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Cancer has a high rate of incidence and mortality throughout the world. Although several conventional approaches have been developed for the treatment of cancer, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and thermal therapy, they have remarkable disadvantages which result in inefficient treatment of cancer. For example, immunogenicity, prolonged treatment, non-specificity, metastasis and high cost of treatment, are considered as the major drawbacks of chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a fundamental requirement for the development of breakthrough technologies for cancer suppression. Polysaccharide-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) are the most reliable drug carriers for cancer therapy. Polysaccharides, as a kind of practical biomaterials, are divided into several types, including chitosan, alginates, dextran, hyaluronic acid, cyclodextrin, pectin, etc. Polysaccharides are extracted from different natural resources (like herbal, marine, microorganisms, etc.). The potential features of polysaccharides have made them reliable candidates for therapeutics delivery to cancer sites; the simple purification, ease of modification and functionalization, hydrophilicity, serum stability, appropriate drug loading capacity, biocompatibility, bioavailability, biodegradability and stimuli-responsive and sustained drug release manner are considerable aspects of these biopolymers. This review highlights the practical applications of polysaccharides-based DDSs in pharmaceutical science and cancer therapy.

Background: Lead is a hazardous metal that has a variety of physiological, behavioral, and biochemical impacts on people. Lead poisoning is the most common type of heavy metal poisoning. This work was designed to evaluate ginseng's potential cytoprotective effects in a model of lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity and to explore the specific pathways related to the involvement of oxidative stress, mitochondria, and apoptosis in this process. Methods and Results: For the study, 21 healthy 10-week-old albino rats weighing between 250 g and 310 g were used. The rats were split into three groups, each group consisting of seven rats. Group 1 (control group) included rats that did not receive medicine and were given distilled water orally and regularly. Group 2 included rats given 10mg/kg of lead acetate via gastric gavage once a day for 28 days. Group 3 included rats given, via gastric gavage, 10mg/kg of lead acetate once a day for 28 days and 100mg/kg of ginseng dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water. On the designated day, the animals were anesthetized with ether inhalation, and kidneys were removed through a median abdominal incision. The kidney specimens were cut into serial semi-thin sections and prepared for electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Albino rats exposed to lead acetate experienced changes in the ultrastructure of their renal cortex. Treatment with ginseng dramatically reduced tubular damage, cell apoptosis, and necrotic and degenerative changes. Conclusion: According to our findings, ginseng may shield the kidneys from the harmful effects of lead.

Abstract Introducing an innovative dual-layer coating technique to enhance solar panel durability against dust, this method uses a translucent aluminum zinc oxide conductive film to prevent accumulation through active dust repulsion. A secondary TiO2-infused coating, applied via a cost-effective sol-gel method, boosts anti-soiling capabilities in a passive manner. Comprehensive tests on dust accumulation, self-cleaning efficiency, mechanical robustness, UV-VIS transmission, and chemical resilience reveal promising results. These coatings improve glass clarity, reduce dust adhesion, and maintain energy production even in calm conditions. The effectiveness relies on the precise concentrations of aluminum nitrate and Titania nanoparticles, with annealing temperature affecting transmission rates. The coatings demonstrate highly desired resistance to both alkaline and acidic environments, ensuring consistent performance across various settings. This durability supports the widespread adoption of solar energy in diverse climates, advancing global sustainable energy efforts.

Abstract Circular RNAs (circRNAs) has recently been considered a class of endogenous RNAs that form a continuous closed loop with an ability to cancer development. Due to its properties, circRNAs has promising potential to be considered as non-invasive cancer biomarkers. The present review comprehensively and systematically assessed the role of circRNAs as diagnostic markers in blood or tissue samples of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Articles published until September 2022 were searched across Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and PubMed databases to screen and find suitable circRNAs as diagnostic markers in CRC, Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 55 articles were selected as the final included articles. The sample size of the patients group ranged from 12 to 212. Among the circRNAs investigated in this study, 47 circRNAs were increased in patients and probably act as oncogenes and activate the downstream pathways in the initiation and exacerbation of cancer; 28 circRNAs were decreased, which probably acted as tumor suppressors and their decrease played a role in the progression of CRC, indicating that the aberrant expression of circRNAs are involved in the promotion of CRC and may associated with its clinicopathological features. Many pathological processes of cancer are regulated by the altered expression of circRNAs through the regulation of different signaling pathways. According to the results of this study, while circRNAs demonstrates promise as a biomarker for CRC diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct evaluative studies on a larger scale in future.

SARS-CoV-2, which mostly affects the respiratory system, is the agent that causes COVID-19. The virus enters human cells through the ACE2 receptor, which is expressed on the surface of many different types of cells in the body. Once inside the cell, the virus begins to replicate and spread throughout the body. Interferon Lambda-1, also known as IFN-λ1, is a type of cytokine that is secreted by the immune system of the body in response to viral infections.

In recent years, the research on the Iranian Chrysididae has been extremely prolific, thanks to the efforts of different teams. After the first checklist published by Rosa et al. (2013), more than one hundred taxa of cuckoo wasps have been recorded as new for Iran, including nine taxa described as new for science. Moreover, major modifications impacted the taxonomy of the family with two genera revaluated (Chrysellampus Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1932 and Colpopyga Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1954), Pseudochrysis Semenow, 1891 reintroduced for Pseudospinolia Linsenmaier, 1951; the description of the genus Morphochrysis Rosa & Pavesi, 2023 and several taxonomical changes to species level which were published and that deeply changed the first checklist, namely. As a consequence of all these fragmented changes, we propose a new, updated checklist of the Iranian species, to summarize all the new findings published in the last years. We describe eleven new species for science, Chrysis amerii Rosa & Farhad, sp. nov., C. chamrosh Rosa, sp. nov., C. crenulata Rosa, sp. nov., C. edentata Rosa & Baiocchi, sp. nov., C. peri Rosa & Baiocchi, sp. nov. and C. titanica Rosa, sp. nov. (succincta group), C. mediasignata Rosa, sp. nov. (leachii group), C. heimi Rosa, sp. nov. (maculicornis group), C. simurgh Rosa, sp. nov. (subsinuata group), Chrysura filidichroa Rosa, sp. nov. (dichroa group) and Hedychridium personatum Rosa, sp. nov. with its own new species-group. We report twenty-six new records of Chrysidinae for Iran: Chrysidea disclusa (Linsenmaier, 1959); Chrysis afghanica Linsenmaier, 1968; C. cylindrica Eversmann, 1858; C. echidna Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1967; C. grohmanni bolivari Mercet, 1902; C. klio Balthasar, 1953; C. laetula Semenov-Tian-Shanskij & Nikol'skaya, 1954; C. leuconoe Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1967; C. maracandensis Radoszkowski, 1877; C. mirabilis Radoszkovsky, 1877; C. mossulensis Abeille de Perrin-du Buysson, 1887; C. pseudobrevitarsis Linsenmaier, 1951; C. robertsi Rosa, 2020; C. rutilans Olivier, 1791; C. turcomana Semenov-Tian-Shanskij & Nikol'skaya, 1954; Chrysura laodamia laodamia (du Buysson, 1900); Euchroeus pellucidus (Radoszkowski, 1877); Hedychridium bytinskii Linsenmaier, 1959; H. mochii Strumia, 1994; H. plagiatum (Mocsáry, 1883); Hedychrum concinnum (Mocsáry, 1909); H. semicyaneum Mocsáry, 1889; Spinolia stchurovskyi (Radoszkowski, 1877); Spintharina extrema (Semenov-Tian-Shanskij & Nikol’skaya, 1954), and S. houskai (Balthasar, 1953). The current number of known taxa has therefore increased from 185 (179 species and 6 subspecies) to 315 (306 species + 9 subspecies). Hedychrum persicum Mocsáry, 1914 stat. nov. is upgraded to species rank. Chrysis chrysophora Semenow, 1892 and Hedychrum cyaneum Brullé, 1846 are considered nomina dubia and the latter as incertae sedis. Chrysis dawahi Strumia, 2012 is considered nomen nudum. The majority of chrysidid species in Iran (77.64%) are found exclusively in the Western Palearctic region. Among these, 21% are restricted to the Western Palaearctic. A thorough discussion is also provided on unreliable and doubtful species records.

