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After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the alliance among the revolutionary discourses broke apart. The producers of the political-jurisprudential discourse within the state and the revolutionary Islam of the People’s Mojahedin Organization, each defined the basis and the goal of the revolution differently, and considered themselves the leader of the revolution and the other as an obstacle in the way of the achievement of its goals. These stances inevitably pitched them against each other. With the intensification of this confrontation, violence intensified as well. The antagonistic confrontation between the political forces and the government inflicted huge damages on the Iranian revolution that was in its early stages. The question of the present research is as follows: What were the reasons for the antagonistic confrontation between the government and People’s Mojahedin Organization? In order to answer this question, Laclau and Mouffe’s theory and method of discourse analysis have been employed. The findings of the research show that each of the discourses of jurisprudential-political Islam and the revolutionary Islam of the Mujahedin considered the "other" as an “alien” and "enemy" of the revolution and sought to reject and eliminate it. Thus, an armed conflict broke out between the two enemies.

The outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has shaken the world, forcing countries to implement a state of emergency, including the education system. Students have been forced to remain in hostels or houses since they cannot get to university campuses. As a result of this predicament, university authorities have no option but to implement an online learning environment. Specifically, Saudi universities have faced numerous difficulties in bringing the online learning systems to continue the educational process. On the other hand, students faced difficulties to cope with such circumstances (complete online learning) without any preparation or backup plan. According to the findings of the literature research, students experienced difficulties that were difficult to overcome. The aim of this study was to determine the challenges that first-year students of the University faced. The present research got a total of 234 valid responses from the participants. The findings indicate that respondents were not fully prepared in this situation in terms of physical, environmental, and psychological readiness, with some variances in viewpoints depending on their gender and age. Respondents expressed concern about the effect of lockdown on their ability to perform well academically. In this study, the researchers found that switching suddenly to an all-online alternative cause significant obstacles for students. It was determined that the present blended learning model, which utilizes online learning to support face-to-face instruction, has encountered a critical challenge when it comes towards replacing it, particularly with underprepared learners.

Abstract Background Barley (H. vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop cultivated across various climates globally. Barley and its ancestor (H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum) are an economically valuable model for genetic research and improvement. Drought, among various abiotic stresses, is a substantial threat to agriculture due to its unpredictable nature and significant impact on crop yield. Results This study was conducted in both greenhouse and laboratory settings. Prior to the study, wild barley accessions were pre-selected based on their sensitivity or tolerance to drought as determined from fieldwork in the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 cropping seasons. The effects of three levels of drought stress were evaluated (control, 90–95% field capacity [FC]; mild stress, 50–55% FC; and severe stress, 25–30% FC). Several parameters were assessed, including seedling and root growth, enzymatic activity (CAT, SOD, POD), soluble protein levels, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, abaxial and adaxial stomatal density and dimensions, and relative gene expression of Dhn1, SOD, POD, and CAT. Drought stress significantly increased enzyme activities, especially at 25–30% FC, and more in the tolerant genotype. On the other hand, sensitive genotypes showed a notable increase in stomatal density. Under drought stress, there was a general decline in seedling and root growth, protein content, chlorophyll and carotenoids, and stomatal dimensions. Importantly, gene expression analysis revealed that Dhn1, SOD, POD, and CAT were upregulated under drought, with the highest expression levels observed in the drought-tolerant genotype under severe stress conditions (25–30% FC). Conclusions Our investigation highlights the distinct morphological, physiological, biochemical, and gene-expression profiles of drought-resistant and drought-sensitive wild barley genotypes under varying degrees of drought.

Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are trace elements known for their potential harm to plants. Their toxicity can lead to increased oxidative harm, disturbance in plant metabolism, and deformation in plant structure. Biochar (BC), when utilized as a soil amendment, demonstrates effectiveness in mitigating the toxicity of these heavy metals in polluted soils. To investigate the effects of BC made from sunflower residues on reducing Pb- and Cd-induced stresses in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. The factors included Pb at three levels (0, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 as Pb (NO3)2), Cd at three levels (0, 10, and 20 mg kg-1 soil as Cd (NO3)2), and BC at three levels (0, 1, and 3 % by weight). The results showed that Pb and Cd-induced stresses reduced all growth characteristics, such as shoot and root dry weights and the number of active root nodules. Maximum soluble sugars (0.46 mg kg-1) and proline content (44.7 µmol g-1) were observed in 200 mg kg-1 of Pb and 20 mg kg-1 of Cd treatment without BC. Also, the application of BC reduced the concentration of Pb and Cd in the shoot by 19.1 % and 13.8 %, respectively, and increased all growth traits. Therefore, the application of BC made from sunflower residues is recommended as a promising and environmentally friendly approach to improves Pb and Cd-induced stress in mung beans.

