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Security is a vital parameter to conserve energy in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Trust management in the WSN is a crucial process as trust is utilized when collaboration is important for accomplishing trustworthy data transmission. But the available routing techniques do not involve security in the design of routing techniques. This study develops a novel statistical analysis with dingo optimizer enabled reliable routing scheme (SADO-RRS) for WSN. The proposed SADO-RRS technique aims to detect the existence of attacks and optimal routes in WSN. In addition, the presented SADORRS technique derives a new statistics based linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for attack detection, Moreover, a trust based dingo optimizer (TBDO) algorithm is applied for optimal route selection in the WSN and accomplishes secure data transmission in WSN. Besides, the TBDO algorithm involves the derivation of the fitness function involving different input variables of WSN. For demonstrating the enhanced outcomes of the SADO-RRS technique, a wide range of simulations was carried out and the outcomes demonstrated the enhanced outcomes of the SADO-RRS technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For specialized applications, it is incumbent to develop new materials that enable manufacturers to develop new processes and designs. For better fuel economy, structural integrity, and lightweight applications, the development of bimetallic steel/aluminum (Al) alloys having a strong interfacial bond is required. Therefore, a mild steel/Al-bearing alloy bimetallic composite was investigated in this study. Firstly, a tin (Sn) interlayer was developed between the steel substrate and the Al-bearing alloy by the tinning process. For further improvement in the interfacial integrity, alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles were added to the Sn powder during the tinning process. Four different wt.% of Al2O3 nanoparticles of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 were added and mixed thoroughly with Sn powder before mixing them with flux prior to the tinning process. Finally, molten Al-bearing alloy (Al–Sn-Si–Cu) was poured over the Al2O3 nanoparticles reinforced tinned steel substrate. A cross-section of the steel/Al-bearing alloy bimetallic composite was prepared for optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and shear testing. The cross-section microstructure of the steel/Al-bearing alloy bimetallic composite revealed irregular and discontinuous interfacial layers in the case of the low-temperature (170 °C) tinning process. However, a uniform, continuous interfacial layer was fabricated during the tinning process when additional preheat to the steel substrate and tinning process was adopted. It can be reported that low Al2O3 nanoparticles loading (0.25%) and steel substrate preheating were recommended for the better interfacial layer in the steel/Al-bearing alloy bimetallic composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new two-parameter discrete model, called discrete Type-II half-logistics exponential (DTIIHLE) distribution using the survival discretization approach. The DTIIHLE distribution can be utilized to model COVID-19 data. The model parameters are estimated using the maximum likelihood method. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the maximum likelihood estimators. The usefulness of the proposed distribution is evaluated using two real-life COVID-19 data sets. The DTIIHLE distribution provides a superior fit to COVID-19 data as compared with competitive discrete models including the discrete-Pareto, discrete Burr-XII, discrete log-logistic, discrete-Lindley, discrete-Rayleigh, discrete inverse-Rayleigh, and natural discrete-Lindley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer is the third most common malignancy in women worldwide, and it remains a leading cause of cancer-related death for women in developing countries Aim and objectives: the aim of the paper is to assess and increase the awareness toward cancer cervix, early detection and prevention of risk factors among Saudi males and females. Materials and Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 740 Saudi males and females above the age of 16 years. The participants were randomly enrolled in this study. Results: the participants 446 (60.3%) females and 294 (39.7%) males were included in the study. Majority of the participants (n= 547, 73.9%) have heard about cervical cancer but most of them didn't know that it is a preventable disease (n= 359, 48.5%). We found that; only 17.6% of the study group has heard about HPV Vaccine. It could be attributed to low level of knowledge about the virus itself, since only 19.9% of the population knew about the virus. Conclusion: there is a great need to increase the educational standards of the society and improve the information and knowledge about this important disease to reduce the number of patients as well as raising the health status of the populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sn-based Babbitt alloy was reinforced with alumina nanoparticles to prepare a novel class of nanocomposites. The route of liquid metallurgy in combination with stirring mechanism was chosen to prepare nanocomposites with three different loadings of alumina nanoparticles, i.e., 0.25 wt%, 0.50 wt% and 1.0 wt%. The molten mixture of metallic matrix and nanoparticles was poured over carbon steel substrate for solidification to manufacture a bimetallic material for bearing applications. The underlying aim was to understand the effect of nanoparticle addition on microstructural variation of Sn-based Babbitt alloy as well as bimetallic microstructural interface. The addition of 0.25 wt% and 0.50 wt% alumina nanoparticles significantly affected both the morphology and distribution of Cu 6 Sn 5 hard phase in solid solution, which changed from needle and asterisk shape to spherical morphology. Nanocomposites containing up to 0.50 wt% nanoparticles showed more improvement in tensile strength than the one containing 1.0 wt% nanoparticles, due to nanoparticle-agglomeration and micro-cracks at the interface. The addition of 0.5 wt% nanoparticles significantly improved the wear resistance of Sn-based Babbitt alloy.

Objective: To determine whether the post-operative complication rate of thyroidectomy can be reduced using surgical loupes to identify parathyroid gland and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) with simultaneous intraoperative neuromonitoring of RLN., Methods: This retrospective chart review was conducted from December 2012 to March 2013 at the Ear, Nose, Throat, and Head-Neck Department of King Saud Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study group included patients who underwent primary thyroid surgeries performed from July 2007 to September 2011, older than 16 years old, without history of vocal cord palsy, hypocalcemia, and sternotomy. Patient outcomes were analyzed with emphasis on complication rates related to the procedure, operative duration, use of drain, and length of hospital stay., Results: Eighty-eight patients underwent thyroid surgeries during our study period. Sixty-one underwent total thyroidectomy. Temporary hypocalcemia accounted for 14 (15.9%), and permanent hypocalcemia accounted for 5 (5.7%) of the patients. None of the patients showed vocal cord paralysis, wound infections, or thyroid crisis post-operatively. The length of hospital stay was 2-7 days., Conclusion: Careful neuromonitoring of the RLN nerve using surgical loupes will minimize post-surgical complications, decrease hospital stay, and eventually improve surgery outcomes.