiting moderate skeletal class III were analyzed. The camouflage group comprised of 36 patients with the mean age of 23.5 (SD 4.8), and the surgery group comprised of 29 patients with the mean age of 24.8 years (SD 3.1). The camouflage treatment consisted of flaring of the upper incisors and retraction of the lower incisors, and the surgical group was corrected by setback of the mandible, maxillary advancement, or bimaxillary surgery. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the variables between the two groups. Stepwise discriminant analysis was applied to identify the dentoskeletal variables that best separate the groups. Results Holdaway H angle and Wits appraisal were able to differentiate between the patients suitable for orthodontic camouflage or surgical treatment. Cases with a Holdaway angle greater than 10.3° and Wits appraisal greater than − 5.8 mm would be treated successfully by camouflage, while those with a Holdaway angle of less than 10.3° and with Wits appraisal less than − 5.8 mm can be treated surgically. Based on this model, 81.5% of our patients were properly classified. Conclusions Holdaway H angle and Wits appraisal can be used as a critical diagnostic parameter for determining the treatment modality in class III borderline cases.

The analysis of Boundary Layer Flows (BLFs) is of huge significance due to its large-scale applications most likely in aerodynamics, manufacturing of vehicles front faces and many other advanced research areas. Therefore, this study is organized by exercising significant important engineering parameters like surface convection, radiative flux, MHD and thermal and mass diffusion. The developed model embedded the concrete effects of velocity slip, diffusion convection, thermal radiations, magnetic field, chemical reaction and thermo-mass gradients. Later, the numerical treatment is made via RK scheme and the model efficaciously is tackled with desired accuracy. Then the results are decorated over the region (wedge and sheet) and deeply examined. It is observed that slippery surface of wedge and sheet (S 1 = 0. 1 , 0. 3 , 0. 5 , 0. 7 , 0. 9) enlarges the fluid movement rapidly. The directed magnetic field (M = 0. 0 , 0. 1 , 0. 2 , 0. 3 , 0. 4) controlled the fluid motion which can be beneficial from industrial view point. Further, temperature and concentration distributions upsurge by strengthening convective heat ( B i = 0. 1 , 0. 2 , 0. 3 , 0. 4 , 0. 5) and diffusion convection processes. Moreover, skin friction and Nusselt number improved against the parameters under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ewing Sarcoma (ES) of the mandible is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis which can be misdiagnosed as odontogenic inflammatory lesions or infections. We present a 7-year old male child which had been previously misdiagnosed and treated as an odontogenic abscess. This reported case describes the clinical, radiological and histopathological findings of oral ES with difficulties in management.

Introduction: one of the most significant concerns after third molar surgery is the post-surgical dental pain. Regarding the efficacy of the Novafen and Naproxen in pain control treatment, it is important to compare the effect of each of these medications to decide which one should be used. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Novafen and Naproxen on pain management in patients after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar. Methods and Materials: This study was a clinical trial that was performed as a split mouth and double-blind on 20 patients (12 females and 8 males) with a mean age of (24.2±5.8) which had surgical extraction of impacted mandibular teeth in two different dates. Novafen (Acetaminophen 325mg, Ibuprofen 200mg, and Caffeine 40mg) and Naproxen 500mg were assessed blindly in each date as a pain control treatment. The pain intensity was determined by VAS (Visual Analogue Scale). In this study, data were analyzed based on Mann-whitney U-tests. Results: The mean pain in Novafen group was lower than Naproxen group 4, 8 and 12 hours after surgery (p

Introduction: Open rhinoplasty is very common now a days and the number of candidate for this type of surgery are increasing. This research was conducted regarding to the prevalence of rhinoplasty surgery , the importance of the residual scar analyze including columellar scar after surgery, different results caused by the effect of incision type in this surgery and lack of enough data and experimental report on it. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted by COHORST STUDY plan. 120patients with indications of open rhinoplasty was selected by sampling method and located in three groups with three incision types including V, Invert V and Step incision. The surgery was done in same condition from surgical aspect and followed for 6 months. The analyze of columellar scar was investigated in three indexes of scar outbreak, notching and depression or bump in three groups by K2 test and satisfaction level of the patients was measured with VAS criteria, and was analyzed with MANN-U-WHITNEY test. Results: The research was conducted on 120 samples including V type of incision with 74 samples, Invert V with 33 samples and STEP incision with 13 samples. Scar formation in 25/7 %, 27/2 % and 23/8 % respectively was found (p