This study aimed to explore the impact of novel method in improving the functionality and nutritional value of lentil-quinoa protein complexes. The method involved manipulating protein interactions through pH shifting and the addition of trehalose, ultimately enhancing water solubility, digestibility, and the functionality. Fluorescence, ultraviolet, and Fourier-transform spectroscopic techniques were applied to characterize the structural and molecular properties of the trehalose-conjugated lentil-quinoa protein complexes at various concentrations. After trehalose conjugation, statistically significant alterations (p

Ventricular arrhythmias increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recurrent PVCs and IVT are generally considered benign in the absence of structural heart abnormalities. Artificial intelligence is a rapidly growing field. In recent years, medical professionals have shown great interest in the potential use of ML, an integral part of AI, in various disciplines, including diagnostic applications, decision-making, prognostic stratification, and solving complex pathophysiological aspects of diseases from these data at extraordinary complexity, scale, and acquisition rate. The aim of this study was to design an ML model to predict the probability of PVC and IVT recurrence after RF ablation.Data of patients were collected and manipulated using traditional analysis and various artificial intelligence models, namely MLP, Gradient Boosting Machines, Random Forest, and Logistic Regression.Hypertension, male sex, and the use of non-irrigate catheters were associated with less freedom from arrhythmia. All these results were obtained through traditional analytic methods, and according to AI, none of the variables had a clear effect on the recurrence of arrhythmia.Each AI model presents unique strengths and weaknesses, and further optimization and fine-tuning of these models are necessary to increase their clinical utility. By expanding the dataset, improved predictions can be fostered to ultimately increase the clinical utility of AI in predicting PVC erosion outcomes.

Background: Acute renal colic has been challenging and has brought many concerns for physicians and patients for centuries. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect and safety of a combination of papaverine and ketorolac against ketorolac and placebo in treating acute renal colic.Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed in patients with renal colic from May 2018 to May 2020 in Ahvaz, Iran. Patients with colic pain due to sand or kidney stones underwent clinical examination. The pain intensified based on the visual analog scale (VAS) and the patients’ need for rescue analgesia are considered as primary outcomes at various times after treatment. Patients were equally divided into two groups: A (ketorolac plus papaverine) and B (ketorolac plus placebo) by block balanced randomization method. Student t test, the Chi square, and ANOVA tests were used for statistical analyses, which were performed by SPSS 19.0. P

Abstract The APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factors play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study was performed to comprehensively identify and characterize the AP2/ERF gene family in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a highly resilient pseudocereal crop known for its salinity tolerance. A total of 150 CqAP2/ERF genes were identified in the quinoa genome; these genes were unevenly distributed across the chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis divided the CqAP2/ERFs into five subfamilies: 71 ERF, 49 DREB, 23 AP2, 3 RAV, and 4 Soloist. Additionally, the DREB and ERF subfamilies were subdivided into four and seven subgroups, respectively. The exon-intron structure of the putative CqAP2/ERF genes and the conserved motifs of their encoded proteins were also identified, showing general conservation within the phylogenetic subgroups. Promoter analysis revealed many cis-regulatory elements associated with light, hormones, and response mechanisms within the promoter regions of CqAP2/ERF genes. Synteny analysis revealed that segmental duplication under purifying selection pressure was the major evolutionary driver behind the expansion of the CqAP2/ERF gene family. The protein-protein interaction network predicted the pivotal CqAP2/ERF proteins and their interactions involved in the regulation of various biological processes including stress response mechanisms. The expression profiles obtained from RNA-seq and qRT-PCR data detected several salt-responsive CqAP2/ERF genes, particularly from the ERF, DREB, and RAV subfamilies, with varying up- and downregulation patterns, indicating their potential roles in salt stress responses in quinoa. Overall, this study provides insights into the structural and evolutionary features of the AP2/ERF gene family in quinoa, offering candidate genes for further analysis of their roles in salt tolerance and molecular breeding.

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome is a prevalent and common health problem and numerous studies have revealed the role of diet and lifestyle change in prevention of metabolic syndrome. However, the novel dietary index, cardioprotective index (CPI) and its association with metabolic syndrome is not investigated yet. In the current study, we evaluated the association between metabolic syndrome and its components, CPI, Nesfatin-1 and Omentin-1in a cross-sectional study. Methods Three hundred forty eight overweight and obese individuals with metabolic syndrome were recruited. Subjects underwent anthropometric and laboratory assays including metabolic markers, Nesfatin-1 and Omentin-1 with commercial kits. Results Those at the first tertile of CPI had lower high density lipoprotein concentrations (HDL) and higher low density lipoprotein concentrations (LDL), triglyceride (TG), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP) levels compared with those at the highest tertiles (P 0.05). Additionally, being at the third tertile of CPI was accompanied with significantly higher Nesfatin-1 and Omentin-1 levels compared with lowest tertiels (P

Background and aims: The epidemiological skills laboratory (ESL) course has been incorporated into the curriculum for Master of Science students in epidemiology. However, it has not been implemented and evaluated in Iran so far. The present study was conducted to compare two teaching methods and the implementation of an ESL lesson. Methods: All MSc students (N=9) in epidemiology at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences were included in the study during two academic semesters in 2019-2020 using a census sampling method. Three levels of Kirkpatrick’s pyramid were used to evaluate direct teaching and electronic flipped classroom (FC) groups. The Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, paired t-test, and independent t-test were used in Stata software with a significance level

Abstract Targeted (nano-)drug delivery is essential for treating respiratory diseases, which are often confined to distinct lung regions. However, spatio-temporal profiling of drugs or nanoparticles (NPs) and their interactions with lung macrophages remains unresolved. Here, we present LungVis 1.0, an AI-powered imaging ecosystem that integrates light sheet fluorescence microscopy with deep learning-based image analysis pipelines to map NP deposition and dosage holistically and quantitatively across bronchial and alveolar (acinar) regions in murine lungs for widely-used bulk-liquid and aerosol-based delivery methods. We demonstrate that bulk-liquid delivery results in patchy NP distribution with elevated bronchial doses, whereas aerosols achieve uniform deposition reaching distal alveoli. Furthermore, we reveal that lung tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) are dynamic, actively patrolling and redistributing NPs within alveoli, contesting the conventional paradigm of TRMs as static entities. LungVis 1.0 provides an advanced framework for exploring pulmonary delivery dynamics and deepening insights into TRM-mediated lung immunity.

Abstract This paper investigates the challenges associated with the velocity consensus and the lane following in heterogeneous automated vehicles considered as agents of a multi agent system. A cloud‐based distributed model predictive control structure is proposed to address the distributed intrinsic of such systems. Moreover, for situations that the cloud‐based control signal is not reachable, backup controllers based on explicit distributed model predictive control are developed. The proposed cloud‐based controller is implemented in the Amazon cloud servers to show the practicality of the proposed approach. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology in terms of handling practical limitations of connected and automated vehicles.

