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Introduction: Natural extracts are a suitable alternative in reducing the harmful effects of drugs and chemicals. Aim of the Work: evaluated the role of the spirulina in reducing pathological tissue lesions in the liver and kidneys of gentamicin-treated rats, as well as the relationship between these effects and antioxidant levels and other biochemical factors. Materials and Methods: In this study, 24 rats were evenly distributed into 4 groups, each group comprising 6 rats. Group 1 cocedered control, Group 2 administered 1000 mg/kg of spirulina, Group 3 was administered 100 mg/kg of gentamicin I M. Group 4 was subjected to the same dosages and treatment methods as G2 and G3, with a 5-day course of Gentamicin and a 12-day course of spirulina. Results: Gentamicin group recorded significantly increase in Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate transaminase, Creatinine, and Urea concentrations. The group given spirulina following gentamicin treatment had lower levels of liver and kidney enzymes than the group given gentamicin alone and there was also an increase in the glutathione, as well as a drop in malondialdehyde levels. In the histopathological analysis, the Gentamicin-treated group exhibited coagulative necrosis also vacuolar degeneration in liver cells, along with central vein congestion. In the kidneys, this group displayed glomeruli atrophy, dilatation of the Bowman's space, the presence of hyaline casts in tubules of renal, with coagulative necrosis of epithelial cells lining renal tubule, when Gentamicin combined with Spirulina, the liver section revealed intact hepatocytes. In the kidney section of the same group, glomeruli remained intact, with only mild cell swelling observed in the epithelial cells lining the tubules of renal. Conclusion: spirulina has beneficial effects in the liver and kidneys of rats given gentamicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pharmacologic and toxicological response to different drugs vary according to the type and breed of the animal. Objectives: This investigation was carried out to compare the toxic effects of azithromycin on chickens and quails. Methods: The animals of each kind were divided into 3 groups; the first group served as the control and received just distilled water; the second and third groups received different doses of azithromycin (5% and 10% of the median lethal dose) over 5 days. Results: Compared to quails, the LD50 in chicks was substantially higher. Both chicks and quails treated with high doses of azithromycin showed a substantial difference in neurobehavioral and motor measures. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione decrease in chicks receiving the high dose of azithromycin, whereas, in quail, the prior impact was present in both doses. With the cholinesterase activity in quails and chicks being inhibited, a high dose of azithromycin dramatically raised the level of caspase-3 in the quail. We observed severe diffuse vacuolar degeneration in hepatocytes with infiltration of inflammatory cells in quails and chicks in the high dose and less severe effects in quail and chicks in the lower dose. In quails' livers, tumor necrosis factor-(TNF)-α was strongly expressed at high and weakly at low doses. Still, in chickens' livers, TNF-α expression was moderate at high and low at low doses. Conclusion: At the same percentages and dose of the LD50 in both quails and chicks, azithromycin causes severe toxic effects in quails but less toxic effects in chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]