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Plant material used to synthesize metal nanoparticles, which considered a green technology. In this respect, using fresh and dry Alhagi plant, a non-toxic, eco-friendly, and cost-effective for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles have been devised. X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), transmission electron microscopy, FTIR analysis, TEM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) used to characterize the produced nanoparticles. The ZnO nanoparticles found to be crystalline in nature with a single phase, according to XRD examination and the average crystallite size calculated using the Scherer's formula was about 20.3 and 22.6 for ZnO by fresh and dry plant respectively. For the sample obtained by fresh Alhagi plant extract shown clear Plasmon resonance, while dry Alhagi plant extract ZnO Nps shown tiny Plasmon resonance. The band gaps of ZnO NPs using fresh plant extract were 3.12 and 3.5 eV, while the band gaps of ZnO prepared from dry plant extract ZnO Nps were 3.15 eV. By FTIR analysis Chemical bond formations of zinc oxide confirmed. TEM analysis of ZnO NPs prepared by fresh plant and dry plant, it found the size in range from 25 to 100 nm and 35 to 100 nm respectively. The SEM images of the NPs have different shape and size in range nanoscale. AFM of ZnO NPs showing mounds-like structure and the grains are homogenous and aligned vertically.

Wound healing is a process that starts with the inflammatory response after the occurrence of any damage. This process initiates by restoring the wound surface coating tissue, migrating fibroblasts to form the required collagen, forming a healing tissue and finally, leading to contortion and extraction of the wound. Today, various drugs are used to heal wounds. However, the drugs used to repair wounds have some defects and side effects. In spite of all attempts to accelerate wound healing definitely, no safe drug has been introduced for this purpose. Therefore, the necessity to identify herbal plants in ethnopharmacology and ethnobotany documents with healing effects is essential. In this article, we tried to review and present effective Iranian medicinal plants and herbal compounds used for wound healing. Searching was performed on databases, including ISI Web of Science, PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, ISC, SID, Magiran and some other databases. The keywords used included wound healing, skin treatment, medicinal plants, ethnobotany, and phytotherapy. In this regard, 139 medicinal plants effective on wound healing were identified based on ethnopharmacology and ethnobotanical sources of Iran. Plants such as Salvia officinalis, Echium amoenum, Verbascum spp., G1ycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa, Mentha pulegium, Datura stramonium L., Alhagi spp., Aloe vera, Hypericum perforatum, Pistacia atlantica and Prosopis cineraria are the most important and useful medicinal plants used for wound healing in Iran. These native Iranian medicinal plants are rich in antioxidants and biological compounds and might be used for wound healing and preparation of new drugs.

Alhagi pseudalhagi, commonly known as camel thorn, is used as an indigenous medicinal plant in China. The present study was designed to elucidate the structure of a novel polysaccharide, APP90-2, isolated from Alhagi pseudalhagi and evaluate its osteogenic activity. A homogeneous polysaccharide (APP90-2) was obtained from A. pseudalhagi via DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-100 columns, with a molecular weight of 5.9 kDa. Monosaccharide, GC–MS, and NMR analyses showed that APP90-2 consisted of α- l -Rhap-(1→, →3)-α- l -Araf-(1→, →5)-α- l -Araf-(1→, →4)-β- d -Xylp-(1→, α- d -Glcp-(1→, →3,5)-α- l -Araf-(1→, →4)-β- d -GlcAp-(1→, →4)-3-OAc-α- d -Glcp-(1→, →3)-α- d -Galp-(1→, →3)-β- d -GalAp-(1→, →4)-α- d -Galp-(1→, →6)-α- d -Manp-(1→, →4,6)-β- d -Galp-(1→, and →3,6)-β- d -Glcp-(1→ with relative molar ratios of 4.1:1.8:6.1:6.7:1.7:1.0:1.5:2.7:2.4:1.1:2.3:2.6:1.4:2.0. Morphological analyses revealed that APP90-2 interacted with Congo-red and had an obvious honeycomb structure. Additionally, APP90-2 significantly promoted proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells, indicating that APP90-2 exhibited pronounced osteogenic activity. Therefore, our findings suggest that A. pseudalhagi may be used as an alternative medicine or health supplement for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Alhagi, Leguminosae. This species is of high nutritional, medicinal and ecological values. The complete chloroplast genome was 128,418 bp and lost an IR (inverted repeat) region. Further annotation revealed the chloroplast genome contains 108 genes, including 75 protein coding genes, 29 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. A total of 103 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in the chloroplast genome. This chloroplast genome resource will be useful for study on the evolution and genetic diversity of A. sparsifolia in the future.

