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Introducción: Evaluar la personalidad es cada vez más necesario dentro de diferentes áreas de investigación. A pesar de que existen varias opciones para la evaluación del modelo de los cinco factores; existen pocos estudios que reporten las características en población Latinoamericana. Objetivo: El presente estudio presenta un análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del inventario de los cinco factores de personalidad (BFI, por sus siglas en ingles) que evalúa la personalidad siguiendo del modelo de los cinco grandes. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una adecuada fiabilidad (α = .78) de la prueba. La evaluación de la validez exploratoria y confirmatoria sugiere la que el instrumento se puede usar en población mexicana, pero surge la necesidad de revisar algunos ítems que son culturalmente equivalentes, así como el factor Agradabilidad y las asociaciones entre factores que pudiera obedecer a factores culturales. Discusión: La incorporación de metodologías robustas que consideran la naturaleza ordinal de las escalas Likert, como el análisis factorial con la incorporación del intercepto aleatorio; permiten mejorar el ajuste de los modelos sin alterar la estructura de las covarianzas ni usar los estimadores para ajustar las covarianzas. Es necesaria mayor investigación en población mexicana.

Introducción: Evaluar la empatía es cada vez más necesario dentro de diferentes áreas de investigación. Objetivo: El presente estudio presenta un análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario Test de Empatía Cognitiva y Afectiva (TECA) que evalúa la empatía desde una perspectiva integral; siendo uno de los pocos construidos originalmente en el lenguaje español. Método: Sé evaluó la fiabilidad y validez de constructo en 607 adultos (137 hombres/ 470 mujeres) estudiantes de población mexicana. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una adecuada fiabilidad del instrumento en general (α = .86). Sin embargo, los análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios sugiere la necesidad de revisar los ítems. Discusión: La incorporación de metodologías robustas que consideran la naturaleza ordinal de las escalas Likert, como el análisis factorial con la incorporación del intercepto aleatorio permiten mejorar el ajuste de los modelos sin alterar la estructura factorial original. Por último, la invariancia métrica no es alcanzada entre la muestra española original y la mexicana. Conclusiones: El TECA se puede aplicar en población mexicana pero se sugiere una revisión en la construcción de los ítems.

Obsevation: Endotoxic shock is a life-threatening condition and its sequelae represent an array of clinical symptoms that encompass systemic inflammation, coagulopathy, and abnormalities of the renal, hepatic, pulmonary and hematologic systems, followed by multi-organ failure. Furthermore, systemic failure leads to an unfavorable environment in the gut that causes an imbalance in the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota. In the present study, the effect of symbiotics as adjuvant therapy in endotoxic shock was investigated. Adult male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: Control group received a single intraperitoneal injection of physiological saline solution, and the other two groups received either a symbiotic formulation or a placebo daily, for one week, followed by the administration of a single lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli (20 mg/Kg, IP). Results: The symbiotic formulation used improved the survival rate of LPS-treated rats, ameliorated the clinical symptomatology, reduced the production of serum proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), and preserved the mitochondrial membrane fluidity and ATPase activity. Conclusion: The symbiotic formulation used as a pre-treatment in this experimental model, reduced mortality and showed beneficial effects at the systemic and sub-cellular levels. *Corresponding author: Dr. Genaro Gabriel Ortiz, DevelopmentAging Laboratory, Neurodegenerative diseases, Division of Neurosciences, CIBO-IMSS, Sierra Mojada 800 CP 44340. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, Tel: (0133) 2015 3651; E-mail: genarogabriel@yahoo.com Received Date: April 13, 2016 Accepted Date: June 06, 2016 Published Date: June 09, 2016

To evaluate the clinical competence of Mexican and Guatemalan physicians to management the family dysfunction.Cross comparative study in four care units first in Guadalajara, Mexico, and four in Guatemala, Guatemala, based on a purposeful sampling, involving 117 and 100 physicians, respectively. Clinical competence evaluated by validated instrument integrated for 187 items. Non-parametric descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed.The percentage of Mexican physicians with high clinical competence was 13.7%, medium 53%, low 24.8% and defined by random 8.5%. For the Guatemalan physicians'14% was high, average 63%, and 23% defined by random. There were no statistically significant differences between healthcare country units, but between the medium of Mexicans (0.55) and Guatemalans (0.55) (p = 0.02).The proportion of the high clinical competency of Mexican physicians' was as Guatemalans.

Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de competencia clinica de medicos mexicanos y guatemaltecos para manejar la disfuncion familiar. Metodo: Diseno transversal comparativo en cuatro unidades de atencion primara de la ciudad de Guadalajara, Mexico, y cuatro de Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala, segun un muestreo propositivo; participaron 117 y 100 medicos, respectivamente. Competencia clinica evaluada mediante instrumento validado integrado por 187 reactivos. Se realizo analisis estadistico descriptivo e inferencial no parametrico. Resultados: El porcentaje de medicos mexicanos con competencia clinica alta fue del 13.7%, media 53%, baja 24.8% y definida por el azar 8.5%. Para los medicos guatemaltecos, el 14% fue alto, el 63% medio y el 23% definido por el azar. No hubo diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre unidades medicas por pais, pero ni entre las medianas de los mexicanos (0.55) y de los guatemaltecos (0.55) (p = 0.02). Conclusion: La competencia clinica alta entre los medicos mexicanos aumento es igual que en los guatemaltecos

ResumenIntroducciónLas quemaduras son un problema de salud pública ubicado dentro de las 20 principales causas de morbilidad en México. Uno de los grupos más vulnerables son los niños. Al realizar un análisis de los casos, se aporta para un mejor entendimiento del problema y pueden generarse medidas preventivas al respecto. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el perfil epidemiológico de niños con quemaduras que ingresan a la Unidad de Niños con Quemaduras del Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca.MétodosSe realizó un estudio transversal que incluyó características demográficas del lesionado, de sus padres y de las quemaduras de niños atendidos durante 2009 a 2011. El análisis estadístico se llevó a cabo mediante el cálculo de frecuencias absolutas, proporciones e intervalos de confianza de 95%.ResultadosEl perfil epidemiológico de los niños lesionados fue principalmente de varones (63.4%) menores de cinco años de edad (65.2%), con escolaridad de acuerdo con su edad (69.2%); hijos de padres menores de 35 años con escolaridad básica. Las lesiones fueron causadas por agua (56.2%) durante el lapso de las 12 p.m. a las 11:59 p.m. (73.0%) produciendo quemaduras de segundo grado superficial y profundo o menores (69.2%) que afectaron menos del 20% de la superficie corporal total (74.5%).ConclusionesEste perfil epidemiológico permite ampliar el panorama de las acciones preventivas, iniciando con investigaciones científicas que orienten el rumbo que se debe seguir, trabajando conjuntamente con instituciones públicas y privadas en la elaboración de programas y estrategias, así como el establecimiento de una política pública para lesiones no intencionales.AbstractBackgroundBurns are a public health problem, ranking among the 20 principal causes of morbidity in Mexico. Children are a more vulnerable group to suffer from these injuries. For that reason, we analyzed cases in order to gain a better comprehension and to propose preventive measures for this problem. The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiological profile of those injuries to allow us to plan and implement actions for burn prevention.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study that included demographic characteristics of the child, the parents and the burn injuries from children treated at this Burn Unit. Statistical analysis was done to calculate amounts, proportions and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsThe epidemiological profile of the injuries included males (63.4%)

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system associated with increased oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial alterations. Fish oil consumption has neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in patients with relapsing-recurrent MS (RR-MS). Objective: To evaluate changes in the hydrolytic activity of ATP synthase and mitochondrial membrane fluidity in patients with RR-MS who receive fish oil or olive oil as a dietary supplement. Methods: Clinical, controlled, randomized, double-blind trial. Patients consumed fish oil or olive oil for one year. The hydrolytic activity of ATPase and the fluidity of the mitochondrial membrane of platelets were quantified. Results: In patients with RR-MS, a decrease in the fluidity of mitochondrial membranes and an increase in the hydrolytic activity of ATP synthase was observed in comparison with healthy controls. After 6 or 9 months of treatment with fish oil or olive oil, respectively, these values were normalized. Conclusion: The consumption of fish oil and olive oil increases the fluidity of the mitochondrial membranes and decreases the catabolic activity of ATP synthase in platelets from patients with RR-MS.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory and autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Dysregulation of glutathione homeostasis and alterations in glutathione-dependent enzyme activities are implicated in the induction and progression of MS. Evidence suggests that Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of fish oil on the activity of glutathione reductase (GR), content of reduced and oxidized glutathione, and GSH/GSSG ratio in MS. 50 patients with relapsing-remitting MS were enrolled. The experimental group received orally 4 g/day of fish oil for 12 months. Fish oil supplementation resulted in a significant increase in n-3 fatty acids and a decrease n-6 fatty acids. No differences in glutathione reductase activity, content of reduced and oxidized glutathione, and GSH/GSSG ratio were found. Conclusion: Glutathione reductase activity was not significantly different between the groups; however, fish oil supplementation resulted in smaller increase in GR compared with control group, suggesting a possible effect on antioxidant defence mechanisms.

