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Orbital floor fractures can cause functional disorders such as limitation of ocular motility. The dysfunction of the extrinsic muscles was studied with the Hess-Lancaster test; although we expected a large percentage of inferior rectus muscle dysfunction, the results showed 52% superior rectus muscle dysfunction.In light of these results, we began testing five patients with functional deficits evidenced by the Hess-Lancaster test with magnetic resonance imaging to assess the change in thickness of the affected muscle compared to the contralateral healthy muscle during standardized eye movements.This investigation showed an increase in the size of the inferior rectus muscle on the affected side during the fraction of time when the patient was asked to look up, probably due to post-traumatic fibrosis. According to our hypothesis, muscle thickness would condition the correct release of the inferior rectus muscle to such an extent that it would also influence the contraction of the superior rectus muscle, which would then be deficient.Based on our experience, a multidisciplinary approach and longer follow-up with thorough investigations should be considered for patients with orbital floor fractures. Furthermore, our results suggest the need for early surgical treatment, in contrast to current guidelines that aim to delay restorative surgery.

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular malformations that may result in headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and hemorrhage. CCMs occur sporadically (80%) or in familial form (20%), with autosomal dominant inheritance. Among the three CCM-related genes, mutations in KRIT1 account for 53–65% of familial cases and more than 100 different mutations have been identified so far. In the present work, we describe the clinical, neuroradiological, and genetic findings of sixteen CCM Italian patients, 13 belonging to 4 unrelated families and 3 sporadic cases. Six distinct KRIT1 gene variants, two novel (c.1730+1_1730+3del, c.1664 C>T) and four previously described (c.966G>A, c.1255-1G>A c.1197_1200del, c.1255-1_1256del), were identified, including a possible de novo mutation. All the variants resulted in a premature stop codon. Cerebral 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple CCMs in all the mutation carriers for whom it was available, including sporadic cases. One patient had also cutaneous angiomas. Among the mutation carriers, symptomatic patients constituted 66% and a variable phenotypic expression was observed. Our data confirms phenotypic variability and incomplete penetrance of neurological symptoms in KRIT1-positive families, expands the mutational spectrum of this gene, and highlights how sporadic cases with multiple lesions need an approach similar to individuals with familial CCM.

Teleconsultation is a consultation between two or more physicians about the diagnostic work-up and therapeutic strategy in the treatment of an individual case by means of modern telematics. ‘Drip-and-ship’ teleconsultation model consists of the transfer of patients, through telematics stroke networks, with large arteries occlusions from primary to comprehensive stroke centers equipped for endovascular therapy. We retrospectively investigated appropriateness, safety, and effectiveness of ‘drip-and-ship’ teleconsultation model in a rural area of Tuscany. Outcome measures were: door-to-ship time (including door-to-needle time), ratio of number treated/total sent patients, adverse events/mortality during transfer, and mortality and modified Rankin scale at 90 days. Analysis of non-treated patients was also done. Seventy-eight patients were included; 16/78 patients were sent for endovascular therapy alone, and 62/78 for “drip-and-ship”; 12 patients were not treated. Door-to-ship, and door-to-needle times (mean ± SD) were 105 ± 29.8 and 62.5 ± 37.5 min, respectively. The ratio number of treated/total sent patients was 0.85. At 90 days, the global mortality rate was 21%, and 40% of patients showed favorable outcome. The main cause of non-treatment was spontaneous recanalization. The high value for treated/total sent patients’ ratio underlines that “drip-and-ship” teleconsultation model is appropriate and effective, with a few untreated patients. The model is safe, without adverse events during transfer. Taken together, our outcomes are in line with the previous reports. “Drip-and-ship” teleconsultation model is safe and effective in rural areas, allowing good selections and rapid treatments for stroke patients, based on the transfer from the primary to the comprehensive stroke center.