Alhagi maurorum is one of the species of Alhagi genus producing manna of Tarangabin. Tarangabin is mainly prepared in Iran and Afghanistan. The medicinal properties of Tarangabin and A. maurorum have been mentioned in some major Materia Medica manuscripts in the Islamic era. Tarangabin has various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, analgesic and gastrointestinal effects. The purpose of this review is to introduce Alhagi plant and its different species, to present its geographical distribution, and to review its phytochemical and pharmacological properties as well as traditional and folklore applications. Phytochemistry of different parts of Alhagi, such as root, leaf and manna is also explained in details. In addition, temperament and medicinal uses of Tarangabin mentioned in the Islamic traditional medicine (ITM) books are presented. Indeed, sparse clinical research has been done on the medicinal properties of Tarangabin, which calls for future well-designed trials.

In the review summarized the scientific literature on geographical distribution, the degree of knowledge of the chemical composition and biological activity of extracts and isolated individual compounds of the genus Alhagi Tourn. ex Adans. of the world flora. The structures of the isolated 300 compounds are presented belonging to the alkaloids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, lipids, and phenolic compounds. In quantitative terms, the phenolic compounds dominate, among which flavonoids belonging to the group flavone, flavonol, flavanone, isoflavone, isoflavonolignan and flavan-3-ols groups are prevails. Among them, to the chemotoxonomic markers can be include flavonols narcissin and its aglycone isorhamnetin, which are produced in major quantities in practically all species of the genus Alhagi. It was revealed that the qualitative composition of the metabolites of the same species of this genus depends on the ecological-geographical and soil-climatic conditions of their growth place. The data on the biological activity of extracts and isolated individual metabolites are considered. The main biologically active substances of the genus Alhagi are phenolic compounds. The presented information in the review shows that the plants of the genus Alhagi are promising for the creation of new pharmaceuticals. It was noted that in present time are being conducted in-depth preclinical pharmacological studies of the antioxidant preparation "Yantacin", the anti-inflammatory "Alkakhin", the biologically active complex "Alkhidin", and the antioxidant and antibacterial preparation "Zhantharid". Cited in the review information may be used as reference literature by phytochemists, biologists, and pharmacologists.

Alhagi graecorum Boiss. (Camel thorn) (Family Fabaceae) is a wild plant which grows in salty soils and dry environment. It is native to Mediterranean and central Asia. Several studies have revealed the use of Alhagi plants in treating a wide spectrum of diseases. In this study, eight ISSR primers were used to assess genetic diversity of five populations of A. graecorum (El-Dakhla Oasis; Botanical garden of botany department, Ain Shams University; Wadi El-Rayan; Qarun Lake and Siwa Oasis) using individual- and bulked samples based approaches. Twenty five individuals were sampled, amplified separately and amplified as bulked DNA to identify polymorphism among the studied populations. In total, 101 and 97 bands were scored with 83.3% and 78.4% polymorphism, respectively. Average polymorphism information content (PIC) for amplified DNA of individual samples was 0.875 and bulked-samples was recorded 0.69. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 63% of the total variation was observed among populations while variation within populations accounted for the remaining 37%. The highest genetic similarity index was (0.99) among the studied Alhagi genotypes was recorded between the two genotypes 6 and 7 both individuals were belonging to Ain Shams University population, while among inter populations was (0.853%) between Qarun Lake and Siwa Oasis populations. The UPGMA cluster analysis divided the 25 individuals and bulked samples into two main groups. Each group was further subdivided into many sub-clusters, PCoA was also carried out and in agreement with the UPGMA. The obtained results demonstrate that the ISSR markers were efficient for evaluation of the genetic relationships between intra- and inter-population due to their efficiency in revealing polymorphism.