Objetivo Identifi car las condiciones de trabajo y salud de los menores que trabajan en el mercado Felipe Ángeles de la Ciudad de Guadalajara. Metodología Se realizó un estudio descriptivo a 198 menores de 18 años de edad que desempeñaban alguna actividad laboral en dicho mercado. Se aplicó una encuesta que incluía variables sociodemográfi cas de los menores, de condiciones del trabajo y de salud. Resultados Los menores de que laboran en este mercado son principalmente hombres (89,9 %) con edades de entre 6 a 17 años, residentes de Guadalajara, 71 % asiste a la escuela. El 83 % de los niños iniciaron sus actividades laborales en el mercado entre los 7 y 10 años y 75 % de ellos llevan 1 año o más trabajando. La jornada laboral va de lunes a domingo en el 50 % de los casos. Los riesgos a la salud percibidos y presentados por los menores son lesiones durante la jornada laboral tales como abrasión, contusión, fracturas, atropellamiento; y las relacionadas con el aspecto psicosocial como son ser víctimas de robo o ser sujetos vulnerables para iniciarse en la drogadicción. Conclusiones Las condiciones de trabajo y salud en que laboran los menores no son adecuadas para su edad y afectan su desarrollo físico y psicosocial, ya que el sitio donde trabajan tiene defi ciencias en la estructura arquitectónica, les impide la realización de actividades propias de su edad y los somete a riesgos laborales para los que no existe prevención.

To associated mental health factors with tobacco-smoking in the last month in scholastic adolescents.An analytic transversal study with 1134 students in the first year of senior studies in a government preparatory school. Ten mental health factors were evaluated: self-esteem, impulsiveness, depressive symptoms, suicide ideation, disordered eating, recreation, locus of control, relationship with father, relationship with mother and stress.We found mental health factors differences between men and women. In the risk analysis, the factors which associated with tobacco smoking in men were high self-esteem, impulsiveness, age and tobacco-smoking in friends. For the women suicide ideation, impulsiveness disordered eating, age and tobacco-smoking in friends and brothers. After the logistic regression were associated impulsiveness and tobacco-smoking in friends for both, high self-esteem and age for men, and tobacco-smoking in brothers for women.Mental health factors are different for men and women. However, all of them are a reference that tobacco-smoking is associated with the inner world of teens that are meaning differently for men and women.Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la fuerza de asociación entre indicadores de salud mental con el tabaquismo actual en adolescentes según su sexo. Métodos: se incluyeron 1134 estudiantes de primer año de una preparatoria pública. Se evaluaron diez indicadores de salud mental mediante escalas validadas: autoestima, impulsividad, síntomas depresivos, ideación suicida, conductas alimentarias de riesgo, recreación, locus de control, relación con padre/madre y estrés psicosocial. Resultados: encontramos diferentes indicadores asociados al tabaquismo en hombres y mujeres. En el análisis de riesgo crudo los indicadores para los hombres fueron: alta autoestima, impulsividad, tener 16-17 años de edad y tabaquismo en amigos. En mujeres: ideación suicida, impulsividad, conductas alimentarias de riesgo, tener 17 años, tabaquismo en amigos y hermanos. Después de la regresión logística, en ambos grupos hubo asociación entre impulsividad y tabaquismo en amigos. Además en hombres se encontró: alta autoestima y tener 16-17 años de edad, mientras que en mujeres: tabaquismo en hermanos. Conclusiones: los indicadores de salud mental asociados al tabaquismo actual fueron diferentes para hombres y mujeres. En los hombres: alta autoestima, impulsividad, edad y tabaquismo en amigos. En las mujeres: impulsividad, tabaquismo en amigos y hermanos.