In this research, the pure fatigue behaviors of AM60 magnesium alloy with polylactic acid (PLA) coating (PF-AM60-PLA) and the corrosion fatigue behaviors of magnesium alloy with PLA coating (CF-AM60-PLA) were evaluated. Polymer coating was made by fused deposition modeling (FDM) with a 3D printer and attached to standard fatigue test specimens with glue. Then, after 27 days of immersion in the simulated body fluid (SBF), the high-cycle bending fatigue test was performed on samples. Due to corrosion, the weight of the specimens was reduced by an average of 35%. The corrosion rate decreased in the first 7 days and then increased. PF samples with a coating had an average 49% increase in fatigue lifetime. Regarding the CF samples, despite the use of a 10-times stronger solution, the fatigue lifetime of these samples decreased by only 35%. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) results also showed cleavage plates and striations. In addition, the separation of the glue from the coating and Mg was observed. Corrosion products, in addition to microcracks and holes, were seen on the fracture surface of CF specimens, which caused the stress concentration and the crack initiation. Holes caused by the release of gases were also observed in polymer coatings, which were fabricated by 3D printing.

Background: Changes in the body fluid and serum electrolyte status following major operations, such as brain tumor resection, are always expected. These changes can increase post-operation morbidity and mortality. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the changes in serum electrolyte levels and renal function parameters in brain tumor patients after operation. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 168 patients with supratentorial tumors in Poursina Hospital, Rasht City, Iran, in 2020. The study parameters included patients’ demographics, hemodynamic stability, serum sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, urine specific gravity, and urinary output, measured immediately and 12 hours after the operation. Results: This study revealed statistically significant increases in serum sodium level (from 139.70±5.60 meq/L to 140.34±6.23 meq/L, P=0.002), urinary output (from 1043.70±455.00 mL to 1967.50±661.10 mL, P=0.008), urine specific gravity (from 1.010±0.007 to 1.012±0.008, P=0.011), and in serum BUN level (from 17.46±6.92 to 18.41±6.40, P=0.001), but significant decrease in serum potassium level (from 3.88±0.49 meq/L to 3.78±0.28 meq/L, P=0.017) during the first 12 hours after operation. However, the change in serum creatinine level was not significant (from 1.18±2.08 mg/dL to 1.17±2.08 mg/dL, P=0.787). Conclusion: Significant changes in serum electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and renal function indicators (urine output, specific gravity, and serum BUN) are expected within the first 12 hours after brain tumor operation.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has accelerated the transformation of educational institutions across the globe by implementing online and blended learning, which becomes an important aspect of the instruction and learning processes. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of both online and blended learning methods on grammatical knowledge and skill acquisition via an experimental approach. The study recruited 76 first-year medical learners to participate in an experiment for 7 weeks. Specifically, the experimental group studied the learning material face-to-face for 7 hours with 8 hours online, while the control group studied the same material online for 15 hours. The data were collected through pre-test and post-test. Although both approaches significantly improved learners' grammar performance, the study results discovered significantly higher learners' performance in a blended learning environment compared to solely online learning.

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, how do specific HRM practices such as faculty job security, compensation and job autonomy relate with commitment behaviour which, in turn, affects quality education? Second, how does faculty commitment behaviour play a mediating role in the links between those specific HRM practices and quality education? To answer these questions, a theoretical framework using the sidebet theory as its basis was established. Using measurement scales created to assess different aspects of job security, compensation, job autonomy, commitment behaviour of the faculty members and quality education, a survey instrument was developed to test various hypotheses implied by the side-bet theory. Data (n=516) were collected from 20 business schools in private universities in Bangladesh and the analysis of this data-set helps answer questions about the relationships between afore-mentioned HR constructs and quality education. The findings suggest that the faculty commitment behaviour significantly mediates between quality education and faculty job security, compensation and job autonomy in the private universities in Bangladesh.

