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Additional file 2: S1. Patient questionnaire.

Postsurgical scars can be a major concern for many patients. Young and Hutchison [1] found that patients were usually not satisfied with their surgical scars, with 91% stating that they would value any further improvement in their scars. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is one of the most common congenital anomalies worldwide [2,3]. Nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate affects approximately 1.5 to 2.5 cases per 1,000 live births, and its epidemiological distribution varies by ethnicity and geographic area [4,5]. In today’s culture, there is a major emphasis on facial appearances, largely driven by advances in social media. Individuals with deviations from what is considered “a normal look” may be socially stigmatized in their communities. Therefore, the final facial scar appearance remains a significant concern for affected individuals and their families. Herein, we review the process of wound healing and summarize the literature evaluating the effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) on scar formation in cleft lip repair.

Adenosine deaminase 1 [ADA] deficiency is a very rare condition inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Dysfunctional ADA enzyme activity result in toxic metabolite buildup within the cells compromising many body systems, most importantly the immune system integrity. Majority of patients with ADA deficiency suffer from severe combined immune deficiency [SCID]. If left untreated, patients usually succumb to infection before the age of two years. The management of ADA-SCID is complex and require both supportive measures to boost the immune system along with definitive treatment. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of ADA deficiency and the available treatment modalities. Key words: adenosine deaminase deficiency, enzyme replacement therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, gene therapy, immunity.