Identifying the work environment and health of children working in the Felipe Angeles market in Guadalajara.This was a descriptive study which included 198 children working in the aforementioned market. A questionnaire was used which asked about the sociodemographic variables, the work environment and the health of such children.The children working in the market were predominantly male (89.9 %), aged 6 to 17 years old, residing in Guadalajara; 71 % were attending school. 83 % of the children had started working in the market between 7 to 10 years old and 75 % had worked there for 1 year or more. Workdays lasted all week, without rest in 50 % of the cases. The children perceived health risks as concerning abrasion, contusion, fractures, being run over and other psychosocial types related to becoming the victims of theft or becoming addicts.The children's work environment and health were not suitable for their age and affected their physical and psychosocial state as the site had deficient architecture making it impossible to carry out activities appropriate for their age and provoked workplace risk for which there was no prevention.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide characterized by considerable atrophy and an enlargement and coarsening of the sulci, amyloid formation in neuritic plaques and brain vessels (amyloid angiopathy), neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss, particularly in the limbic and association cortices. In addition, deficits in cholinergic transmission and associated loss of cholinergic cell bodies, granulovacuolar degeneration and rod-shaped eosinophilic inclusions (Hirano bodies) are common in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Clinical symptoms are characterized by progressive worsening of memory, and cognitive impairment accompanied by one of the following symptoms: aphasia, apraxia, agnosia and disorders in the executive function (Selkoe, 2004). The pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the neurodegenerative characteristic of Alzheimer's disease are yet to be completely understood, although many factors in disease pathogenesis have been identified, and several theories are emerged. In the last years, mitochondrial dysfunction has been considered as a potential factor implicated at some stage of the pathogenic process (Anandatheerthavarada et al., 2003; Sullivan & Brown, 2005

To identify the prevalence of caries in affiliated children and teenagers at Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS).The survey was carried out according to the World Health Organization indexes. The studied was carried out in 1545 boys and girls aged three, five, six, and twelve years and selected by stratified random sampling in seven places of Mexican Republic (Guanajuato, East and West Estado de México, Northwest 1, Northeast 2, Southwest 3, and Southeast 4 DF).The prevalence of caries was 66.9%. Rates were higher in temporary dentition than in permanent teeth (p3.07). The mean of caries index per tooth in primary dentition in children of six years of age was 3.57±2.8. In the 12 years of age group the average per tooth was 1.97±1.4. The main component in both primary and permanent dentition was caries with 2.49 and 1.56 respectively.The results of this survey showed slight changes in prevalence and high levels of caries in children.

To obtain the prevalence of disordered eating (DE) among student female adolescents from public high schools in 17 urban settings in the Mexican Republic, across age, setting and region.The sample comprised 4358 female students 15 to 19 years of age. DE was evaluated with a validated and standardized questionnaire for Mexican adolescents with 2 cutoff points: moderate-DE and high-DE.The total prevalence of moderate-DE was 14.2% and 6.8% for high-DE. Significant statistical differences were found only for high-DE across settings, were the Estado de Mexico reached the highest score (12.1%) and Aguascalientes the lowest (2.1%). The north region obtained the highest scores for both moderate (17.2%) and high-DE (9.7%), whereas the center-west region obtained the second place for moderate-DE (15.1%) and the center region for high-DE (11.5%). The center region showed the lowest scores for moderate-DE (11.5%) and the south-southeast region the lowest for high-DE (4.5%). The analysis across age showed a positive relationship for both moderate and high-DE.The total prevalence of DE was 6.8%. Age, socioeconomic status and the place of residence seem to be variables that relate to disordered eating.

Background and aims . It has been suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction is relevant to Alzheimer disease (AD) and some mitochondrial haplogroups could be related to the risk of AD. Therefore, in this work we have genotyped mtDNA haplogroups in Mexican patients with AD and their respective matched controls. Methods: Haplotyping of 33 AD patients and 49 healthy control subjects was performed using polymerase chain reaction/digest identification of key polymorphic sites in the mitochondrial genome. Results: Mitochondrial haplogroup A is the most frequent in AD patients and controls followed by haplogroup B. The haplogroup C was the least frequent in the control group and it was absent in the AD group. The frequency of haplogroup D was significantly higher in the AD group than in the control group (p = 0.03). Conclusion: There is clear association between the frequency of haplogroup D and Alzheimer disease in the analyzed population from Guadalajara, Mexico. Interestingly the haplogroup C was absent in the AD group. These data requires further study in a larger population to identify these differences more clearly.