Abstract Background Hepatitis C infection is a common cause of liver diseases such as cirrhosis and liver carcinoma. This study aims to determine the clustering of HCV infection among family members of HCV-positive patients (index cases) and the association between internal and external risk factors and HCV infection among these family members. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted during a period from January to June 2024. One hundred and seventeen family members belonging to 26 index cases were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected from all family members, and then sera were separated and tested for anti-HCV antibodies by using a commercially available Cobas technique based on ECLIA. Results Among 117 family members, the majority 55.6% were females. The clustering of HCV infection among family members was 7.7%. The highest rates were 9.6% among males and 11.8% among members who were in close contact with female-positive cases, 12.8% in the age group 20–29 years, and 27.3% among brothers, but there were no HCV-positive cases detected among fathers, daughters, and husbands. There was a significant association between HCV infection and some behaviors of family members such as sharing the same sleeping places, nail clippers, and towels with index cases and exposure to cupping (p = 0.0001, 0.002, 0.017, and 0.050), respectively. Conclusion The HCV infection among family members in Aden, Yemen, was low in comparison with most studies globally. The highest rates were found among males, those in contact with female index cases, in the age group 20–29 years, and brothers as relatives, but there were no positive cases among fathers, husbands, daughters, and other relatives.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted public health, with emerging evidence suggesting substantial effects on maternal and neonatal health. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the prevalence and risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns born to mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. Methods We conducted a literature search in Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science up to April 20, without language or date restrictions. Observational studies reporting on the prevalence or risk of RDS among newborns from mothers with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Quality assessment was performed using the JBI tool. Statistical analysis was performed by using R software version 4.3. Results Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of RDS among newborns born to COVID-19-infected mothers was 11.5% (95% CI: 7.4–17.3%), with significant heterogeneity (I² = 93%). Newborns from infected mothers had a significantly higher risk of developing RDS, with a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 2.69 (95% CI: 1.77 to 4.17). Conclusion Newborns born to mothers with COVID-19 have a substantially increased risk of developing RDS. These findings emphasize the need for vigilant monitoring and appropriate management of pregnant women with COVID-19 to mitigate adverse neonatal outcomes.

Abstract Introduction and objective Modern and intelligent triage systems are used today due to the growing trend of disasters and emergencies worldwide and the increase in the number of injured people facing the challenge of using traditional triage methods. The main objective of this study is to investigate the application of artificial intelligence and Technology in the triage of patients injured by disasters and emergencies and the challenges of the implementation of intelligent triage systems. Method The present study is a systematic review and follows PRISMA guidelines. The protocol of this study was registered in PROSPERO with the code CRD42023471415. To find relevant studies, the databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (ISI) were searched without a time limit until September 2024. The scientific search engine Google Scholar and the references of the final articles were read manually for the final review. Results The search identified 2,630 articles, narrowing down to 19 high-quality studies on AI in triage, which improved patient care through optimized resource management and real-time data transmission. AI algorithms like OpenPose and YOLO enhanced efficiency in mass casualty incidents, while e-triage systems allowed for continuous vital sign monitoring and faster triaging. AI tools demonstrated high accuracy in diagnosing COVID-19 (94.57%). Implementing intelligent triage systems faced challenges such as trust issues, training needs, equipment shortages, and data privacy concerns. Conclusion Developing assessment systems using artificial intelligence enables timely treatment and better resuscitation services for people injured in disasters. For future studies, we recommend designing intelligent triage systems to remove the obstacles in triaging children and disabled people in disasters.

Abstract Women’s career progression and empowerment in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) sectors are critical to attaining SDG 5: Gender Equality because they promote equal access to education, job prospects, and leadership roles, building a more inclusive and equitable society. The purpose of this study is to look into the impact of perceived overqualification (POQ) on career anxiety and career decidedness (CD) among women in STEM disciplines while also considering the function of career identity (CI) and leadership support. With a total sample size of 1,045 participants, two distinct investigations were conducted, one in the educational field (N = 530) and one in an industry setting (N = 515 time-lag). To test the model, the analysis was carried out using the AMOS-24 software program. Our findings show a favorable association between women’s perceptions of overqualification in STEM and their CI. Furthermore, our research shows that a stronger CI among women in STEM corresponds to decreased career anxiety and increased CD. Additionally, we find that a CI is a mediator between POQ and both career anxiety and CD. Our findings also highlight the moderating effect of leadership support in this mediation process. We discuss the theoretical and practical ramifications of these findings.

Abstract The cut method is a computational approach utilized to predict the fundamental activities of physicochemical properties of chemical networks, also called topological indices. The connection number is a new idea, that gives interesting and good results of the topological indices (TIs) and entropy measures (EMs) for structural representation of chemical compounds and networks. The physical density of chemical networks is characterized by these indices. In this paper, we determined the computational results for indices based on connection numbers for a two-dimensional lattice sheet of hydrogen-bonded boric acid. Boric acid, an inorganic compound, is not very harmful when applied to the skin or consumed. Finally, graphical and numerical comparisons of topological numbers including the number of borate hydrogen-bonded double lattice forms are also included in this study.

Abstract RNA therapeutics, such as mRNA, siRNA, and CRISPR–Cas9, present exciting avenues for treating diverse diseases. However, their potential is commonly hindered by vulnerability to degradation and poor cellular uptake, requiring effective delivery systems. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a leading choice for in vivo RNA delivery, offering protection against degradation, enhanced cellular uptake, and facilitation of endosomal escape. However, LNPs encounter numerous challenges for targeted RNA delivery in vivo, demanding advanced particle engineering, surface functionalization with targeting ligands, and a profound comprehension of the biological milieu in which they function. This review explores the structural and physicochemical characteristics of LNPs, in-vivo fate, and customization for RNA therapeutics. We highlight the quality-by-design (QbD) approach for targeted delivery beyond the liver, focusing on biodistribution, immunogenicity, and toxicity. In addition, we explored the current challenges and strategies associated with LNPs for in-vivo RNA delivery, such as ensuring repeated-dose efficacy, safety, and tissue-specific gene delivery. Furthermore, we provide insights into the current clinical applications in various classes of diseases and finally prospects of LNPs in RNA therapeutics. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Sleep disorders can be harmful to our health and treating them can also be expensive. Due to the widespread occurrence and impact of sleep disorders, it is valuable to investigate and study them from an epidemiological perspective. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of sleep disorders among Iranian adults in 2022. Method This is a cross-sectional study that examines the prevalence of sleep disorders and problems in Iranian society. The participants were selected using a mixed sampling approach (utilizing virtual space and cluster sampling). A two-part package was used for evaluating participants sleep problems, which included a demographic profile form and the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire. After collecting the data, appropriate statistical tests in SPSS version 25 were utilized for analysis. Results A total of 6013 questionnaires were fully filled out for this research, with participants answering the specific questions. The participants’ score on sleep disorders was 1.94, which means 44.1% of them suffer from sleep disorders. The results indicated that the prevalence of sleep disorders in this study was as follows: insomnia (35%), parasomnia (35.3%), circadian rhythm sleep disorder (38.4%), hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness (39%), restless leg syndrome and leg movements during sleep (43%), and breathing disorders related to sleep (38.4%). The prevalence of sleep disorders among the study participants demonstrated a significant relationship with most of their demographic variables (P