Background Ring-shaped lateral ventricular nodules (RSLVNs) are commonly considered as benign asymptomatic lesions, which are sporadically detected as incidental findings on routine brain magnetic resonance imaging scans. Despite their not irrelevant frequency, the exact biological nature of these lesions remains largely unknown due to the lack of histopathologic studies. Here we present the clinical, neuroradiologic, and histopathologic findings of an unusual case of symptomatic multiple RSLVNs. Case Description A 44-year-old otherwise healthy man presented with a recent history of headache and retching. Neuroradiologic imaging revealed the presence of multiple RSLVNs, the largest of which, located in the cella media of the right lateral ventricle, exerted a mild to moderate mass effect on adjacent brain parenchyma. This latter nodule was successfully removed, with complete resolution of the symptoms. Histopathology revealed glial differentiation, and the specimen was diagnosed as subependymoma. Conclusions This report provides novel evidence characterizing RSLVNs as possible variants of subependymoma with a peculiar imaging appearance, also suggesting that, like subependymomas, they may occasionally grow large enough to cause mass effect−related symptoms, thus requiring neurosurgical intervention.

Purpose Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-ri) is a rare potentially reversible encephalopathy associated with an autoimmune process against proteins deposited in the walls of cortical and leptomeningeal brain vessels. Definite diagnosis requires histopathological features of vascular inflammation and amyloid deposition from brain biopsy. Clinical-neuroradiological criteria have been recently introduced and validated to reduce the need for biopsy. The purpose of this paper is to report a historical retrospective review of clinical-neuroradiological follow-up of two patients with probable CAA-ri and five patients with a reasonably probable suspect of CAA-ri (4 females, 3 males, patient’s age at admission: 66–79 years) seen at our institution between 2007 and 2021, focusing on clinical and neuroradiological awareness to this entity and variable response to immunotherapy. Materials and methods Clinical features at presentation included subacute to acute confusion (6/7), seizures (4/7), cognitive impairment (5/7), and focal neurological signs (3/7). Neuroradiology included braincomputed tomography followed by magnetic resonance imaging. Infectious diseases and autoimmune workups were then performed. Results CSF analysis was performed in two patients. Cerebral angiography was performed in two patients, to rule out vascular malformations. Hemorrhagic posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome has been suspected in two patients. Four patients underwent immunotherapy with corticosteroids followed by reduction of brain dysfunctions. Three patients did not undergo immunotherapy but underwent clinical and/or neuroradiological remission. Conclusions Patients with CAA-ri present a rare steroid-responsive acute to subacute brain dysfunction. Thus, it has to be known and recognized both clinically and neuroradiologically. Spontaneous clinical and/or neuroradiological improvement is possible in patients with mild symptoms.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive snoring, repetitive apneas, and nocturnal arousals, that leads to fragmented sleep and intermittent nocturnal hypoxemia. Morphometric and functional brain alterations in cortical and subcortical structures have been documented in these patients via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), even if correlational data between the alterations in the brain and cognitive and clinical indexes are still not reported. METHODS: We examined the impact of OSA on brain spontaneous activity by measuring the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) in resting-state functional MRI data of 20 drug-naïve patients with OSA syndrome and 20 healthy controls matched for age, gender, and body mass index. RESULTS: Patients showed a pattern of significantly abnormal subcortical functional activity as compared to controls, with increased activity selectively involving the thalami, specifically their intrinsic nuclei connected to somatosensory and motor-premotor cortical regions. Using these nuclei as seed regions, the subsequent functional connectivity analysis highlighted an increase in patients’ thalamocortical connectivity at rest. Additionally, the correlation between fALFF and polysomnographic data revealed a possible link between OSA severity and fALFF of regions belonging to the central autonomic network. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a hyperactivation in thalamic diurnal activity in patients with OSA syndrome, which we interpret as a possible consequence of increased thalamocortical circuitry activation during nighttime due to repeated arousals.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background and Purpose— Computed tomography (CT) perfusion (CTP) provides potentially valuable information to guide treatment decisions in acute stroke. Assessment of interobserver reliability of CTP has, however, been limited to small, mostly single center studies. We performed a large, internet-based study to assess observer reliability of CTP interpretation in acute stroke. Methods— We selected 24 cases from the IST-3 (Third International Stroke Trial), ATTEST (Alteplase Versus Tenecteplase for Thrombolysis After Ischaemic Stroke), and POSH (Post Stroke Hyperglycaemia) studies to illustrate various perfusion abnormalities. For each case, observers were presented with noncontrast CT, maps of cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, mean transit time, delay time, and thresholded penumbra maps (dichotomized into penumbra and core), together with a short clinical vignette. Observers used a structured questionnaire to record presence of perfusion deficit, its extent compared with ischemic changes on noncontrast CT, and an Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score for noncontrast CT and CTP. All images were viewed, and responses were collected online. We assessed observer agreement with Krippendorff-α. Intraobserver agreement was assessed by inviting observers who reviewed all scans for a repeat review of 6 scans. Results— Fifty seven observers contributed to the study, with 27 observers reviewing all 24 scans and 17 observers contributing repeat readings. Interobserver agreement was good to excellent for all CTP. Agreement was higher for perfusion maps compared with noncontrast CT and was higher for mean transit time, delay time, and penumbra map (Krippendorff-α =0.77, 0.79, and 0.81, respectively) compared with cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow (Krippendorff-α =0.69 and 0.62, respectively). Intraobserver agreement was fair to substantial in the majority of readers (Krippendorff-α ranged from 0.29 to 0.80). Conclusions— There are high levels of interobserver and intraobserver agreement for the interpretation of CTP in acute stroke, particularly of mean transit time, delay time, and penumbra maps.