In this present work, the pure fatigue (PF) behaviors of AM60 magnesium alloys were investigated for the as-received samples, compared to the pre-corroded specimens in simulated body fluid (SBF). The standard fatigue testing specimens were held for 28 days in the SBF, so-called corrosion fatigue (CF) samples, while their weights were recorded. Afterward, bending fatigue experiments were carried out under fully-reversed rotary conditions, within high-cycle fatigue regimes. Moreover, the fracture mechanism was also investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The obtained results indicated that the weight of the samples first increased and then decreased with time. The CF lifetime was 71 % of the relative difference, shorter than PF under the lowest stress level (80 MPa) and 38 % of the relative difference, shorter than PF at the highest stress level (140 MPa). The CF lifetime was entirely behind the PF lifetime, and fracture mechanisms were mostly brittle.

IntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the main crops of the cereal family, which is widely cultivated in the world and brings energy and protein to human society. Drought is the most important non-living stress in crops and due to the decrease in annual rainfall and increase in temperature, production and cultivation of tolerant cultivars with high yield potential will be very important. While available water for agriculture is becoming more limited, the production of drought tolerant cultivars is very important and should be considered. The aim of this study was to analyze the stability of quantitative and qualitative yield and to analyze the stability of bread wheat genotypes in rainfed and irrigated planting conditions in the form of field farms in 3 crop years 2016-2017, 2017-1996 and 2017-17 in Sarableh Agricultural Research Station located in the province. Ilam was implemented.Materials and methodsThis research was conducted as two independent experiments, each in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes planting in irrigated and rainfed conditions. The second factor also included 20 wheat genotypes. In irrigated conditions, irrigation was done according to the needs of the plant (normal) and in another experiment, only atmospheric benzoate was sufficient. In this study, yield stability was measured based on drought resistance and its effective traits in different bread wheat genotypes and quantitative and qualitative yield. Data were analyzed using SAS software version 22 for combined analysis and comparison using the least significant difference test (LSD).Results and discussionThe results showed that the highest grain yield in irrigated planting medium was related to SUP152 genotype (3245 kg ha-1) which was not statistically significant different from WHEAR genotype which was in the second category. The MILAN/SHA7 genotype was also in the third place. These three genotypes also had high values in terms of yield components. The highest grain protein in irrigated planting medium belonged to REEDLING # 1 genotype with 11.73% which was not statistically significant difference with FRNCL and SAAR genotypes which were in the second and third ranks. The lowest grain protein in aqueous medium belonged to WHEAR genotype. The highest grain protein was obtained in the dryland medium of GASPARD genotype (13.73%). ND643 genotype was also in the second category but there was no significant difference with the first category genotype. Gonbad genotype was also in the third category and was one of the top genotypes. The highest grain yield was obtained in the dryland planting medium related to PBW343 genotype at the amount of 2051 kg ha-1. The lowest grain yield in dryland environment was related to PAURAQ genotype at 1457 kg ha-1. PBW343 genotype was one of the best genotypes in terms of yield components in rainfed planting environment. Distribution of hybrids based on YS, YP and MP and GMP indices showed that WHEAR, MILAN, CHIBIA// PRLII, PBW343 and SOKOLL3 genotypes are in group A and are water resistant and have high grain yield in both environments. And were selected as superior genotypes for both rainfed and irrigated environments.

In this research, a novel electrochemical biosensor is proposed based on inducing graphene formation on polyimide substrate via laser engraving. Graphene polyaniline (G-PANI) conductive ink was synthesized by planetary mixing and applied to the working zone of the developed sensor to effectively enhance the electrical signals. The laser-induced graphene (LIG) sensor was used to detect alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and 17β-Estradiol (E2) in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) buffer and human serum. The electrochemical performance of the biosensor in determining these biomarkers was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry (CA). In a buffer environment, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and 17β-Estradiol detection range were 4–400 ng/mL and 20–400 pg/mL respectively. The experimental results showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.15 ng/mL and 0.96 pg/mL for AFP and estrogen, respectively, with an excellent linear range (R2 = 0.98 and 0.99). In addition, the designed sensor was able to detect these two types of biomarkers in human serum successfully. The proposed sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility, repeatability, and good stability (relative standard deviation, RSD = 0.96%, 1.12%, 2.92%, respectively). The electrochemical biosensor proposed herein is easy to prepare and can be successfully used for low-cost, rapid detection of AFP and E2. This approach provides a promising platform for clinical detection and is advantageous to healthcare applications.