Abstract Low organic matter content is one of the main constraints in arid and semiarid regions. This constraint and its negative influences on soils and plant growth may be alleviated by biochar (BC). Furthermore, improving soil physical and hydraulic attributes by application of biochar has received increased attention. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on the structural stability, water availability, and pore-size distribution (PSD) of three texturally different calcareous soils collected from different agro-climatologically regions were examined during a long-term experiment. Low and high-temperature biochars, produced in a muffle furnace by the traditional slow pyrolysis method at 300 °C (BC300) and 600 °C (BC600) were evaluated. Pots (15 kg) were filled with three different silty-clay Inceptisols (SCInc), silty-clay-loam Alfisols (SCLAlf), and loam Aridisols (LArid) soils mixed with 0 (control), 1, 2, and 3 w/w% of BC300 and BC600 during 540 days of incubation. The high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) data was modeled using a modified van Genuchten function to quantify aggregate stability through stability ratio (SR) and structural stability index (SSI). The plant available water (PAW), least limiting water range (LLWR), and integral water capacity (IWC) were calculated with two matric suctions (h) of 330 cm for field capacity (FC) and 15,000 cm for permanent wilting point (PWP). Then the integral energy (EI) values were calculated (EIIWC). Results indicated that the incorporation of 3 w/w% biochar significantly (p

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of acceptance, mindfulness, and compassion (Kg-free) on obese and overweight women diagnosed with metabolic syndrome components. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 52 obese and overweight women with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 were evaluated in two intervention and control groups, The intervention was implemented weekly. Triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood pressure (BP), BMI, and waistline measurements thyroid tests were assessed measured as the main outcome, and life-quality and sexual function improvement as its secondary outcome in pre, post and follow-up phase. Results: The study results indicated that the acceptance, mindfulness, and compassion (Kg-free) protocol was effective on the BMI, waistline, TG level, BP (systolic and diastolic index), quality of life, and sexual function in women with overweight and obesity, but fasting BP and HDL level did not significant (d=0.001–0.50; significant at the 0.001 level). Conclusions: The present trial was carried out aiming to examine the efficacy of group intervention based on acceptance, mindfulness, and compassion on obese and overweighed women and its effect on the components of metabolic syndrome, including the waistline, BMI, BP, FBS, TG, HDL, the quality of life, and the sexual function. Our results showed that group intervention based on acceptance, mindfulness, and compassion could reduce the BMI of the individuals in the intervention group compared to the control group. Moreover, the present study provided further evidence that this intervention bears an essential part in the psychological interventions for individuals struggling with overweight and obesity.

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common harmful high-grade brain tumor with high mortality and low survival rate. Importantly, besides routine diagnostic and therapeutic methods, modern and useful practical techniques are urgently needed for this serious malignancy. Correspondingly, the translational medicine focusing on genetic and epigenetic profiles of glioblastoma, as well as the immune framework and brain microenvironment, based on these challenging findings, indicates that key clinical interventions include immunotherapy, such as immunoassay, oncolytic viral therapy, and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy, which are of great importance in both diagnosis and therapy. Relatively, vaccine therapy reflects the untapped confidence to enhance GBM outcomes. Ongoing advances in immunotherapy, which utilizes different methods to regenerate or modify the resistant body for cancer therapy, have revealed serious results with many different problems and difficulties for patients. Safe checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cellular treatment, cellular and peptide antibodies, and other innovations give researchers an endless cluster of instruments to plan profoundly in personalized medicine and the potential for combination techniques. In this way, antibodies that block immune checkpoints, particularly those that target the program death 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 (PD-L1) ligand pathway, have improved prognosis in a wide range of diseases. However, its use in combination with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or monotherapy is ineffective in treating GBM. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the translational elements concentrating on the immunotherapeutic field of GBM alongside describing the molecular mechanism involved in GBM and related signaling pathways, presenting both historical perspectives and future directions underlying basic and clinical practice. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of air pollutants is crucial for effective urban air pollution management. This study focuses on the temporal dynamics of air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) and the association among air pollutants, particularly PM2.5, in Tehran, Iran. Using time series clustering and the Copula model, we analyzed data from 2019 to 2022. We found that the levels and dynamics of O3 and SO2 were similar across most AQMSs and unrelated to geographical positions. CO levels and dynamics were consistent among urban and border AQMSs, with higher concentrations in urban stations. NO2 levels and dynamics varied significantly among northern AQMSs with no relationship geographical positions. PM10 levels and dynamics had a relationship with geographical positions, with western clusters having the highest and northern clusters the lowest concentrations. The dynamics of PM2.5 showed significant relationship among AQMSs in the eastern, southern, and western regions, but not in the north. We also observed that PM10 and O3 levels were higher in warm seasons, whereas CO, SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 levels were higher in cold seasons. Most pollutants, except O3, peaked during traffic hours. Notably, the significant increase in PM2.5 since spring 2021 was primarily due to PM10. Policymakers should focus on these spatial and temporal variations to improve urban air quality and public health outcomes through targeted interventions.

The concept of being uniform strong interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (also termed as USIVIF) is an integration of two ideologies, which are called "uniformity" and "strong interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets". Inspired by the study on uniform fuzzy topological indices, it is natural to introduce uniform IVIFTIs. Originally, topological indices were generalized for the fuzzy sets However, the utilization of the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy topological indices provides a finer approach, especially if there are multiple uncertainties based on intervals. Consequently, both theories imply that topological indices are not fixed and depend on certain situations or problems in the question. In this article, the generalized results for the uniform degree of the fuzzy sets associated with individual vertices/edges of strong interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy graphs were presented and results for the total uniform degree of such graphs were also included. In addition, the nature of the implemented methods and models was discussed based on the cellular neural interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy graphs of sets of membership and non-membership values.

Abstract The disease dynamics affect the human life. When one person is affected with a disease and if it is not treated well, it can weaken the immune system of the body. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system, of the body which is the defense line against diseases. If it is not treated well then HIV progresses to its advanced stages and it is known as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV is typically a disease that can transferred from one person to another in several ways such as through blood, breastfeeding, sharing needles or syringes, and many others. So, the need of the hour is to consider such important disease dynamics and that will help mankind to save them from such severe disease. For the said purpose the reaction-diffusion HIV CD4 $$^{+}$$ + T cell model with drug therapy under the stochastic environment is considered. The underlying model is numerically investigated with two time-efficient schemes and the effects of various parameters used in the model are analyzed and explained in a real-life scenario. Additionally, the obtained results will help the decision-makers to avoid such diseases. The random version of the HIV model is numerically investigated under the influence of time noise in It $${\hat{o}}$$ o ^ sense. The proposed stochastic backward Euler (SBE) scheme and proposed stochastic Implicit finite difference (SIFD) scheme are developed for the computational study of the underlying model. The consistency of the schemes is proven in the mean square sense and the given system of equations is compatible with both schemes. The stability analysis proves that both schemes and schemes are unconditionally stable. The given system of equations has two equilibria, one is disease-free equilibrium (DFE) and the other is endemic equilibrium. The simulations are drawn for the different values of the parameters. The proposed SBE scheme showed the convergent behavior towards the equilibria for the given values of the parameters but also showed negative behavior that is not biological. The proposed SIFD scheme showed better results as compared with the stochastic SBE scheme. This scheme has convergent and positive behavior towards the equilibria points for the given values of the parameters. The effect of various parameters is also analyzed. Simulations are drawn to evaluate the efficacy of the schemes.