ObjectiveTo perform a systematic analysis and scoring of brain MRI white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in adult-onset Krabbe disease.MethodsWe retrospectively collected basic clinical data and the first available brain MRI from patients with confirmed Krabbe disease with first clinical manifestations beyond 10 years of age. Data were obtained from our reference center for lysosomal diseases (n = 6) and from contacted authors of published articles describing patients with adult-onset Krabbe disease (n = 15). T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images of each patient were analyzed and scored using a radiologic score of WMH in a single center.ResultsThe corticospinal tract was always affected by WMH (100% of patients), however, with some distinctions along the tract: the precentral gyrus (100%), corona radiata (95%), and posterior internal capsule (81%) were highly abnormal, whereas the mesencephalon (57%), pons (52%), and medulla oblongata (5%) were less affected. WMH were also frequently present in the posterior lateral periventricular white matter (95%), optic radiations (86%), postcentral gyrus (71%), medial lemniscus (62%), and corpus callosum, especially in the isthmus (71%), whereas the genu was always normal. A few patients did not have the classical MRI pattern but extensive hyperintensities (n = 3), or patchy distribution of hyperintensities mimicking an acquired etiology (n = 2), or very subtle hyperintensities of the corticospinal tract (n = 1).ConclusionsWe specified the main locations of WMH, which were observed in the earliest stages of the disease and were also present in patients with atypical MRI pattern, highlighting the importance of radiologic features to guide the diagnosis.

Objective Verify whether Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTA) may affect neural conduction properties in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients, thereby modifying patients’ disability, with prospective neurophysiological, urodynamic, clinical and subjective well-being evaluations. Methods In 55 out of 72 consecutively screened MS patients, the following procedures were carried out before (T0), at 2–6 months (T1) and at 6–15 months (T2) after a diagnostic phlebography, eventually followed by the PTA intervention if chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) was diagnosed: clinical/objective evaluation (Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS), ratings of subjective well-being, evaluation of urodynamic functions and multimodal EPs (visual, acoustic, upper and lower limbs somatosensory and motor evoked potentials). Results The number of dropouts was relatively high, and a complete set of neurophysiological and clinical data remained available for 37 patients (19 for urological investigations). The subjective well-being score significantly increased at T1 and returned close to basal values at T2, but their degree of objective disability did not change. Nevertheless, global EP-scores (indexing the impairment in conductivity of central pathways in multiple functional domains) significantly increased from T0 (7.9 ± 6.0) to T1 (9.2 ± 6.3) and from T0 to T2 (9.8 ± 6.3), but not from T1 and T2 (p > 0.05). Neurogenic urological lower tract dysfunctions slightly increased throughout the study. Conclusions The PTA intervention did not induce significant changes in disability in the present cohort of MS patients, in line with recent evidence of clinical inefficacy of this procedure. Significance Absence of multimodal neurophysiological and functional testing changes in the first 15 months following PTA suggests that conduction properties of neural pathways are unaffected by PTA. Current findings suggest that the short-lived (2–6 months), post-PTA, beneficial effect on subjective well-being measures experienced by MS patients is likely related to a placebo effect.