To measure the association between social economic conditions and the presence of risk factors for drowning at home in children under 5 years old within metropolitan area of Guadalajara.Surveyed 439 family houses were lived children less than 5 years old randomly selected during 18 months. Variables included social economic level, demographics, and bodies of water and accessories present at the house.Children in the lower social economic level are exposed more frequently to buckets and laundry tubs in the house than children of medium level families, but not to underground cisterns and wells. No mater the equal number of underground cisterns and wells, safety accessories and equipment are less frequent in low socioeconomic families. Children in the low social economic level spend more time at their homes than medium socioeconomic level children.It seems that the high frequency of drowning among low social economic families is related to a higher exposure to risk factors. It is necessary to improve mechanisms and change environmental conditions to reduce the number of children drowning at home.

To determine if civil status acts as a risk factor in suicide and how it modifies according to gender, age and population size.A retrospective study which analyzes information from the mortality data from the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Information, from 1998 to 2002. Variables like suicides age, sex, cause of death, federal entity, population size and civil status were registered.Single men showed twofold risk for committing suicide. Women did not show any associated risk for suicide according to civil status. The risk of married men for committing suicide increased gradually with age. Medium-sized communities with less than 19,999 habitants presented the highest risk for habitants to commit suicide.Suicide is associated to gender especially to men who are not married and living in small and medium-sized communities. One explanation could be the lack of integrated behavior as defined by Emile Durkheim, where the physical density of society will determine behavior and ideas. This social structure phenomenon is called the "moral cocoon." This works around the individual being less individualistic and granting him/her the feeling of belonging to a group.

To determine the prevalence and associated factors to disordered eating (DE) in adolescents by sex.A transversal and analytic study was carried out with 1,134 first grade students at a public high school. Self esteem, impulsivity, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, entertainment, locus of control, relationship with father/ mother, stress and DE were assessed with previously validated and standardized scales.A prevalence of 7.2% of risky eating behaviors was obtained; 2.8% for men and 10.3% for women. In men in the risk analysis the association was maintained for impulsivity, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation and stress. After the multivaried analysis only depression and stress showed any association. In women in the risk analysis, the association was maintained for impulsivity, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation and stress, and after the multivaried analysis only impulsivity, suicidal ideation and stress maintained the association.The prevalence of DE was higher among women. The associated factors in men were depressive symptoms and stress, whilst for women was impulsivity, suicidal ideation and stress.

to describe trend and geographical distribution of breast cancer mortality, in Mexico.it was done an ecological and tendency study from 1981 to 2001, 52,739 deaths by breast cancer in womenor = 20-year-old. Mortality was studied according to the International Classification of Diseases. The data were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics and from the General Census of Population. The period studied was three-yearly. Adjusted rates were calculated with the direct method. It was utilized a lineal regression model for the analysis of mortality tendencies. Map was built from the distribution of the mortality along the country.the mortality tendency was increased in the first decade and in the second it was maintained stable, with an important drop in four states (p0.05). The 66% of the states had rates over the national adjusted rate, all of them in the north of the country. Nayarit, Guerrero, and Mexico State had an increment of 300%.the ascending tendency and stabilization of the mortality is similar to other countries. The north states had the greater rate of mortality, intermediate rates in the middle of country and drops in the south. It is possible that these changes were secondary to environmental, social and medical care factors.