This study aimed to evaluate the periodontal responses of subgingival proximal margins elevated using different restorative materials. A total of 120 proximal cavities with dentin/cementum gingival margins were elevated using one of four materials (resin-modified glass ionomer, glass hybrid, flowable bulk-fill resin composite, or bioactive ionic resin) and completed with the same overlaying resin composite. At 2 weeks (baseline), 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postrestoration, periodontal parameters and the radiographic distance between the restoration margin and bone crest were evaluated. Appropriate statistical analyses were performed. The values of all periodontal parameters increased with time, although only the increases in Plaque Index and probing depth within each material group were statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences in any of the periodontal parameters between the different materials within the same evaluation period, nor between different time points or material groups in the radiographic distances. Both glass ionomer--based and resin-based materials were periodontally safe as subgingival open sandwich restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A study was undertaken to investigate the presence of house dust mites in Ilam town and their climate-induced variability between January and June 2017. Material & Methods: In this cross-sectional investigation, a total of fifty houses located in five different residential areas of Ilam town were selected using a cluster random sampling method. Dust samples, collected from mattresses, pillows, and carpets, were obtained from each house utilizing a portable vacuum cleaner. Each sample was then transferred into 70% alcohol solution, with an amount equivalent to 200mg preserved for further analysis. Under a stereomicroscope, mites were carefully isolated from the samples using micro-dissecting needles. Subsequently, these specimens underwent clearing processes before being mounted on Hoyer media for preservation purposes. The identification process involved employing standard taxonomic keys to determine the species of each specimen. Furthermore, statistical analyses provided both mean values as well as confidence intervals (CI) for the mite populations collected for every identified species. Additionally, binomial tests served to assess the distribution patterns across these species. Findings: Out of a grand total of 208 mite specimens analyzed during this investigation phase, seven distinct species namely Haemolaelaps glasgowi (24.52%), Echinolaelaps echidninus (12.02%), Laelaps nuttalli (11.06%), Androlaelaps setosus (13.94%), Neoeucheyla iranica (10.10%), Cheyletus malaccensis (14.90%), and Ornithonyssus bacoti (13.46%) were successfully identified. The distribution of all species displayed a significant statistical value (P < 0.01). Furthermore, an astonishing 80% of the visited households were infested with mites. Conclusion: This particular study has shed light on the presence of a remarkably diverse array of house dust mite species. The prevalence of certain rodent-related mites suggests that rodents either inhabit or frequent residential homes, prompting the need for further investigation.

Abstract Background Diastolic dysfunction (DD) is a risk factor for cardiovascular events in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries. Investigators aimed to assess the effect of physical activity level on the diastolic function of the left ventricle (LV) in patients attending the preoperative visit. Methods This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on 228 patients referred to Poursina hospital from November 2021 to March 2022. To define the physical activity level, we used the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). We categorized patients into inactive, minimally active, and health-enhancing physical activity groups. We also divided participants into three groups based on their daily sitting time. Also, echocardiographic parameters were calculated. The diastolic function of LV was evaluated, and its grading was defined from mild (grade1) to severe (grade 3). Results Results showed that patients with DD had significantly higher age and lower levels of education (P

Background. In 2019, a new disease called Covid-19 was identified in Wuhan, China. Anyone can get this disease at any age and become seriously ill, or even die from it. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the re-admission of coronary patients. Methods. In this study, 2411 Covid-19 patients referring to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, Iran were included. Variables such as gender, age, death, body mass index, headache, vomiting, having cold, cough, muscle pain, underlying disease, fever, hemoglobin, blood platelets, glucose as well as ALT, AST, and LDH enzymes were examined. SPSS software was used to fit the model of multiple logistic regressions in soft. Results. Majority of the patients (54.5%) were males. The average age of readmitted patients was 63 years, and 23% of these patients died. The results of logistic regression test showed the variables of age (OR=1.02, P=0.029), sex (OR=0.637, P=0.047), underlying disease (OR=2.36, P=

