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Una comprensión adecuada de la explicación (y de la argumentación) científica escolar requiere introducir consistentemente en la enseñanza de las ciencias naturales aportaciones de distintas disciplinas metacientíficas (tales como la filosofía, la historia y la sociología de la ciencia). Una manera de trabajar en esta línea con gran tradición en la didáctica de las ciencias es el análisis epistemológico crítico de narraciones de casos de históricos. Los casos pueden ser herramientas eficaces para ejemplificar los contenidos de naturaleza de la ciencia que deberían impartirse en las clases. En este trabajo, narraciones de algunos “epítomes” (o ejemplos paradigmáticos) de descubrimiento científico se analizan epistemológicamente utilizando como marco conceptual la teorización sobre la inferencia abductiva. El propósito es ayudar al profesorado de ciencias a entender en contexto algunos aspectos metodológicos centrales de la indagación científica.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar las ventajas de considerar al enfoque de Ronald Giere separado de lo que se ha llamado la familia semanticista en filosofía de la ciencia. Principalmente porque rechaza las relaciones diádicas de representación isomórfica y de verdad para la representación científica. Mostraremos aquí que, especialmente a partir de su noción de similitud, los beneficios de una interpretación pragmática de su enfoque, que estaría en mejor relación con la propia práctica científica con modelos, así como con el debate contemporáneo sobre la representación. Para ello, recurriremos a un breve ejemplo de modelos DIBs en biología.

Design has usually been linked to art and applied in scenarios related to everyday life. Even when design has, on occasion, made its way into the world of academia, it has always been closely linked to art and scenarios related everyday life. At last, however, the idea of design has reached the field of epistemology: an area within the very heart of philosophy that has always focused, in theory, on the foundations of knowledge. Consequently, design is being studied from different approaches interested in the foundation of knowledge, theoretical and practical. This is one of the reasons why abduction and pragmatism have been considered relevant from a design perspective. This paper first shows the main features of abduction and pragmatism, describes their evolution and considers their mutual implications. Second, the epistemology of design is analysed considering its most relevant characteristics. Third, the connection between abduction and, on the one hand, pragmatism and, on the other, design epistemology is addressed. Finally, the role of abductive inference in grounding a real epistemology for design theory from the naturalised cognitive perspective of abduction is outlined. The central proposition is that this approach is essential as a methodological innovation, as it allows us to analyse both the inquiry process and the design process as interdependent when dealing with practical problems of a social and cultural nature. This approach allows us to analyse how human actions determine changes in the theoretical framework from which we make our inquiry. In short, the world is an open-ended project that humans design through our daily inquiry.

Abstract This review provides a comprehensive list of in vivo and in vitro studies that have investigated alcohol induced dose dumping (AIDD) in modified release dosage forms. Of the numerous classes of drugs commercially available as modified release products, opioids, centrally acting drugs, and drugs with a narrow therapeutic index present high risks from dose dumping, despite being formulated in a manner that releases drug in a tailored or delayed fashion. Awareness of AIDD has led to the withdrawal of a few marketed products by Regulatory Agencies, and black box warnings on others. Since then, significant effort has focused on proving the robustness of a formulation when co-ingested with alcohol. Patient risk is deemed to be low if the formulation and its performance is unimpaired by the presence of 0–40% alcohol under in vivo and in vitro conditions.

Malebranche, Nicolas (2015) Tratado de amor y Conversación de un filósofo cristiano con un filósofo chino Madrid: Encuentro, 153 p. ISBN 978-84-9055-076-2

Łukasiewicz, Jan (2015) Sobre el principio de contradicción en Aristóteles Madrid: Encuentro (Opuscula Philosophica, 55), 64 p. ISBN 978-84-9055-084-7

Crònica del III Congrés Català de Filosofia.

Borrell, Josep (2013) Del silici a la raó: La xarxa com a continu en l’emergentisme de Ferrater Mora Girona: Documenta Universitaria, 122 p. ISBN 978-84-9984-223-3

Reports on the effect of phenylpropanolamine (PPA), a noncatecholamine sympathomimetic weight loss agent, in 24 overweight women, as published in `The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,' volume 57, February 1993. Placebo as control; Changes in 24-hour energy expenditure and respiratory quotient.