Mutations in POLR3A are characterized by high phenotypic heterogeneity, with manifestations ranging from severe childhood-onset hypomyelinating leukodystrophic syndromes to milder and later-onset gait disorders with central hypomyelination, with or without additional non-neurological signs. Recently, a milder phenotype consisting of late-onset spastic ataxia without hypomyelinating leukodystrophy has been suggested to be specific to the intronic c.1909 + 22G > A mutation in POLR3A. Here, we present 10 patients from 8 unrelated families with POLR3A-related late-onset spastic ataxia, all harboring the c.1909 + 22G > A variant. Most of them showed an ataxic-spastic picture, two a “pure” cerebellar phenotype, and one a “pure” spastic presentation. The non-neurological findings typically associated with POLR3A mutations were absent in all the patients. The main findings on brain MRI were bilateral hyperintensity along the superior cerebellar peduncles on FLAIR sequences, observed in most of the patients, and cerebellar and/or spinal cord atrophy, found in half of the patients. Only one patient exhibited central hypomyelination. The POLR3A mutations present in this cohort were the c.1909 + 22G > A splice site variant found in compound heterozygosity with six additional variants (three missense, two nonsense, one splice) and, in one patient, with a novel large deletion involving exons 14–18. Interestingly, this patient had the most “complex” presentation among those observed in our cohort; it included some neurological and non-neurological features, such as seizures, neurosensory deafness, and lipomas, that have not previously been reported in association with late-onset POLR3A-related disorders, and therefore further expand the phenotype.

Background and purpose: Adult brainstem gliomas are rare primary brain tumours with heterogeneous clinical course. The low frequency of these tumours makes it difficult to achieve high-quality evidence regarding prognostic factors, adequate therapeutic approach and outcome in such patients. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analysed clinical, radiological, molecular, prognostic and therapeutic factors in a series of 47 histologically proven adult brainstem gliomas recruited over a 20-year period (1998–2018). Results: Twenty-two patients were male, 25 female with median age of 39 years. The tumour involved one brainstem segment in 20 cases and 2 or more segments in 27. Contrast enhancement was reported in 28 cases. Surgical procedures included biopsy in 26 cases and partial/total resection in the remaining 21. Histological diagnosis was of low-grade glioma in 23 patients, high-grade glioma in 22 and non-diagnostic in 2 cases. Data regarding molecular biology were available for 22 patients. Median overall survival was 35 months, in particular 16 months in high-grade glioma and 84 months in low-grade glioma. At univariate analysis, tumour grade was the only factor with a statistically significant impact on survival time (p = 0,003), whereas younger age, better performance status and total/subtotal resection showed a trend to more prolonged survival. This study also confirms safety of biopsy/surgery in adult brainstem glioma patients and shows a clear trend to a more frequent assessment of molecular biology data. Conclusions: Further prospective multicentre efforts, and hopefully clinical trials, are necessary to improve outcome in this neglected glioma patient population.

Cavernous cerebral malformations (CCMs) can show typical and characteristic findings at neuroradiology, above all at magnetic resonance imaging, but differential diagnosis with other lesions of similar appearance can be challenging and should be taken into consideration. Management of CCMs can be conservative in most cases, and thus appropriate follow-up timing and modality is required. Growing input from neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuroradiologists, and patients recommend to offer a standard neuroradiological report, to enhance interpretation and comparability in daily clinical practice. The purpose of this chapter is to present differential diagnosis, follow-up, and reporting of CCMs by neuroradiology.

Hypophysitis (HP) is a rare acute or chronic inflammatory condition of the pituitary gland. The greatest challenge in the management of HP is establishing a diagnosis through clinical criteria and non-invasive methods and predicting the patients’ clinical outcome. The aim of this review is to describe the neuroradiological findings of this rare disease, providing some information regarding the possible differential diagnosis in order to avoid unnecessary surgery. Gadolinium-enhanced pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the neuroradiological investigation of choice. The features suggestive for HP include an enlarged triangular- or dumbbell-shaped gland with a thickened and not obviously deviated stalk, further supported by the absence of posterior pituitary bright spot on T1weighted images, particularly in patients presenting with diabetes insipidus. Contrast enhancement pattern is quite variable; dural enhancement has been reported in some cases after intravenous contrast administration. The characterization of the unusual sellar mass is not straightforward and generally results in a wide differential. HP should be primarily differentiated from pituitary adenomas (including pituitary apoplexy), from pituitary metastases, and from other sellar and parasellar tumors, e.g., craniopharyngiomas, germinomas, gliomas, lymphomas, meningiomas, pituicytomas, chordomas, teratomas, dermoids and epidermoids, Rathke’s cleft cysts, and abscesses. In patients suspected for secondary forms related to systemic pathology, additional imaging is helpful in identifying other involved sites. Neuroradiologists need to know MRI appearance of this rare disease, as well as its typical symptoms and serological markers. A strict collaboration with endocrinologists and neurosurgeons is mandatory in order to reach a definitive diagnosis, allowing to promptly initiating an appropriate treatment.