Abstract Background and objective One of the most important aspects of health is social health. Addressing social health and social accountability is possible by education of social determinants of health (SDH) to medical students. The aim of current study is to integrate the SDH variables to patient’s history-taking in medical education during clerkship stage as an action research and scholarship in education. Pediatric patients were selected as the target population for this study. Methods The present study is an action-research including three phases of the program's design, implementation, and evaluation. The present paper reports the results of phase I including the following steps; rapid scoping review and expert panel for development of history-taking form. The goal of this phase was to prepare an SDH checklist for history-taking in the Pediatrics Ward of Firoozabadi Teaching Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The checklist of history-taking was evaluated in terms of measurability, feasibility, priority, and clarity using a 5-choice Likert scale. Results According to the results of the scoping review and consensus-based methods, the preliminary version of the program was prepared including the SDH history-taking checklist. A total of 21 items were selected after two expert panel rounds. The overall absolute agreement was 0.704 (95% CI: 0.587 – 0.793) which was significantly higher than 0.5 (P

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurological disease characterized by a variety of neurological findings, in accordance with radiological characteristics. PRES is commonly secondary to elevated BP and/or conditions such as autoimmune patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. Our case involves a 36-year-old female with a history of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), who presented with sudden onset headaches from 3 weeks prior, and a single episode of seizure attack the morning before admission. In the initial examination she had highly elevated blood pressure (BP) (190/116). Her neurological examination revealed decline in force of limbs in addition to mild paresthesia. After primary stabilization, she underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. Due to the clinical and radiological findings, the patient was diagnosed with PRES. In the following work-up of BP elevation, abdominopelvic sonography and subsequent computed tomography scan, multiple lesions were observed in spleen and both kidneys consistent with infarction. In further evaluation, Lupus-like anticoagulants were found to be elevated, which, in conjunction with the confirmed antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), suggested a possible role for APS-nephropathy as the missing link between PRES and APS. However, despite the role of an autoimmune disease in increasing the risk of developing other autoimmune conditions, APS and AIH have been rarely observed together. Our study indicates that developing APS in the context of AIH is a rare occurrence. However, APS could serve as a critical intermediary, potentially facilitating the onset of PRES despite lower BP.

ABSTRACT: Bioactive peptides produced via enzymatic hydrolysis have been widely investigated for their dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory properties. However, the deficit of studies on fermentation as a means to produce DPP-IV inhibitory peptides prompted us to draw a comparative study on DPP-IV inhibitory peptides generated from cow, camel, goat, and sheep milk using probiotic fermentation. Further, peptide identification, in silico molecular interactions with DPP-IV, and ensemble docking were performed. Results suggested that goat milk consistently exhibited greater degrees of hydrolysis than other milk types. Further, Pediococcus pentosaceus (PP-957) emerged as a potent probiotic, with significantly lower median inhibitory concentration values of DPP-IV, of 0.17, 0.12, and 0.25 µg/mL protein equivalents in fermented cow, camel, and goat milk, respectively. Overall, peptides (RPPPPVAM, CHNLDELKDTR, and VLSLSQPK) exhibited strong binding affinity, with binding energies of −9.31, −9.18, and −8.9 kcal/mol, respectively, suggesting their potential role as DPP-IV inhibitors. Overall, this study offers valuable information toward antidiabetic benefits of fermented milk products via inhibition of DPP-IV.

This paper investigates the analytical fuzzy findings of a two-dimensional fuzzy fractional-ordered heat problem including some source of terms under certain conditions. The Sumudu residual power series scheme (SRPSS) is an innovative novel to deal with the combine form of the Sumudu transform (ST) and the residual power series scheme (RPSS) which efficiently generate analytical results in rapidly converging series forms. The Caputo derivative is applied to model the physical problem. The most notable aspect of this algorithm is its ability to generate results quickly and without difficulty as compared to the conventional RPSS. We present three numerical cases of 2D heat problem with fuzzy fractional order to express the performance and validity of suggested scheme. Graphical analysis from the derived solutions reveals that SRPSS is straightforward, accurate, and suitable to analyze the findings of fuzzy fractional problems.

Leafy vegetables are very healthy for human beings having high contents of phyto- and physico-chemicals and are low in fat and calories. Mountainous regions worldwide have diverse agroclimatic conditions conducive for the cultivation of different leafy vegetables. Present research study assessed six leafy vegetables for their composition at fifteen different agroecological sites. Fresh leaves of six leafy vegetables, i.e. alfalfa, water clover, spinach, leaf mustard, pennywort, and fenugreek, were collected from the mountainous region. Procured leaf samples were brought to analytical laboratory and were subjected to physicochemical and phytochemical analysis, i.e. moisture content, pH, TSS, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant potential. Among all the sampling sites and vegetables, a significant variation was observed for the physicochemical and phytochemical parameters. In samples procured from different agroecological sites, the better retention of quality parameters was observed among the leaf sample collected from fifteen different agroecological sites. The highest values were recorded for moisture content in spinach at site 1, for pH in leaf mustard at sites 4, 5 and 6, for TSS in spinach at sites 6 and 9, for ascorbic acid in alfalfa at site 6, for total phenolics in spinach at site 5, for carotenoid in leaf mustard at site 5, for flavonoids in fenugreek at site 5, and for antioxidant in spinach at site 6. It can be concluded that mountainous regions are rich in agroecological conditions suitable for producing leafy vegetables carrying healthful constituents for the consumption by human beings.

In this paper, we propose competitive predator-prey models with a small immigration into the prey. The dynamics of these models are investigated by addressing the boundedness, coexistence, and extinction conditions, as well as the local and global stability of equilibria. Immigrants stabilize the systems and increase the probability of coexistence. A Hopf bifurcation analysis shows that the model with Holling type II exhibits a Hopf bifurcation with respect to immigration parameter, but there is no bifurcation of the model with Holling type I. The numerical results support the theoretical results. Additionally, incorporating a few immigrants into the prey has a high sensitivity when the dynamic is periodic, but it has a lower sensitivity when the dynamic is stable. The obtained results can be biologically interpreted to improve the survival of species in the environment by adding immigrants. The rescue effect is considered as one of the implications in the real world that interpret the obtained results in this study.

Abstract We aimed to compare FOLFIRI and bevacizumab with FOLFIRI and aflibercept in terms of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and safety in patients with RAS-mutant metastatic colon cancer who progressed after first-line FOLFOX or XELOX and bevacizumab treatment. This retrospective study included 243 patients from 15 different centres in Turkey. The endpoints of the study were OS, PFS and safety and side effect outcomes. The median age of the patients included in the study was 60 (21–85) years. Of the patients enrolled in the study, 114 patients (46.9%) received aflibercept and 129 patients (53.1%) received bevacizumab. Median OS was 11.2 (95% CI: 9.1–13.2) months in patients receiving FOLFIRI + aflibercept and 14.1 (95% CI: 11.2–17.1) months in patients receiving FOLFIRI + bevacizumab. The median PFS was 5.7 (95% CI: 4.9–6.5) months in the aflibercept arm and 7.7 (95% CI: 7.1–8.3) months in the bevacizumab arm. Grade 3–4 side effects were observed in 58 (50.9%) patients in the aflibercept arm and 33 (25.6%) patients in the bevacizumab arm. As a result of our study, in patients with metastatic RAS-mutant colon cancer who progressed after first-line oxaliplatin-based doublet chemotherapy and bevacizumab, better OS and PFS results were obtained in patients receiving bevacizumab with FOLFIRI compared to patients receiving aflibercept with FOLFIRI. In addition, the side effect profile was more tolerable in the bevacizumab arm.