Evidence suggests an increasing number of US families are adopting internationally born children with HIV (IACH). Little is known about the experiences of adoptive parents, particularly how they help children navigate adolescence. Many adopted children may have additional needs as they mature into adolescence. Forty-four parents of 51 IACH were recruited from three pediatric infectious disease clinics and social media sites. The majority identified as white ( n  = 43), Christian ( n  = 38), and female ( n  = 43). Mean age of adoptees was 10.1 years (range 3-19, 33 females, 25 from African countries, and Russia, Ukraine, China, Haiti, Columbia, Estonia). Participants completed semi-structured audio-recorded interviews focused on experienced and potential challenges as their child matures. Interviews were coded for emergent themes. Findings identified universal concerns about sexuality. Some parents had not yet discussed sex with their child due to age/level of maturity. Others stated they had "the talk" and some emphasized the importance of abstinence before marriage while others highlighted the importance of comprehensive sex education and open communication. Finally, parents acknowledged that HIV was a manageable illness and hoped their children lived long healthy lives. Medical and mental health clinicians can support families as their child transitions into adolescence.

An increasing number of U.S. families are adopting children with HIV born outside the country. This exploratory qualitative study seeks to understand providers' perspectives on international adoptee and family preparation and adjustment to life in the U.S. Eleven psychosocial and five medical care providers participated in hour-long, semi-structured, recorded interviews focused on their experiences caring for internationally adopted children with HIV (IACH) and their adoptive parents. Transcribed interviews were analyzed to identify emergent themes. Providers described considerable variation among families who adopted children. Some had grown biological children and several adopted multiple children with special needs. Most were connected to communities of faith which served as an inspiration to adopt and offered support. Serious medical and HIV-related issues were minimal. Psychosocial concerns were more common and included attachment, adjustment, and behavioral issues. Participants noted that adoptive parents were well informed about HIV, but less prepared for cognitive delays and emotional challenges. Some providers experienced or expected to have challenges offering sexual and reproductive health education to adolescents due to their adoptive parents' religious beliefs on sexuality. Additional support managing behavioral and emotional challenges, as well as sexual education, may be needed especially as IACH transition into adolescence and young adulthood.

Hypertension, diabetes, and obesity frequently coexist and significantly contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Weight loss in obese individuals has been associated with improved blood pressure control and regression in left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. The authors investigated the impact of comorbidity and medication on clinical and echocardiographic parameters after weight loss in obese patients. Serial echocardiography and clinical data were collected in 62 patients before bariatric surgery and after 6 months or 10% weight loss. Obese patients with diabetes or hypertension had higher baseline LV mass (LVM) (334 + or - 73 g in hypertension and diabetes vs 252 + or - 97 g in hypertension and 219 + or - 75 g in disease-free patients, P = .003; P = .089 for differences in LVM indexed by height), despite the lack of significant differences in body mass index or systolic blood pressure. There were no significant differences in baseline LVM or LVM index related to the medication used to treat hypertension. After weight loss, patients on beta-blocker therapy experienced the most significant LV hypertrophy regression (-76.5 + or - 79.1 g with beta-blockers, -17.8 + or - 43.7 g with diuretics, -4.5 + or - 46.6 g with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and -23.1 + or - 50.9 g in not treated patients, overall P = .538; beta-blockers vs no therapy P < .005; P = .145 for differences in LVM index). Bariatric surgery, combined with a weight loss program, provide substantial weight and LVM reduction regardless of comorbidities or blood pressure changes. beta-Blocker therapy appears to be associated with the greatest LVM regression after weight loss.