Cavernous cerebral malformations (CCMs) can show typical and characteristic findings at neuroradiology, above all at magnetic resonance imaging, but differential diagnosis with other lesions of similar appearance can be challenging and should be taken into consideration. Management of CCMs can be conservative in most cases, and thus appropriate follow-up timing and modality is required. Growing input from neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuroradiologists, and patients recommend to offer a standard neuroradiological report, to enhance interpretation and comparability in daily clinical practice. The purpose of this chapter is to present differential diagnosis, follow-up, and reporting of CCMs by neuroradiology.

Acanthamoeba spp. is a free-living amoeba, frequently involved in keratitis by contact lens in immunocompetent hosts. Anecdotal reports associate Acanthamoeba spp. as a cause of severe granulomatous encephalitis in immunocompromised and, less frequently, in immunocompetent subjects. Data regarding clinical and therapeutic management are scanty and no defined therapeutic guidelines are available. We describe an unusual case of non-granulomatous Acanthamoeba cerebellitis in an immunocompetent adult male, with abrupt onset of neurological impairment, subtle hemorrhagic infarction at magnetic resonance imaging, and initial suspicion of cerebellar neoplasm. Histopathological findings of excised cerebellar mass revealed the presence of necrosis and inflammation with structure resembling amoebic trophozoites, but without granulomas. Polymerase chain reaction from cerebellar tissue was positive for Acanthamoeba T4 genotype. Due to gastrointestinal intolerance to miltefosine, the patient was treated with long-term course of fluconazole and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, obtaining complete clinical and neuroradiological resolution.

Background and Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein expression in predicting the modality of treatment failure in glioblastoma (GB). Methods Patients with unifocal GB undergoing surgery and postoperative radiochemotherapy from February 2008 to July 2015 were included into the study. The EGFR protein expression level was assessed by immunohistochemistry in GB tissues and classified into high and low expression. Time to progression (TTP) and pattern of recurrence (PR) were evaluated. PRs were classified as central, in-field, marginal, or distant recurrences. Results After a median follow-up time of 13 months (range, 6–67 months), 102 patients (79.1%) showed recurrences that were detectable on magnetic resonance imaging. Median TTP was 9 months after the completion of radiochemotherapy. EGFR expression was significantly correlated with TTP (log-rank test, P = 0.003) and PR (Fisher exact test, P = 0.01). The low-EGFR group had a median TTP of 13 months and a prevalence of central/in-field recurrences (accounting to a total 81%). The high-EGFR group had a shorter median TTP (6 months) and a higher rate of marginal/distant recurrences (55.6%). Conclusions Different modality of recurrence related to EGFR expression in patients with GB envisages implication for target contouring of radiotherapy volumes and other therapeutic strategies.

Marchiafava-Bignami Disease (MBD) is a toxic demyelinating disease often diagnosed in chronic alcoholics. The disease process typically involves the corpus callosum and clinically presents with various manifestations resulting in MBD type A and type B on the basis of clinical condition, extent of callosal involvement and extracallosal involvement at brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and prognosis. The death rate is high. We report a patient affected by MBD type B, who presented an isolated reversible splenial lesion at brain MRI and achieved a favorable recovery.

Background Takayasu arteritis (TA), also known as aortoarteritis and pulseless disease, is an autoimmune, idiopathic, large-vessel vasculitis that primarily affects the aorta and its major branches, the coronary arteries, and the pulmonary arteries. Methods This is a peculiar clinical and radiological pattern of TA in a young female Caucasian. Her medical history included diagnosis of ulcerative rectocolitis at the age of 14. Because of the occurrence of anemia and exacerbation of rectocolitis, she had started infliximab associated with low doses of cortisone and mesalazine. Three months before admission, therapy with infliximab was discontinued because of the onset of fever, sore throat, and the increase in the neck pain. Imaging is crucial to achieve a proper diagnosis and the main differential diagnosis of this setting is arterial dissection. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and color Doppler sonography (CDS) have been able to demonstrate rare but possible arteriovenous fistula in TA patients. This is the first report on arteriovenous fistula of cervical venous plexus in TA patients. Conclusion (1) TA has to be suspected in young woman with neck pain, even without neurological symptoms. (2) Magnetic resonance imaging and CDS can depict wall thickening and abnormal caliber in the involved vessels. (3) MRA and CDS are able to demonstrate rare but possible arteriovenous fistula in TA patients. (4) Rectocolitis therapy could be a trigger factor of wall vessel involvement.