Abstract Background and objective Tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) is required when repair is not feasible, and it continues to be a relatively high-risk procedure owing to the complex medical and/or surgical profile of patients. The choice between mechanical and biological prostheses for TVR remains a subject of debate owing to their distinct advantages and disadvantages. This study aimed to analyse and compare the clinical outcomes of these two types of prostheses in the tricuspid position. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the COCHRANE library were searched from 1995 to April 2023 for studies comparing clinical outcomes of mechanical versus biological valves in the tricuspid position. Data on 30-day mortality, reoperations, 5-year valve failure rates, thrombotic/thromboembolic events, and long-term survival were extracted, pooled, and analysed. Forest plots were generated using a random-effects model. Results From an initial pool of 4716 citations, 37 studies meeting our inclusion criteria were assessed, collectively encompassing 8316 prostheses (3796 mechanical, 4520 bioprostheses). Our analysis revealed that mechanical valves exhibited a non-significant trend towards diminished 30-day mortality (RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.69–1.06). A distinct disparity emerged in valve durability, with mechanical valves demonstrating a significantly increased risk of 5-year valve failure (RR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.38–3.56). Strikingly, mechanical valves displayed a substantial six-fold elevated risk of thrombotic events (RR = 6.29, 95% CI = 3.98–9.92). In contrast, the long-term survival and reoperation rates demonstrated no statistically significant differences between the two valve types. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis provides insights into the selection of mechanical and bioprosthetic valves for TVR. These findings highlight the potential advantages and disadvantages of mechanical and bioprosthetic valves in terms of early mortality, valve durability, and thrombotic risk. Our analysis provides clinicians with evidence-based guidance for optimizing outcomes in TVR, offering a foundation for informed decision-making in this intricate surgical landscape. Despite these insights, clinicians must overcome the limitations of retrospective studies, evolving healthcare, and anticoagulant disparities to ensure careful consideration in tricuspid valve replacement decisions.

Parimala Vijai Indrian,1 Wei Wen Chong,1 Anizah Ali,2 Adliah Mhd Ali1 1Centre of Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Adliah Mhd Ali, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia, Tel +603-92897286, Fax +603-26983271, Email adliah@ukm.edu.myBackground: The patient-centred counselling tools are a comprehensive resource to assist community pharmacists in providing effective treatment choices and assisting with decision-making.Aim: To identify and select suitable tools community pharmacists use with targeted patient-centred outcomes for dispensing contraceptives.Methods: Five electronic databases, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar as additional sources for published and unpublished studies, were searched to identify literature for contraceptive tools or strategies for pharmacists to decide on contraceptive choice and dispensing by pharmacist. Studies involving pharmacists or tools suitable for pharmacists from any country, published since 1990 were considered.Results: A total of 21 publications met the inclusion criteria. Robvis’ tool was used for visualizing the risk of bias for each result. There were three studies that used the tools specifically by community pharmacists and others focused on general family planning users and pharmacists. The suitability of patient-centred interventions in community pharmacy settings was further evaluated.Conclusion: The evidence for special tools for pharmacists for dispensing contraceptives in community settings is limited and further research is needed to develop and evaluate novel interventions for pharmacists in community settings.Keywords: contraception, patient-centred, community pharmacist, family planning, counselling tools, dispensing contraceptives

Introduction: There are very few studies demonstrating the seroprevalence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in patients with cirrhosis worldwide and in Turkey. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of COVID-19 in patients with cirrhosis and its effect on liver cirrhosis by clinical form in the postinfectious period. Methods: The study included 174 patients with cirrhosis. Patients with COVID-19 were identified using anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-immunoglobulin G (SARS-CoV-2-IgG) and COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction assays and were divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The last polyclinic records of the patients before infection or testing were determined as 1st examination and the date of blood collection for anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG was determined as the 2nd examination. Examination findings and liver tests of the patients in both periods were recorded; Child-Pugh Score (CPS) and Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD)-Na scores were calculated. Additionally, patients were evaluated for newly developed hepatic decompensation. Results: The seropositivity of anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG was detected in 35.6% of our patients, and the rate of those who had symptomatic COVID-19 infection was 23.6%, whereas the rate of those who had asymptomatic infection was 12%. There was no significant difference in liver tests, CPS, and MELD-Na scores before and after COVID-19 infection between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, and new decompensation was found in 9.6% of patients with COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: The incidence of COVID-19 among patients with liver cirrhosis is notably high. Although high decompensation rates were reported in the acute phase of the disease, such rates were not observed in the postinfectious period. Ultimately, our results indicated no significant difference in the course of existing liver disease according to clinical form.

Abstract Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the commonest worldwide neurodegenerative disorder. Nevertheless, it usually face difficulties to guarantee a secured initial diagnosis. For this reason, neurologists are in dire need for developing potential biomarkers that could be relied upon confidentially in early diagnosis of AD. Hopefully, this will open the gate for novel modifying therapy to fight with all their might. In this current study, we aimed to correlate plasma levels of tau and Aβ with the changes that occur in hippocampal volume and thickness of retinal fiber layers in patients who clinically diagnosed with AD spectrum. A cross-sectional study enrolled 60 AD patients who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria were subjected to cognitive, radiologic, laboratory and optical coherence tomography (OCT) assessments. Results Tau, Aβ1–40, and Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 ratio are significant discriminators of AD at cutoff values of >23.45, > 84.4, and > 1.95, respectively. MRI hippocampal volume in both right and left sides are also good discriminators of AD at cutoff values of ≤ 2.997, and ≤ 2.994, respectively. A significant correlations were reported between tau with Aβ1–40, Aβ1–42, MMSE and MRI right and left hippocampal volumes. On comparing moderate versus mild AD, there was a high significant levels of tau, Aβ1–42, Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 ratio. Conclusions We clarify that several biomarkers could be potentially used for confirming the diagnosis of AD. Assessment of plasma amyloid level, detection of hippocampal atrophy and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness changes are promising tools for early diagnosis of AD.

Abstract Reformulating the physical processes associated with the evolution of different ailments in accordance with globally shared objectives is crucial for deeper comprehension. This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which the HB virus induces harmful inflammation of the liver, with a focus on early detection and therapy using corticosteroids or chemotherapy. Based on the developed hypothesis, a new mathematical model has been created for this purpose. The recently developed system for HBV is $$SEI_{1} I_{2}R$$ S E I 1 I 2 R , which is examined both quantitatively and qualitatively to determine its actual effect on stability. Reliable conclusions are ensured by examining the system’s boundedness, positivity, existence, uniqueness, and conducting local and global stability analysis-all crucial components of epidemic models. Global stability is tested using Lyapunov first derivative functions to assess the overall impact of asymptomatic persons and chemotherapy treatment. Additionally, the Lipschitz condition is used to confirm the unique solutions for the newly built HBV model using methods from fixed point theory, thus meeting the requirements for uniqueness and existence. Since the population must maintain this property, positivity is confirmed using global derivatives and Lipschitz criteria to calculate the rate of change in each sub-compartment. Applying the Mittag-Leffler kernel with a fractal-fractional operator to continuously monitor the HBV virus for liver cirrhosis infection yields dependable results. Furthermore, the current situation regarding the HBV outbreak pertaining to liver cirrhosis infection, along with the control measures implemented following early diagnosis through asymptomatic measures and chemotherapy treatment under constant observation, are established to prevent chronic stage infections. Simulations have been used to study the true behavior and impact of HBV in asymptomatic persons receiving chemotherapy for liver cirrhosis infection in the community. This research is essential for understanding the spread of viruses and developing control strategies based on our validated findings to mitigate the risk factors associated with liver cirrhosis.