The steady‐state laminar nonisothermal, incompressible viscoelastic fluid flows with the Jeffrey model between two counterrotating (same direction) rolls are studied analytically. The Jeffrey model is reduced to the Newtonian model after some appropriate modifications. The new dimensionless governing equations are acquired through suitable nondimensional values. The lubrication approximation theory is employed for the simplification of emerging equations. The exact expressions for pressure gradient, velocity, temperature, and flow rate are accomplished whereas some quantities of interest such as pressure, coating thickness, power transmitted by rolls to the fluid, and roll separation force are computed numerically by using a numerical method. The influence of emerging parameters such as the ratio of relaxation time to the retardation time λ1 ${\lambda }_{1}$, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) parameter M $M$ and Brinkman number Br $Br$ on velocity profile, temperature profile, pressure gradient, pressure distribution, coating thickness, power input, and force of roll separation are presented numerically in a tabular way and specific outcomes are demonstrated graphically. The MHD acts as a regulatory parameter for various quantities of important interest, such as velocity, coating thickness, and temperature. It is worth noting that the coating thickness decreases as modified capillaries number is increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, nitrate anion containing CdCr layered double hydroxides (LDH) was synthesized, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) and energy-dispersive X-ray-scanning electron microscopy techniques (EDX-SEM). The characteristic diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern of CdCr-NO3 LDH at 2θ values of 15.10 and 26.02° correspond to (003) and (006) planes (hkl), respectively of crystal system of the LDH, revealing layered structure of material with basal (d) spacing of d003: 0.59 nm and d006: 0.34 nm, containing intercalated water and nitrate anions. Stretching vibrations in FT-IR spectrum of the LDH at 3,378.01 and 1,355.51 cm-1 confirmed the intercalation of water and nitrate ions, respectively, in between hydrotalcite-like layers. EDX study confirmed that CdCr-NO3 LDH contained 20.07%, 72.75% and 7.18% of O, Cd(II) and Cr(III), respectively. SEM image revealed that nanostructured material is porous and layered in nature. TGA-DSC confirmed the thermal stability of material at below 509.44°C. CdCr-NO3 LDH was investigated as an efficient adsorbent for capturing of Cr(VI) ions form industrial effluents. The adsorption was optimized by factorial design approach. Maximum response of CdCr-NO3 LDH for capturing/adsorption of Cr(VI) ions was achieved at optimum concentration of Cr(VI) ions: 10 mg L-1, pH: 4.0, adsorbent amount: 40 mg and shaking time: 30 min at 25°C. Method worked well on real wastewater samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to provide a mathematical model of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) non-isothermal flow of an incompressible Jeffrey fluid as it goes through a minimal gap between the two counter rotating rolls. The dimensionless forms of governing equations are obtained by using appropriate dimensionless parameters. The LAT (lubrication approximation theory) is utilized to simplify the dimensionless form of governing equations. Analytical solutions for the velocity, pressure gradient, flow rate, Nusselt number and temperature distribution are presented. How the Jeffrey parameters, MHD and velocities ratio influence on the flow patterns and heat transfer rate are explored. Outcomes of some significant engineering quantities such as flow rate, power input, pressure distribution and roll separation force are obtained numerically in tabular form and some are displayed graphically. We found that the MHD parameter served as a controlling parameter for different engineering quantities like velocity, temperature, flow rate, and coating thickness. Moreover, the coating thickness on the web decreases by increasing the values of velocities ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, nanostructured β-Cd(OH)2 adsorbent was synthesized, characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis, and applied for Cr(VI) ions capturing (adsorption) from environmental aqueous samples. The central composite design of 18 adsorption experiments was employed for multivariate sorption optimization. Maximum adsorption (%) of Cr(VI) ions was calculated and found to be 98.5% with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 3.5 at optimum concentration 15 mg L–1, pH 4.0, adsorbent dosage 50 mg, shaking time 20 min and shaking speed 120 rpm at 25°C. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms fitted well to adsorption data with correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.993, 0.982 and 0.994, respectively. Mono-layered (Qm) and multi-layered (Kf) capacities of β-Cd(OH)2 adsorbent for Cr(VI) ions retention were calculated and found to be 202.02 ± 2.0 and 4.95 ± 2.5 mg g–1, respectively. Sorption energy was calculated and found to be 8.45 ± 2.0 kJ mol–1, indicated chemisorption or ion exchange mechanism for Cr(VI) ions adsorption onto β-Cd(OH)2 adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article, an innovative strategy is exploited to design a nonlinear component Substitution Box (S-box). To achieve an objective, initially we pick out a one specific sort of primitive irreducible polynomial of degree 8 to generate elements of Galois field GF(28). Furthermore, we established a precise category of invertible mapping through an employment of left action of invertible matrix having order of 2 × 2 on GF(28) to generate elements of S-box. Moreover, to improve the confusion aptitude of erected S-box we exerted 1's and 2's compliment’s technique for shuffling of an elements of S-box. Eventually, to inspect the capacity of designed S-box we bring into effective action of different procedures from literature such as strict avalanche criterion, nonlinearity, linear approximation probability, bit independence criterion and differential approximation probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]