to know the etiology, topography, degree of hearing loss and coexisting morbidity in outpatient otorhinolaryngology service at Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco.descriptive and transversal study of 393 patients older than 12 years, were studied during 12 months. They were sent to the otorhinolaryngology service from five hospitals in Guadalajara. Three population groups were made (adolescents, adults and elderly); medical history, otoscopy and conventional tone audiometry was carried out.the average age of patients was 51.2 (SD 4.2 years), 57.8 % were women and 58.5 % adults. Of the 786 examined ears, 91.9 % (95% CI = 89.8-93.7) had hearing loss; chronic suppurative otitis media with or without sensorineural factor, was the most common of hearing loss, affecting 25.4 % (95% CI = 22.3-28.7) of the 723 hearing loss ears; after mixed cochleopathies (21.8 %, 95% CI = 18.8-25). Sensorineural hearing loss occurred in 85.6 % (95% CI = 82.8-88) and 31 % (95% CI= 27.4-34.3) had moderate hearing loss. The most common coexisting morbidity were high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus.our data suggest that hearing loss in population study is a treatable pathology, this information will aid in the promotion of preventive measures for opportune detection of otitis and comorbidity and to implement detection campaigns in population of risk, schools and labor centers.

To determine the prevalence and incidence of delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) in hospitalized elderly patients in the geriatric department of IMSS General Hospital No. 89, at Guadalajara, Jalisco.Between May and October 2005, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with patients older than 60 years that were admitted to the geriatric department. The CAM was used to detect delirium and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to identify cognitive impairment; also, comorbidity, length of hospital stay and mortality were analyzed.According to CAM, the prevalence of delirium was 38.3 % and the incidence was 11.7%. 48.5% of patients who had developed delirium previously showed cognitive impairment. Patients who experienced delirium were older when compared to non-delirious patients (80 +/- 8.7 versus 74. 4 +/- 8.9 years of age; p0. 001). Similarly, length of hospital stay was higher among patients who developed delirium when compared with patients who never developed it (7.5 +/- 2.9 versus 5.8 +/- 2.6 days; p0.001). Pneumonia and uremia were most common in delirious patients.The CAM and MMSE seems to be an acceptable screening instrument for delirium and cognitive impairment; using theses tests routinely could contribute to improve quality of care for these patients.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el riesgo de dislipidemia asociado a obesidad en ninos y adolescentes. MATERIAL Y METODOS: En un estudio transversal analitico se incluyeron 62 ninos y adolescentes obesos (IMC > centila 95 y pliegue cutaneo tricipital > centila 90) y 70 no obesos (IMC centilas 5-85), con edades de 5 a 15 anos, sin enfermedades cronicas. Se investigaron caracteristicas personales y antecedentes familiares de enfermedades cronicas y se determino el perfil serico de lipidos. Se calculo el riesgo de presentar alteraciones en el perfil serico de lipidos en ninos con obesidad mediante la razon de momios (RM) y se realizo analisis multivariado. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio para todo el grupo fue de 9.8 ± 2.7 anos; 63 individuos eran del sexo femenino y 69 del masculino. La presencia de obesidad se asocio a riesgo de valores anormales de colesterol, trigliceridos, LDL, HDL y dislipidemia (>1 valor anormal) (RM 4.47-15.0). En obesos el analisis multivariado mostro que la pertenencia al sexo femenino se asocio significativamente a dislipidemia. CONCLUSIONES: La obesidad en ninos y adolescentes se asocia a riesgo elevado de presentar dislipidemia; este riesgo es mayor en las mujeres.

To assess the risk of dislypidemia associated with obesity in children and adolescents.A cross sectional study was conducted with 62 obese children (BMI95 centile and tricipital skinfold thickness90 centile) and 70 non-obese children (BMI 5-85 centile) ages 5-15 years, without chronic diseases. Subjects' characteristics and family background of chronic diseases were collected and a lipid profile was determined. The risk of lipid alterations in the obese children was calculated using odds ratio (OR) and multivariate analysis.Mean age was 9.8 +/- 2.7 years in both groups; 63 girls and 69 boys were included. Obesity was associated with abnormal values for cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL and dislypidemia (1 abnormal value) (OR 4.47-15.0). In obese children and adolescents the multivariate analysis showed that female gender was associated with dislypidemia.Obesity in children and adolescents is associated with high risk of dislypidemia; the risk is higher among females.