Background: Obesity frequently results in structural and physiologic changes in the cardiovascular system. Whether weight reduction leads to reversal of these changes is not well-established. This investigation sought to identify the effect of a weight reduction program on right and left ventricular structure and function., Methods: Sixty-two patients presenting to the eating disorders clinic at a single academic institution for weight loss programs were prospectively enrolled. Baseline and follow-up transthoracic echocardiograms were obtained after at least 10% weight reduction or 6 months after baseline echocardiogram. Complete 2-dimensional echocardiograms were performed with M-mode, flow Doppler, and tissue Doppler evaluation., Results: Patients lost an average of 28.2 +/- 3 kg over a period of 266 +/- 36 days. Left ventricular mass decreased significantly from 255.87 +/- 12 to 228 +/- 11 gm. There were no statistically significant changes in contractility or diastolic indices. The ratios of early-to-late diastolic mitral inflow velocities (E/A) increased from 1.30 +/- 0.05 to 1.32 +/- 0.06. The ratio of early mitral flow to early annular velocity (E/Em) also increased from 5.57 +/- 0.22 cm to 5.82 +/- 0.23 cm. Deceleration time increased from 213.26 +/- 5.3 s to 228.47 +/- 5.7 s., Conclusions: Weight reduction is associated with decrease in left ventricular diastolic size and left ventricular mass. This weight reduction is not associated with statistically significant improvement in systolic or diastolic function.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of drug therapy on weight loss, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores, and binge eating patterns (BES) between obese binge eaters and non-binge eaters., Research Methods and Procedures: 22 severe binge eaters, 17 moderate binge eaters, and 16 non-binge eaters received phentermine resin 15mg/day and dl-fenfluramine 20mg three times daily over a 6 month period for weight loss. All data are reported as mean+/-S., Results: The percent weight loss compared to baseline within the 3 groups ranged from 8.9% to 11.3% at 3 months and 10.6% to 14.9% at 6 months. After 6 months, 73% of the severe binge eaters, 59% of moderate binge eaters and 69% of non-binge eaters had experienced more than 10% weight loss. BDI scores were significantly higher in the severe group at baseline when compared to non-binge eaters (p<0.006). After 3 and 6 months BDI scores improved in all groups but remained significantly different between the severe and non-binge eaters until the 6-month assessment. BES scores declined in all groups over the 6-month period. Echocardiograms were performed in 35 of 55 subjects following reports of a possible association between fenfluramine and valvular changes. Fifteen (43%) of subjects had no abnormal findings and 20 (57%) had evidence of valvular insufficiency occurring in one or more valves. Seven patients (20%) had significant valve damage according to the DHHS and FDA criteria., Conclusion: After 24 weeks of treatment severe binge eaters improved their eating pattern, depression scores, and achieved weight loss similar to non-binge eaters. These data suggest that pharmacologic intervention for weight loss and subsequent weight maintenance can be as successful in binge eaters as non-binge eaters. A relationship was seen between duration of drug treatment and valvular insufficiency in subjects treated for an average of 52 weeks. These findings validate the FDA requirement for studies of at least 1 year duration to evaluate both the safety and efficacy of pharmacologic treatment for obesity.

BACKGROUND: a prospective randomized study was undertaken to compare the outcome of vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) and gastric bypass (GBP) in patients with clinically severe obesity. METHODS: eligibility criteria included Class IV obesity, < 50 years old and a history of at least one attempt of non-operative weight loss. Patients were managed conservatively for 3 months prior to surgery. Patients were followed post-operatively and monitored for early and late complications and their weight loss outcome for up to 5 years. RESULTS: 44 patients were recruited. Two patients withdrew within 4 weeks and were excluded. Twenty subjects had a GBP and 22 a VBG. There were no significant differences with respect to age, gender, maximum or pre-operative weight between the groups (p > 0.05). Patients who underwent GBP demonstrated significantly greater post-operative weight loss (p < 0.05) which was apparent from 6 months onwards. There were no deaths, pulmonary emboli, post-operative leaks or wound dehiscence. There were no instances of staple-line disruption. Symptomatic ulcer disease, confirmed endoscopically, developed in 25% of GBP patients. Nine patients developed gallstones post-operatively of whom five were in the VBG and four in the GBP group. CONCLUSIONS: weight loss following GBP was maintained, while VBG patients slowly regained.