The Alhagi genus (commonly known as Camel thorn) belongs to family Fabaceae, has various medicinal properties as revealed by several studies in some diseases treatment. The assessment of genetic diversity within and among Alhagi graecorum populations was carried out using ten SCoT primers. In this study, 25 individuals (five individuals from each population) were sampled, amplified separately and as bulked DNA (DNA from the five samples gathered from each population were bulked together to identify polymorphism among the studied populations). In total, 140 and 156 bands were scored with 71.3% and 63.7% polymorphism, respectively. Average polymorphism information content (PIC) for amplified DNA individual of samples was 0.87 and bulked- DNA samples was 0.75. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 52% of the total variation was observed within populations while variation among populations was 48%. The UPGMA cluster analysis divided the 25 individuals and bulked samples into two main groups, each group was further subdivided into many sub-clusters. PCoA was also carried out and in agreement with the UPGMA. The GC values of sequencing for three clearly unique bulked- DNA bands from (SCoT5, SCoT20 and SCoT21) were 54.7, 45.5 and 60.6%, respectively with average percentage 53.6%. The present results showed the efficiency of SCoT markers for the evaluation of genetic relationships between and among populations due to their efficiency in revealing polymorphism.

Alhagi honey polysaccharides (AH), a main active component of Alhagi honey, are known to possess excellent pharmacological activities and have been widely used as dietary supplements in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. This study is aimed to investigate the heath effect of AH on murine intestinal mucosal immune function and composition of the gut microbiome. ICR mice received daily intragastric administration of AH (three dosages, 200 mg kg-1, 400 mg kg-1, and 800 mg kg-1) or saline for 7 consecutive days. Results indicated an improvement in the intestinal barrier function through increases in secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and β-defensins. Simultaneously, AH also significantly stimulated IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α cytokine secretion as compared to the control samples. Moreover, hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that AH enhanced the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the small intestine. An obvious increase in the ratio of IgA+ cells of AH-treatment samples in the lamina propria was also detected by immunohistochemical staining. In addition, the CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell ratio in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches in the AH-treatment was significantly higher than that in the control group. Furthermore, 16S rDNA gene sequencing was used to monitor the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota. The result revealed that AH significantly increased the indexes of Shannon and obviously decreased the indexes of Simpson, suggesting the enhancement of the diversity and richness of the intestinal microbiome. Moreover, AH modulated the gut microbiome via increasing the abundance of probiotics and decreasing the levels of pathogenic bacteria. In summary, these results indicated that AH could be used as a prebiotic to enhance murine intestinal mucosal immunity and to modulate the gut microbiome.

Cyclophosphamide (CY), extensively used as an anti-cancer agent, could cause diverse side effects, such as immunosuppression and intestinal barrier damage. Alhagi honey polysaccharides (AH), polysaccharides isolated from Alhagi honey, are widely known for their anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. Herein, AH are evaluated for their ability to protect mice from CY-induced toxicity. The results demonstrated that treatment with AH could prevent the reduction in spleen and thymus indices as well as body weight, and significantly increase the Peyer's patch count in CY-induced mice and the levels of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum, suggesting the role of Alhagi honey polysaccharides in alleviating the immunosuppression induced by CY. Moreover, administration of AH significantly increased the SOD activity and the expression level of β-defensin while decreasing the MDA content and DAO activity in CY-treated mice, which suggested a protective effect of AH on the intestinal barrier. Simultaneously, a CY-induced decrease in the ratio of villi length/crypt depth and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells was reversed by AH treatment, as were the alterations in the expression of ZO-1, mucin-2, E-cadherin and occludin in the intestine and the concentrations of SCFAs in the colon. Furthermore, AH have the ability to regulate the MAPK pathway in CY-mice models to reduce CY-induced toxicity, evidenced by the increased expression of p-ERK and inhibited production of both p-JNK and p-p38. Overall, these results showed that AH could be used as protective agents to mitigate intestinal injury and immune suppression in mice induced by CY.