To know the frequency of chronic and hypertrophic adenotonsillitis, affected population, coexisting morbidity and surgical procedures in a population of Zone 89, IMSS at Guadalajara, Jalisco.Descriptive, transversal and prospective study of patients with diagnosis of chronic and hypertrophic adenotonsillitis treated between January 2000 and October 2001 were studied. Through age groups were analyzed coexisting morbidity and surgical procedures.Of the 3600 patients with chronic and hypertrophic adenotonsillitis evaluated, they were distinguished 3 age groups that are characterized by coexisting morbidity, the average age group (45%) was between 6 to 10 years and characterized by the presence of chronic sinusitis, otitis media with effusion and recurrent otitis media; while the children younger than 5 years (30.3%) prevailed the obstruction of the upper respiratory tract, chronic sinusitis, bronchitis and otitis media with effusion; however, all individuals aged from 16 to 49 years (9.4%) was notary the presence of chronic otitis media and peritonsillar abscess.The present study represented the first step for future studies and permitted us to understand the frequency and coexisting morbidity of this pathology in our medium. The usefulness of this study will contribute to the promotion of prevention measures, opportune detection of complications, acquire new methods of bacteriologies diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. It is possible that new prevention measures will chain react a new series of events that will translate into a reduction of this pathology, surgeries and complications.

To validate a self-administered questionnaire about social and corporal sexual behaviors among adolescents, by school level and gender.The data collection instrument was constructed according to DeVellis and consisted of 26 items. It was used in a prospective longitudinal study conducted in 1994 in Guadalajara, Mexico, among 1243 secondary and high school students. The construct validity of the instrument was established using exploratory factorial analysis, and its reliability using the Cronbach's alpha test.Five factors were obtained in males and an equal number in women, using eigenvalues1 and by forcing the best solution. The explained variance was 59.3-70.6%; the factorial weight average was 0.63-0.75, and 13 different factors were selected. The Cronbach's alpha mean was 0.87-0.93 and 16 factors had Cronbach's alpha over 0.70.The instrument has an acceptable validity and reliability for studying the sexual, social, and corporal behaviors in adolescents similar populations.

El trabajo se realizó con pacientes de tentativa suicida (N=78) en el Hospital Civil de Guadalajara y un grupo de referencia (N=89) sin ideación y sin tentativa suicida en población abierta. A ambos grupos se les aplicó la escala de desesperanza de Beck, que evalúa desesperanza e identifica si el factor es de tipo cognitivo, motivacional o afectivo. Al grupo de tentativa suicida se le hizo, además, un cuestionario sociodemográfico para caracterizar factores asociados al suicidio. De los pacientes de tentativa suicida, 78 por ciento presentaron algún nivel de desesperanza, contra 38 por ciento del grupo de referencia. Estas diferencias fueron altamente significativas con una p .01 mediante la prueba de Chi cuadrada. El tipo o factor de desesperanza que se identificó en cada grupo también mostró un diferencia significativa de p .05 con la prueba de Chi cuadrada. La distribución porcentual de los factores de desesperanza en el grupo de tentativa suicida fue: 52.5 por ciento cognitivo, 41 por ciento motivacional y 6.6 por ciento afectivo; en tanto que en el grupo de referencia, 47.1 fue cognitivo, 29.4 motivacional y 23.5 afectivo.

Background It is known that insulinemia is the result of the interaction among several factors, such as weight, body fat pattern distribution, and physical activity as well as ethnicity. There is little information regarding this question among Mexican adolescents. The association among fasting insulin levels, weight, fat distribution, physical activity, and cigarette smoking was studied in Mexican adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from 352 Mexican adolescents aged 14–19 years (response rate 41.5%). Fasting insulin levels were measured by microparticle enzyme immunoassay; body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (WC) were determined using standardized techniques, while physical activity was determined by 7-day Stanford physical activity inventory. Cigarette smoking was defined as number of cigarettes/year. Results Increased BMI and waist circumference, low physical activity, younger age, and non-smoking were associated with high insulin levels. Non-smokers had higher fasting insulin levels compared to smokers (57.8 pmol ± 1.84 vs. 49.7 pmol/L ± 2.8; p = 0.034). However, adjusted odds ratio (OR) between insulin and smoking status was not significant. Multivariate analysis showed the following: insulin increased 1.06 pmol/L for each unit of change in BMI; increased 1.02 pmol/L for each unit of change in waist circumference; increased 1.16 pmol/L for non-smoking, and decreased 1.07 pmol/L for each 250 kcal/day of energy expenditure. Conclusions Our results support the concept that Mexican adolescents who are overweight have abdominal fat distribution and physical inactivity, and significant hyperinsulinemia. The relationship between smoking and lower insulinemia found in this research warrants further study.