Radiosurgery (SRS) is widely used in the treatment of brain oligo-metastases from NSCLC. The aim of present study is to evaluate the extent of perilesional edema in brain metastases as predictive factor of treatment response. This single center retrospective study included 42 consecutive patients (January 2011–December 2014) with 1–2 brain metastasis from NSCLC treated with Radiosurgery (SRS). Extent of perilesional edema was measured as maximal extension from the edge of lesion and classified as minor (

Background Complex I deficiency is the most common energy generation disorder which may clinically present at any age with a wide spectrum of symptoms and signs. The T10158C mutation ND3 gene is rare and occurs in patients showing an early rapid neurological deterioration invariably leading to death after a few months. Case presentation We report a 9 year-old boy with a mtDNA T10158C mutation showing a mild MELAS-like phenotype and brain MRI features congruent with both MELAS and Leigh syndrome. Epilepsia partialis continua also occurred in the clinical course and related to a mild cortical atrophy of the left perisylvian area. Discussion The present case confirms that the clinical spectrum of Complex I deficiency related to T10158C mutation ND3 gene is wider than previously described. Our observation further suggests that testing mutation in the MT-ND3 gene should be included in the diagnostic work-up of patients presenting with epilepsia partialis continua accompanied by suspicion of mitochondrial disorder.

Until very few years ago, the oncology community dogmatically excluded any clinical potential for immunotherapy in controlling brain metastases. Therefore, despite the significant therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies to immune check-point(s) across a wide range of tumor types, patients with brain disease were invariably excluded from clinical trials with these agents. Recent insights on the immune landscape of the central nervous system, as well as of the brain tumor microenvironment, are shedding light on the immune-biology of brain metastases. Interestingly, retrospective analyses, case series, and initial prospective clinical trials have recently investigated the role of different immune check-point inhibitors in brain metastases, reporting a significant clinical activity also in this subset of patients. These findings, and their swift translation in the daily practice, are driving fundamental changes in the clinical management of patients with brain metastases, and raise important neuroradiologic challenges. Along this line, neuro-oncology undoubtedly represents an additional area of active investigation and of growing interest to support medical oncologists in the evaluation of clinical responses of brain metastases to ICI treatment, and in the management of neurologic immune-related adverse events. Aim of this review is to summarize the most recent findings on brain metastases immunobiology, on the evolving scenario of clinical efficacy of ICI therapy in patients with brain metastases, as well as on the increasing relevance of neuroradiology in this therapeutic setting.

SUMMARY Checkpoint inhibitors have substantially improved the prognosis for patients with advanced malignancy. Treatment with immunomodulants has the ability to reactivate the immune system against tumor cells, but can also trigger the development of immune-related adverse events that reflects a loss of tolerance of the immune system for self-antigens. Regarding the endocrine system, thyroid and pituitary are the most frequent glands involved; in particular hypophysitis is commonly observed with anti-CTLA4 with a variable impaired anterior pituitary dysfunction (mainly ACTH and TSH dysregulation) while a posterior pituitary dysfunction has been rarely described. A 68-year-old man with a diagnosis of metastatic mesothelioma started in September 2016 first-line treatment with tremelimumab and durvalumab. After 3 cycles he presented sudden onset of polydipsia and polyuria without other symptoms. Diagnostic work-up, including a water deprivation test, established a diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus. Patient started sublingual desmopressin 60 mcg three times a day, that was subsequently increased up to 480 mcg/die. At magnetic resonance imaging the posterior lobe of pituitary gland did not show high signal intensity on T1-weighted images. After regression of diabetes insipidus symptoms under desmopressin, patient restarted cancer treatment and received additional 10 doses without worsening of endocrinological toxicity or further treatment-related toxicities, maintaining the same desmopressin dosage. Posterior pituitary dysfunction has been rarely observed in patients treated with immunomodulants. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of permanent central diabetes insipidus in patients treated with combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (tremelimumab and durvalumab).