Background and Objectives: Alhagi pseudalhagi and Elaeagnus angustifolia are among the medicinal plants used traditionally in Afghanistan. The aim of present work was to study A. pseudalhagi herbs and E. angustifolia leaves for their preliminary phytochemical profile, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), in vitro antioxidant activity and sun protective factor (SPF). Methods: Alhagi pseudalhagi herb crude extract (APCE) and E. angustifolia leaves crude extract (EACE) were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. Standard qualitative phytochemical tests were performed to detect various phytochemicals in the crude drugs. Both of APCE and EACE were purified as per previously described method to obtain A. pseudalhagi herb purified extract (APPE) and E. angustifolia leaves purified extract (EAPE). The TPC, TFC, and SPF of the extracts were determined, Following prescribed methods. To evaluate in vitro antioxidative potential of the extracts, DPPH radical scavenging assay method was performed. The experiments were performed in three replications. Results: Carbohydrates, phenolics, flavonoids, sterols, tannins, and saponins were present in all tested extracts. The TPC of tested extracts ranged from 71.14 ± 2.10 to 203.76±2.07 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) / g dried extract, as recorded for APCE and EAPE, respectively. TFC values of 33.24±3.23 and 135.85 ±3.83 mg rutin equivalent (RUE) / g dried extract were found for EACE and EAPE, respectively. TFC values of 59.61±3.40 and 121.06±3.37 were recorded for APCE and APPE, respectively. DPPH radicals scavenging capacity and SPF of the tested extracts were positively correlated with their TPC and TFC. The EAPE and APPE produced IC50 value of 4.5 and 14.31, respectively. The higher SPF of 29.73 ± 0.31 was produced by EAPE, while APPE exhibited SPF of 17.83 ± 0.88, as calculated for 2mg/ml methanol solution of the extracts. Conclusion: Based on present study, EAPE revealed higher TPC and TFC values and hence, showed potent in vitro antioxidant potential and higher SPF value, as compared with A. pseudalhagi herb extracts. Therefore, EAPE could be highly recommended to be used in development of herbal sunscreen formulations.

This study investigates the alcoholic extract effect of Alhagi camelorum on blood glucose and lipid profiles in diabetic rats made by streptozotocin (STZ). Male rats were divided into four groups. The control group received a normal diet. The diabetic group was induced by STZ and two diabetic experimental groups received alcoholic extracts of A. camelorum at a dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg by means of gavage, respectively. Blood samples were collected on 21st from all the groups. Findings show that there is a significant increase in the level of fasting blood sugar and lipid profiles in diabetic group when the results compared to the control group (p

Alhagi honey polysaccharides (AHP) have been widely studied as immunomodulators. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles have been frequently used to control the release of drugs. In this study, AHP was extracted and encapsulated within PLGA (AHPP). Enhancement of immune activity in vitro and the adjuvanticity when inoculated with OVA were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the average molecular weight of AHP was 46.8 kDa and possessed typical polysaccharide absorption peaks. The entrapment efficiency for AHP within AHPP was 65.76 ± 3.31%. AHPP significantly stimulated phagocytic activity, MHCII and CD86 expression in macrophages. Further investigation showed that AHPP/OVA significantly enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and improved the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. Moreover, AHPP/OVA treatment significantly increased IgG levels and up-regulated Th-associated cytokines with overall Th1 polarization. These studies demonstrated that AHP encapsulated within PLGA as a vaccine delivery system enhanced adaptive immunity.

Alhagi Gagnebin (Fabaceae: Hedysareae) is a small genus of shrubs or subshrubs distributed in temperate and tropical regions of Asia, Europe, and Africa. The exact number of Alhagi species in Iran has been disputable. Studies showed that morphology, seed protein, and chromosome characters could not clearly delimitate the species boundaries of the genus. In order to determine species boundaries and the population structure of Alhagi species in Iran, eight labeled inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used to screen 22 populations including 110 individuals. STRUCTURE, PCoA and clustering analyses of ISSR data were able to clearly split all populations of Alhagi in Iran into two distinct groups. As the populations A. pseudalhagi and A. maurorum jointly formed a group (A. maurorum complex) segregated from those of Alhagi graecorum. Further analyses of A. maurorum complex showed a significant molecular difference among the studied populations (PhiPT value = 0.213, P = 0.001) as well as a high amount of variability within populations (79%) indicating frequent genetic exchanges. Structure analysis of complex populations (K = 2) showed no distinct genetic pattern related to their geographical distribution. In this study, Alhagi has retrieved the only two species of Alhagi in Iran; A. graecorum and A. maurorum.