Background: The COVID-19 virus epidemic has caused a major physical and psychological burden on nurses in Iran and around the world. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of anxiety and resilience in predicting occupational fatigue in nurses during the COVID ‐ 19 virus epidemic in Iran. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional online survey was conducted on the nurses of Razi and Porsina public hospitals in Rasht, north of Iran. A total of 160 nurses of were selected using simple random sampling method. Data were collected using the Swedish occupational fatigue inventory (SOFI), the corona disease anxiety scale (CDAS) and the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Results: Participation rate was 87.5%. The score level of most nurses in CDAS was low to moderate. The CDAS score was higher in women and those who work in the COVID units than those who work in both the COVID and non-COVID units. The CD-RISC score was higher in married people than singles and in people with permanent employment status than in contract and temporary employment status. SOFI was positively correlated with CDAS and negatively correlated with CD-RISC; But CDAS and CD-RISC were not significantly related (p

Objectives. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that is associated with inflammation, demyelination of neurons and gliosis. There are different reports about the association between migraine and MS. Taking note of headaches experienced by people with MS and providing appropriate treatment can help enhance their quality of life. We aimed to determine the frequency of migraine headache in MS patients. Materials and methods. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted in 2020 among 125 MS patients referred to neurology clinic of Poursina Hospital or registered in Guilan MS Registry System and 125 controls with minor head trauma in Rasht. After obtaining written consent, all the subjects were asked to fulfil a checklist about their demographics, MS and headache characteristics by phone call. Outcomes. In this study 96 RRMS, 19 PPMS and 10 SPMS patients participated among which frequency of mild, moderate and severe disability was 74.4%, 22.4% and 3.2%, respectively. The frequency of migraine in MS patients was significantly higher than the control group [28.8% (n=36) vs. 12.8% (n=16) p=0.002]. After adjusting the confounding factors a significant relationship was found between MS and migraine (OR: 2.76, p = 0.004). Conclusions. MS patients experience migraine headaches approximately twice the general population.

The incorporation of mobile phones is persistent in the development of language learning, particularly in the EFL context. The present investigation aims to determine the impact of mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) applications on developing "learners" grammar proficiency. The current study employed a quantitative research method to explore MALL-assisted feedback in a WhatsApp group during the group chat. 60 Saudi male EFL learners, randomly assigned to the control and experimental group. Participants in the Experimental group practiced grammar in WhatsApp chat, whereas the same material was sent to the control group on Blackboard. The data was gathered by administering pre and post-test of grammar proficiency. Descriptive statistics and ANCOVA were used to analyze the data. The study's findings exhibited that WhatsApp group practice and feedback positively impacted learners' performance.

This paper investigates the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) factors influencing occupant satisfaction in commercial buildings in Iran, contrasting the views of building experts (architects and engineers) with those of building occupants. Employing the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), this study focuses on the four primary IEQ factors: thermal comfort, indoor air quality, visual comfort, and acoustic comfort. The study aims to bridge the gap between expert evaluations and occupant perceptions of IEQ factors in commercial buildings in Iran. By examining the disparities in prioritising IEQ factors between these two groups, the study sheds light on the complexities of IEQ assessment and highlights the importance of considering diverse perspectives in optimising indoor environments. Our methodology includes a survey conducted among 30 building experts (15 architects and 15 building engineers) and 102 occupants, employing FAHP to derive the relative importance weights of each IEQ factor. The results highlight significant disparities between architects, engineers, and occupants in prioritising these factors. Architects emphasise visual comfort (42%), while engineers and occupants view thermal comfort (53% and 41%) as the most crucial factor for occupant satisfaction. The study underscores the complexity of IEQ in commercial buildings and the diverse perspectives influencing its assessment. It contributes to the broader discourse on optimising IEQ, emphasising the need for a comprehensive approach that encompasses both technical expertise and occupant experience.