AimTo assess the role of perilesional edema (PE) in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) brain metastases (BM) undergoing radiosurgery (SRS).MethodsThis series includes 46patients with 1-2BM treated with SRS, selected out of all patients referred for radiotherapy (RT) for BMs over 5years (2013 to 2017). Both the PE and gross tumor volume (GTV) were contoured on MRI images, and the PE/GTV ratio and PE+GTV value (TV, total volume) were calculated. Our clinical endpoints were brain recurrence free-survival, divided into local brain control (in field, LBC) and distant brain control (out of field, DBC) and overall survival (OS). We analyzed the role of the previously described volumetric parameters and of known clinical prognosticators (disease specific GPA, DS-GPA; chemotherapy, CHT) with Cox regression analyses.ResultsOnly four patients (9%) developed in-field progression, whereas 10patients (22%) showed new out-of-field BM and thirty-eight patients died in the follow up (83%). In univariate analysis, both volumetric parameters and clinical parameters were correlated with DBC and OS, whereas we did not find any correlation with LBC. In the multivariate analysis of DBC, the significant parameters were PE/GTV ratio (HR 0.302), sex (HR 0.131), and DS-GPA (HR 0.261). The OS multivariate analysis showed that the only significant parameters were DS-GPA (HR 0.478) and TV (HR: 1.038).ConclusionOur study, although with the limitations of amonocentric retrospective study analyzing asmall cohort of patients, suggests the role of PE/GTV ratio for the development of new BMs. TV also seems to be correlated with OS, together with known clinical prognosticators. These findings, if validated in alarger prospective dataset, could help in selecting patients for the most suitable RT modality (or systemic therapy approach). ZusammenfassungZielBeurteilung der Rolle des perilesionalen odems (PE) bei der Radiochirurgie (SRS) von Hirnmetastasen (BM) beim nicht-kleinzelligen Lungenkarzinom (NSCLC).MethodenDiese Serie umfasst 46Patienten mit 1-2 mit SRS behandelten BM, die aus allen Patienten ausgewahlt wurden, bei denen uber einen Zeitraum von 5Jahren (2013-2017) eine Radiotherapie (RT) zur BM-Behandlung eingesetzt wurde. Sowohl das PE- als auch das Bruttovolumen des Tumors (GTV) wurde auf MRT-Bildern konturiert, um das PE/GTV-Verhaltnis und den PE+GTV-Wert (TV, Gesamtvolumen) zu erhalten. Unsere klinischen Endpunkte waren die rezidivfreie Zeit des Gehirns, welche in die lokale Hirnkontrolle (LBC, in field) und die entfernte Hirnkontrolle (DBC, out of field) unterteilt wurde, sowie das Gesamtuberleben des Patienten (OS). Wir haben die Rolle der zuvor beschriebenen volumetrischen Parameter und der bekannten klinischen Faktoren (krankheitsspezifische GPA: DS-GPA, Chemotherapie: CHT) mit den Cox-Regressionsanalysen analysiert.ErgebnisseNur 4Patienten (9%) entwickelten eine In-field-Progression, wohingegen 10Patienten (22%) neue Out-of-field-BM zeigten und 38Patienten im Follow-up starben (83%). Bei der univariaten Analyse wurden sowohl die volumetrischen Parameter als auch die klinischen Parameter mit DBC und OS korreliert, wohingegen wir keine Korrelation mit LBC fanden. Bei der multivariaten DBC-Analyse waren das PE/GTV-Verhaltnis (HR 0,302), das Geschlecht des Patienten (HR 0,131) und das DS-GPA (HR 0,261) signifikante Parameter.SchlussfolgerungUnsere Studie legt - trotz der Einschrankungen einer monozentrischen retrospektiven Studie, die eine kleine Patientengruppe analysiert - die Rolle des PE/GTV-Verhaltnisses fur die Entwicklung neuer BMs nahe.Das TV scheint auch mit OS, zusammen mit bekannten klinischen Faktoren, zu korrelieren. Diese Erkenntnisse konnten, wenn sie in einem gro ss eren, prospektiven Datensatz validiert wurden, bei der Auswahl der Patienten fur die geeignetste RT-Modalitat (oder den systemischen Therapieansatz) helfen.