Camelthorn, Alhagi maurorum Medik. (Fabaceae, Leguminosae), a native component of the Asian flora, is invasive in Australia, South Africa and the USA where it is considered a noxious weed in several states. To date there is no biological control program against this weed; however, initial investigations into potential biocontrol agents revealed an eriophyid mite, Aceria alhagi Vidovic & Kamali, causing considerable damage in the native range. The mite attacks the growing tips as well as the flowers of the plants, not only reducing height and plant vigor but also reducing seed set. To assess the host range and impact of this potential biological control agent, on the target weed, no-choice tests as well as an open-field impact experiment were conducted at the research farm of the School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, over 2 years (2018 and 2019). Results from the no-choice tests suggest that A. alhagi poses negligible risk to the non-target plants tested in this study. In the first year of the open field impact test, plants did not flower; however, plant height was significantly reduced by mite attack. In the second year, significant reductions in plant biomass (26%), seed production (95%) and photosynthesis (53%) were observed in response to mite attack that would potentially limit the competitiveness of camelthorn as well as long-distance dispersal through seed in the invaded range. These results suggest that A. alhagi is a promising candidate for the biological control of camelthorn and should be prioritized for any future studies, expanding on the host range testing and safety.

Endophytes have the potential to enhance the ability of plants to resist salt stress, improving crop development and yield. Therefore, in this study, we isolated an endophyte that produced large amounts of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from the roots of sea rice and examined its effects on the physiological responses of rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica "Nipponbare") seedlings to salt stress using hydroponic experiments. The endophyte was named Pantoea alhagi NX-11 based on its morphological characteristics and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence alignment. Rice seedlings that had been inoculated with P. alhagi NX-11 exhibited a 30.3% increase in fresh weight, a 28.6% increase in root length, a 51.6% increase in shoot length, and a 26.3% increase in chlorophyll content compared with control seedlings under normal conditions. In addition, inoculated rice seedlings had a 37.5% lower malondialdehyde content, a 133% higher K+/Na+ ratio, and a 52.8% higher proline content after 7 days under salt stress, as well as up-regulated expression of proline synthase, down-regulated expression of proline dehydrogenase, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. Interestingly, rice seedlings that were inoculated with an EPS-deficient strain named NX-11eps- that was obtained by atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis were damaged by salt stress and had similar physiological and biochemical indicators to the control group. Therefore, we speculate that the ability of P. alhagi NX-11 to enhance the salt tolerance of rice seedlings is related to the EPSs it produces.

The plant Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv. (family: Fabaceae) have long been used traditionally mainly for the treating rheumatism and gout in Indian system of medicine. The present work explores the phytochemical screening and effect of the crude extract of the aerial parts of A. pseudalhagi and its fractions in different experimental models of arthritis. The dried pulverized aerial parts of the plant were extracted using 95% ethanol and water. The 95% ethanolic extract (APEE) was fractionated in four fractions including chloroform fraction (APC), ethyl acetate fraction (APEA), methanolic fraction (APM) and aqueous fraction (APA). Both extracts and all the four fractions were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC. Hematological and biochemical parameters viz. measurement of paw volume, joint diameter, body weight, RBC, WBC, Platelets, CRP, RF, Hb, ALT, AST, ALP and Total protein were determined on APEE and APEA and justified by histopathological and radiological analysis. The anti-arthritic activity was evaluated using Formaldehyde induced arthritic model, Turpentine induced arthritic model and complete freund’s adjuvant arthritic model in wistar albino rats. The plant exhibited dose dependent anti arthritic effect in Formaldehyde, Turpentine induced and complete freund’s adjuvant arthritic model. The ethyl acetate fraction showed more significant effect as compared to the 95% ethanolic extract at 400 mg/kg body weight dose. A. pseudalhagi remarkably ameliorated altered hematological parameters, body weight and positively modified radiographic and histopathological changes.