Abstract Background Fingertip amputation is a commonly encountered injury in emergency settings. Composite grafting is a non-microsurgical alternative maintaining digit length with no donor site morbidities. This meta-analysis was conducted to retrieve factors associated with composite graft survivability among patients with fingertip amputations. Methods A literature review throughout twelve databases was performed on 24 July 2023. All clinical studies comparing the patients-related, trauma-related, or amputation-related variables among patients with survived and non-survived composite grafting were eligible for meta-analysis. Single-arm studies reported the potential predictors of composite graft survival among patients with fingertip injuries treated with composite grafting were included. Results This review included ten articles with 720 fingertips composite grafting. Of them, 526 grafts survived, with a pooled overall survivability of 72.8%. There was a significant association between younger age (OR 2.31,95%CI 1.10, 4.87, P = 0.03), level of amputation (I) (OR 0.31,95% CI 0.14 to 0.67, P = 0.003), and successful composite grafting. There was no statistically significant (P = 0.449) impact of time to composite grafting on the likelihood of composite graft survivability. Conclusion Composite grafting is a feasible and effective procedure for restoring aesthetically functional digits among patients with traumatically amputated fingertips. The composite graft survived among the majority of the patients, with a more significant survival pattern among younger populations and patients with more distal amputations. Level of evidence Level III.

Abstract The use of wild food ingredients has been inextricably linked to each human culture; therefore, any cultural shift or transformation also mutates the knowledge. Particularly cross-cultural interactions have been playing a significant role in reshaping the knowledge within a given community. The study aimed to cross-culturally research the use of wild food plants among four different ethnolinguistic groups, i.e. Muhajir, Pathans, Punjabi, and Saraiki residing in the peri-urban area of Mianwali district, Punjab Pakistan. Data were taken through semi-structured interviews, and the results of cross-cultural comparison were visualized through Venn diagrams and statistically tested through Jaccard index. A total of 59 plants were recorded, which were used mostly as cooked vegetables (29 species) and snacks (21 species). About one-fourth of the quoted plants were commonly used by all the studied groups. High similarity on the use of the quoted plants was found among Muhajir, Punjabi, and Saraiki. Punjabi reported higher numbers of plants, and Pathans quoted comparatively lesser number. Pathans reported a comparatively high number of idiosyncratic foods uses followed by Muhajir. Punjabi, Muhajir, and Saraiki have a very close affinity and have comparatively rich knowledge after comparing those food uses which were reported by more 50% of participants. Punjabi frequently reported some plant uses which were rarely reported by the other four groups. Additionally a large number of plants were also quoted along with their medicinal uses which were prepared in the same way for both food and medicine. Despite the fact that most of the food ingredients were prepared in a simialr way but still the distinct names of several plants were retained across the studied groups. In the current context, the ethnobotanies of the studied communities are a blend as they might have learned the knowledge on the use of these plants from one another. It is concluded that since the knowledge is still in the memory of the people and has no serious threat to its extinction at hand, however it is necessary to frame policy programs in order to use this knowledge for the sustainability of future food and medical system otherwise it may be lost.

This study examines the modified Sardar sub-equation method (MSSEM) for deriving the novel solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional p-type model. This framework is commonly employed to explain the behavior of optical solitons in nonlinear media. The applications of MSSEM allows us to acquire the precise analytical solutions, which incorporate a diverse array of optical soliton solutions. We discuss the dynamical structure of the solitons, bifurcation and chaos theory to develop the multiple soliton solutions, including rational, hyperbolic, exponential, and trigonometric functions and depending on the principle of balancing equation. Moreover, by using bifurcation and chaos theory, we examine the governing model with and without the perturbation term and provide the three-dimensional, two-dimensional, and density profiles to improve the clarity of obtained results. The different aspects of the solutions are evident in our visual representations. These solutions are applicable to a wide range of domains, including fluid physics, oceanography, physics, engineering, and nonlinear optics.

Abstract The widespread use of oxidative hair colouring cosmetics threatens public health. Phenylenediamine derivatives serve as the main pigment in permanent hair colours. They interact with biological macromolecules, altering their functional and structural physiology. The study aimed to investigate the effect of a typical synthetic hair dye pigment, 4-Chloro-orthophenylenediamine (4-Cl-OPD), under a nitrating environment of DEANO on the calf thymus DNA molecule. The results showed single-stranded regions, base/sugar-phosphate backbone alterations, molecular changes, and nitro-oxidative lesions. These modifications are referred to as neo-epitopes on the DNA molecule. IgGs from cancer patients with a history of permanent hair dye use were screened for the recognition of neo-epitopes on DNA molecules. Hepatocellular carcinoma IgG showed the highest binding with 56% inhibition in the competition ELISA. The immune complex formation was observed through electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In conclusion, synthetic hair dye users are likely to present with heightened immunological triggers under elevated nitric oxide levels. The study reports chronic hair dye exposure as one of the factors responsible for altering the intricacies of the DNA’s microarchitectural structure and inducing neo-epitopes on the molecule. The physiological status of NO may define the susceptibility towards 4-Cl-OPD and humoral response in hair dye users. Persistent nitro-oxidative stress due to 4-Cl-OPD and NO may induce a heightened immune response against neoepitopes in the nitro-oxidatively modified DNA. Therefore, chronic hair dye exposure may be identified as a risk to human health. These findings may contribute to a better understanding and reinforcement of hair dye as one of the modifiable risk factors responsible for the pro-inflammatory carcinogenic environment.

Abstract Background Digital literacy influences academic behaviors, especially in medical education, where students encounter considerable academic challenges. However, the effects of this phenomenon on academic self-efficacy and procrastination remain inadequately understood. Objectives This research explores the relationships between digital literacy and academic self-efficacy, emphasizing the mediating role of academic procrastination and its various dimensions among medical students. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted from seven medical colleges from October to December 2023. The research employed meticulously validated measurement tools encompassing a digital literacy scale, academic self-efficacy scale, and academic procrastination scale and collected data on 659 medical students. Descriptive statistics and inferential testing (mediation analysis) were performed to investigate the direct and indirect relationships of the study variables. Results The empirical results confirmed that digital literacy positively influenced academic self-efficacy and negatively correlated with academic procrastination. Among the five dimensions of procrastination assessed, self-efficacy emerged as the most potent mediator, significantly reducing procrastination and enhancing academic self-efficacy, followed by affective procrastination, time management, task avoidance, and behavioral procrastination. Conclusion The findings underscore the critical role of digital literacy in fostering academic self-efficacy and reducing procrastination among medical students. Educators can develop more effective interventions to support medical students in their academic journey by targeting specific dimensions of procrastination, particularly self-efficacy-related procrastination. Future research should consider longitudinal studies to confirm causality and explore these dynamics in diverse educational settings.

Abstract Introduction Post stroke elbow spasticity (PSES) affects over a third of individuals following stroke and negatively impacts on functional recovery, comfort and quality of life. Drug therapies have limited efficacy and unwanted side effects, botulinum toxin, although effective, is costly, and conventional electrical stimulation therapies are limited long term by habituation. We aim to investigate the efficacy of Sheffield Adaptive Patterned Electrical Stimulation (SHAPES), that delivers temporally and spatially varying pattern of electrical stimulation, against transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) and standard care at reducing PSES. Methods and design Overall, 297 people with PSES will be randomised (1:1:1) to one of 3 arms: Standard care (no electrical stimulation), TENS (conventional patterned electrical stimulation) or SHAPES (adaptive patterned electrical stimulation). Both SHAPES and TENS are delivered using a specially designed electrical stimulation sleeve used for 60 min each day for 6-weeks. Outcome measures are completed at baseline, end of treatment (EOT 6 weeks) and then 6-weeks, 12-weeks and 24-weeks after the end of treatment. Efficacy will be determined based on the proportion of participants experiencing meaningful improvement (18%) in the 7-day Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-S) for PSES, compared between both intervention arms and standard care, and between the two intervention groups. Measures of arm motor function (Action Research Arm Test, MRC scale), and quality of life (SQoL-6D, EQ-5D) will also be measured along with a parallel health economic evaluation. Discussion The results of the SHAPES trial will inform management of elbow spasticity after stroke. The SHAPES intervention is a low cost, self-administered intervention for the management of spasticity that can be used repeatedly, and if found to be more effective than TENS or control has the potential to be widely implemented in the UK NHS healthcare setting. Furthermore, despite the wide use of TENS in the management of spasticity, this study will provide critically required evidence regarding its efficacy. The trial has been registered with the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN26060261).