Background Central venous catheters (CVC) are needed for monitoring and treatment of critically ill patients; however, their use increases the risk of bacteremia. The aim of the study was to quantify the incidence of central venous catheter-related bacteremia (CVCRB) and to identify factors associated with this infection. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in a concentration hospital of western Mexico. The association of CVCRB and study variables was investigated using multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results Two hundred and four patients with CVC were studied. The mean age was 4.6 years; 66.2% were male. Insertion sites of the catheters were subclavian vein 72.5% (n = 148), jugular vein 20.1% (n = 41) and femoral vein 7.4% (n = 15). CVCRB incidence was 6.5 events/1,000 catheter-days; microorganisms identified were gram-positive cocci 37.5% (n = 6), gram-negative bacilli 37.5% (n = 6) and Candida albicans 25% (n = 4). It was observed that the increase in catheter manipulations per day was associated with bacteremia (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.23), whereas the use of intravenous antibiotics showed a protective effect (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.76–0.92). Conclusions In addition to the strategies of maximum caution when placing or manipulating the catheter, we recommend decreasing, as much as possible, disconnects between the CVC and the infusion line. Antibiotics showed a protective effect, but the outcome is uncertain and the promotion of antimicrobial resistance should be considered.

ResumenIntroducciónEl catéter venoso central (CVC) es necesario para la monitorización y tratamiento de pacientes en estado crítico; sin embargo, su uso incrementa el riesgo de bacteriemia. El objetivo del estudio fue cuantificar la incidencia de bacteriemia relacionada con catéter venoso central (BRCVC) e identificar los factores asociados con esta infección.MétodosSe realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo en un hospital de concentración del occidente de México. Para conocer la asociación entre BRCVC y las variables en estudio, se realizó un análisis multivariado con regresión de Cox.ResultadosSe estudiaron 204 pacientes con CVC. La edad promedio fue de 4.6 años; el 66.2% fue del sexo masculino. Los sitios de inserción del catéter fueron la vena subclavia (72.5%, n = 148), la vena yugular (20.1%, n = 41) o la vena femoral (7.4%, n = 15). La incidencia de BRCVC fue de 6.5 eventos por 1,000 días catéter. Los microorganismos identificados fueron cocos Gram positivos (37.5%, n = 6), bacilos Gram negativos (37.5%, n = 6) y Candida albicans (25%, n = 4). Se observó que la mayor manipulación del catéter por día se asoció con bacteriemia (HR 1.14, IC95% 1.06-1.23), mientras que el uso de antibióticos intravenosos mostró un efecto protector (HR 0.84, IC95% 0.76-0.92).ConclusionesAdemás de las medidas máximas de precaución al momento de colocar o manipular el catéter, es conveniente disminuir lo más posible las desconexiones entre el equipo de venoclisis y el CVC. Los antibióticos mostraron un efecto protector; sin embargo, se debe considerar el riesgo de favorecer resistencias antimicrobianas.AbstractBackgroundCentral venous catheters (CVC) are needed for monitoring and treatment of critically ill patients; however, their use increases the risk of bacteremia. The aim of the study was to quantify the incidence of central venous catheter-related bacteremia (CVCRB) and to identify factors associated with this infection.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted in a concentration hospital of western Mexico. The association of CVCRB and study variables was investigated using multivariate Cox regression analysis.ResultsTwo hundred four patients with CVC were studied. The average age was 4.6 years; 66.2% were male. Insertion sites of the catheters were subclavian vein 72.5% (n = 148), jugular vein 20.1% (n = 41) and femoral vein 7.4% (n = 15). CVCRB incidence was 6.5 events/1,000 catheter days; microorganisms identified were gram-positive cocci 37.5% (n = 6), gram-negative bacilli 37.5% (n = 6) and Candida albicans 25% (n = 4). It was observed that the increase in catheter manipulations per day was associated with bacteremia (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06 - 1.23), whereas the use of intravenous antibiotics showed a protective effect (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.76-0.92).ConclusionsIn addition to strategies of maximum caution when placing or manipulating the catheter, we recommend decreasing, as much as possible, disconnects between the CVC and infusion line. Antibiotics showed a protective effect, but the outcome is uncertain and promotion of antimicrobial resistance should be considered.