A simple, accurate and precise HPTLC method has been developed for the estimation of rutin from the aerial parts of Alhagi pseudalhagi (M. Bieb) Desv. The method employed silica gel 60 F254 precoated plates as stationary phase and a mixture of ethyl acetate: acetic acid: formic acid: water (10:1:1:1 v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric scanning was performed at 366 nm after derivatizing the resolved peaks with anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 400-1200ng/spot with regression equation for standard rutin as Y= 7.658x - 53.86 and r2=0.9885. The Retention factor for rutin is 0.39 ± 0.008. The % RSD (n=9) for interday, intraday precision and the recovery values were found to be 1.31% and 1.46% and 99.55-101.12%, respectively. The method was validated as per ICH Guidelines, proving its utility in estimation of rutin from the aerial parts of Alhagi pseudalhagi (M. Bieb) Desv.

The volatile compounds of hexane, benzene extracts and essential oils (EOs) isolated by steam- and hydrodistillation methods from aerial part of Alhagi canescens were studied by GC-MS analysis. Seventeen components were found in the hexane and benzene extracts, among them palmitic acid (25.2 and 22.1%), neophytadiene (7.3 and 22.3%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (11.0% in benzene), cis-geranyl acetate (7.8% in benzene) were major components. The first time fifty-six volatile compounds were identified in the EOs and camphor (5.9 and 27.8%), bicyclogermacrene (13.4 and 4.0%), α-copaene (6.1 and 2.6%), (-)-germacrene D (10.8 and 3.6%) and eucalyptol (3.7 and 8.1%) were the main components. The benzene, hexane extracts and EOs were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The benzene extract possess the highest antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (12.12 ± 0.20) and Staphylococcus aureus (10.04 ± 0.10).

We report the recovery of a 7068-nt viral sequence from the “viral fossils” embedded in the genome of Alhagi sparsifolia, a typical desert plant. Although the full viral genome remains to be completed, the putative genome structure, the deduced amino acids and phylogenetic analysis unambiguously demonstrate that this viral sequence represents a novel species of the genus Badnavirus. The putative virus is tentatively termed Alhagi bacilliform virus (ABV). Southern blotting and inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data indicate that the ABV-related sequence is integrated into the A. sparsifolia genome, and probably does not give rise to functional episomal virus. Molecular evidence that the ABV sequence exists widely in A. sparsifolia is also presented. To our knowledge, this is the first endogenous badnavirus identified from plants in the Gobi desert, and may provide new clues on the evolution, geographical distribution as well as the host range of the badnaviruses.

A Gram-stain-negative strain, 23-3-2T, was isolated from a nodule of Thermopsis lanceolate grown in Northwest China. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain was closely related to Mesorhizobium camelthorni CCNWXJ 40-4T and M. alhagi CCNWXJ 12-2T having 98.0 and 97.9% similarities, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the protein-coding genes atpD and glnA showed lower similarity with the same closely related species (94.5 and 89.9%, respectively), which suggest that 23-3-2T strain represents a distinctly delineated genospecies of the genus Mesorhizobium. The 23-3-2T strain grew at 20–37 °C temperature (optimum 28 °C) and 5.0–9.0 pH range (optimum pH 7.0). The cells contained Q-10 as the sole respiratory quinone and 18:1ω7c (24.56%) as the major cellular fatty acid. The DNA relatedness between the strain 23-3-2T and the two reference strains was 39–44%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain 23-3-2T represents a novel species of the genus Mesorhizobium, for which the name Mesorhizobium zhangyense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 23-3-2T (= CGMCC 1.15528T = NBRC 112337T). The respective DPD Taxon Number is TA00147.

The current study evaluate the effect of aqueous extract from the shoot of Alhagi maurorum at different rates (0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 %, w/v) on some physiological parameters of pea. The pot experiment revealed that Alhagi maurorum aqueous extract reduced all growth parameters of pea plant. Also, photosynthesis pigments, insoluble sugars, total carbohydrate, total protein and total phenolics were markedly reduced in response to treatment with aqueous Alhagi extract. On other hand, soluble sugars, soluble protein, proline and flavonoids increased upon treatment with Alhagi maurorum extract.