Abstract Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disorder that can lead to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal abnormalities. Aortic aneurysms and dissections are frequently seen in patients with MFS whereas peripheral vascular aneurysms in subclavian and axillary arteries territory considered very unusual. We reported a case of 54-year-old female with known history of MFS who had undergone a mechanical valve Bentall procedure due to severe aortic regurgitation and ascending aorta aneurysm in addition to thoracoabdominal aortic repair and who presented with a pulsatile painful mass in her right axillary region that turn to be significant true aneurysms of right subclavian and axillary arteries. To relive symptoms and to avoid further complications patient underwent successful surgical repair. Our case demonstrated rare locations of true peripheral aneurysms as a possible manifestation of MFS appeared several years post Bentall procedure and thoracoabdominal aortic repair and highlights also the importance of long-term monitoring to detect earlier such manifestation and avoid complications by surgical repair.

Abstract The presence of mineral pollutants, combined with bacterial contamination, has significantly impacted groundwater quality and led to various health-related issues in mining-impacted areas. Therefore, we measured the concentration of fluoride (F-), phosphate (PO4 3-), sulphate (SO4 2-), ammonium (NH4 +), nitrate (NO3 -), the total coliforms (TCs), and physiochemical characteristics in groundwater samples of South Khorasan, Eastern Iran. For this, we collected water samples from 100 wells in spring and autumn across this mining-impacted area. We then measured the concentrations of mineral pollutants and assessed their associated health risks to children and adults using the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) models and spatiotemporal zoning maps in ArcGIS. The concentrations of PO4 3-, NH4 +, SO4 2-, NO3 -, and F- were 0.70 ± 0.34, 0.82 ± 0.9, 175.45 ± 123, 15.26 ± 9.41, and 0.53 ± 0.68 mg/L in spring, and 0.71 ± 3.18, 4.68 ± 31, 306.72 ± 615.80, 19.30 ± 15.61, and 0.72 ± 0.65 mg/L in autumn, respectively. PO4 3-, NH4 +, and SO4 2- exceeded both the World Health Organization (WHO) and EPA, but NO3 - exceeded only EPA standards. TCs in both seasons exceeded the standards set by the EPA and WHO. The hazard quotient (HQ) values indicated non-carcinogenic risks for F⁻ and NO3⁻, while posing no risks NH4⁺ and PO4 3⁻ in both adults and children during autumn and spring.Hazard index (HI) was greater than 1 for all minerals in both children and adults in autumn and spring. No correlation was observed between mineral compounds and TCs in the study area, yet the water samples were highly contaminated by coliform with a significant risk to adults and children. In essence, both mineral pollutants and TCs potentially pose serious risks to human, and more efforts are required to improve the quality of water in this area.

Background: The East African Fracture Zone (EAFZ) stands as a testament to the dynamic forces of Earth, marked by heightened seismic activity that frequently triggers geotechnical disasters such as landslides and rockfalls. Traditionally, the study of earthquake-induced geological risks has been reactive, with a focus on post-incident analysis. While significant advances have been made in spatial analysis and risk mapping, the capabilities for real-time prediction and proactive mitigation are still limited. Objectives: Current study presents an approach to predicting earthquake-induced landslides and rockfalls in the EAFZ. The aim is to change the perception of the problem by viewing disasters as manageable risks and informing decision-making in urban planning and disaster mitigation strategies. Methods: A combination of geotechnical engineering, remote sensing, artificial intelligence and machine learning, and socio-economic analysis were used to develop a holistic software framework that solves the complex problem of earthquake prediction without any problems. Results: A software model has been developed that includes a dynamic learning component that refines its predictions with new data, allowing for a deeper understanding of geological subtleties and socio-economic impacts. Considerable attention is paid to the tangible consequences of landslides and rockfalls, including human, property and economic losses. Despite the inevitable challenges of data accuracy and natural unpredictability, the proposed approach opens up new possibilities for proactive disaster management. The results demonstrate a transformational step in data-driven geotechnics and highlight the global applicability of the methods proposed in this work. Conclusion: In this investigation, was taken a pioneering stride in the realm of geotechnical hazard analysis and prediction, focusing on the complex terrains of the East African Fracture Zone (EAFZ). The results provided critical insights into the dynamics of geotechnical hazards in the EAFZ, laying the foundation for future innovations and enhanced safety measures in vulnerable communities.

Background: Hypertension (HTN), a major public health concern, poses a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide. One of the objectives of the Iranian national blood pressure (BP) measurement campaign (INBPMC) executed in 2019-2020, was the detection of hypertensive patients who were unaware of their disease. This study investigated the effectiveness of the program in the Southeast and East of Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional analytical study, we collected the required data from 936 individuals participating in the INBPMC, using the cluster sampling method. People over 30 years old, without neuropsychiatric or sensorimotor disorder, with at least four years of education were included. The required data were collected through a checklist. Results: The Mean±SD age of the participants was 45.5±12.77 years, with 62.1% of the participants being male. The prevalence of HTN in this study was 36.2%, of which 16.2% were newly diagnosed. Among those previously diagnosed, 59 individuals (31.5%) had uncontrolled HTN. The Mean±SD age of the total hypertensive cases was 50.59±13.480 years, while the mean age of newly diagnosed cases was 43.39(11.246) years. There were significant associations between HTN and age (P

Dahi is a fermented milk product containing probiotic lactic acid bacteria. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize lactic acid-producing bacteria from native Dahi and evaluate their viability in orange juice using natural prebiotics. Dahi samples were obtained from local shops in Chattogram and Bogura, Bangladesh. Lactic acid-producing bacteria were isolated using MRS (de Mann Rogosa and Sharpe) medium. The isolated bacteria were identified through colony morphology, biochemical tests, and probiotic characteristics. Molecular identification was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting conserved 16S rDNA regions. Isolates of the genus Lactobacillus and Lactococcus lactis sp. Lactis were confirmed and used to develop probiotic orange juice. Prebiotics (Asparagus falcatus and Zingiber officinale) were added to the juice to support probiotic growth. The inoculated cell’s viability and the juice’s physicochemical parameters were evaluated during fermentation (48 hours) and storage (28 days). All fruit juice samples showed a mean number of viable cells of at least 1×105 CFU/mL during the 48-hour fermentation and 28-day storage in the refrigerator. Using natural prebiotics positively affected the survival of lactic acid bacteria, as demonstrated by bacterial colony growth on Petri dishes. Developing probiotic fruit juice enriched with prebiotics could be an effective alternative for individuals allergic or intolerant to milk-based products. Incorporating lactic acid bacteria from native Dahi into orange juice, combined with natural prebiotics, resulted in viable probiotic cells throughout fermentation and storage.