Operative treatments of the spine are becoming increasingly more common for the availability of a wide range of surgical and minimally invasive procedures. MR imaging allows for excellent evaluation of both normal and abnormal findings in the postoperative spine. This article provides the basic tools to evaluate complications after different operative procedures and offers an overview on the main topics a radiologist may encounter during his or her professional carrier.

The multicenter retrospective study conducted in 38 centers from 20 countries including 172 adult patients with CNS MM aimed to describe the clinical and pathological characteristics and outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) involving the central nervous system (CNS). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors for survival. The median time from MM diagnosis to CNS MM diagnosis was 3 years. Thirty-eight patients (22%) were diagnosed with CNS involvement at the time of initial MM diagnosis and 134 (78%) at relapse/progression. Upon diagnosis of CNS MM, 97% patients received initial therapy for CNS disease, of which 76% received systemic therapy, 36% radiotherapy and 32% intrathecal therapy. After a median follow-up of 3.5 years, the median overall survival (OS) from the onset of CNS involvement for the entire group was 7 months. Untreated and treated patients had median OS of 2 and 8 months, respectively (P 1 cytogenetic abnormality detected by FISH were independently associated with worse OS. The median OS for patients with 0, 1 and 2 of these risk factors were 25 months, 5.5 months and 2 months, respectively (P

To describe the neuroradiological features of intraocular medulloepithelioma. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical, histopathological, and MRI data of five children with medulloepithelioma. In addition to conventional images, DWI was performed in four patients and mean ADC was calculated; this was limited to the technique of this cohort of patients. DCE was performed in all patients. This is the first paper that presents diffusion and perfusion characteristics of medulloepithelioma. Four tumors were malignant teratoid variants, two non-teratoid variants. Tumors were hyperintense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images. Calcifications were detectable in two out of five tumors. Cavities were detectable in three out of five tumors. All tumors showed some degree of enhancement. The mean ADC of all four patients was 1.156 ± 242.75 × 10−3 mm2/s. Mean ktrans, Ve, Kep, TME, AUC, SER, and peak enhancement were 0.082 ± 0.054, 0.19 ± 0.076, 0.31 ± 0.084, 0.97 ± 0.0784, 1.22 ± 0.81, 67.34 ± 31.7, and 14.84 ± 7.34 respectively. TICs showed a very high ratio of slow increase, > 50% persistence and some degree of wash out. Teratoid variants showed higher K-trans, AUC, VE, TME, and persistent TIC pattern than non-teratoid ones, while plateau pattern ratio was lower. Conventional MR findings were similar to previously reported cases. Mean ADCs were moderately high. TICs showed slow increase and presence of wash out. K-trans, AUC, VE, and TME were higher in teratoid variants. Permeability parameters in differential diagnosis with lesions mimicking medulloepithelioma need further investigations.

Introduction Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP), previously known as hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids (HDLS) or pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD), is the most frequent non-vascular adult-onset leukoencephalopathy. It is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in CSF1R gene. Recently, also autosomal recessive mutations in AARS2 gene were found to be the cause of an adult-onset leukodystrophy with axonal spheroids. Our aim was to achieve a genetic diagnosis in a cohort of CSF1R-negative patients, performing a sequence analysis of AARS2 gene. Material and methods AARS2 sequencing was performed in 38 CSF1R-negative patients with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy. Results Three patients carrying AARS2 compound heterozygous mutations have been found. All patients were female with ovarian failure and leukoencephalopathy. In 2 patients, MRI findings were consistent with previous reports while the third patient showed focal white matter (WM) lesions in the centrum semiovale and the corpus callosum in the absence of extensive involvement and rarefaction of the WM. MRI spectroscopy showed the presence of increased lactate in 2 patients, thus linking AARS2-related leukoencephalopathy with other mitochondrial leukoencephalopathies with high levels of cerebral lactate. Conclusion We recommend screening for mutations in AARS2 gene in CSF1R-negative patients, also in the absence of a clear family history and peculiar MRI findings. Our results also suggest that findings of conventional MRI and MR spectroscopy may be useful in prompting the genetic screening.

Diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke is challenging during pregnancy. We present a diagnostic strategy in a pregnant woman with suspect of acute stroke. We perform magnetic resonance with arterial spin labeling sequence, an X-ray and contrast medium safe perfusion technique. Arterial spin labeling can detects collateral vessels in patient with acute ischemic stroke. Demonstrating collateral vessels is relevant for better understanding prognosis and for improving the diagnostic assessment in pregnancy.