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Although the chemical control against leishmaniasis began in 1953 in Brazil, little information is available on how this strategy has affected populations of phlebotomine sandflies in the field. The objective of this study was to analyze the susceptibility profile of four populations of phlebotomine sandflies to the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Sandflies collected in field in four Brazilian municipalities were evaluated using CDC bottles in different concentrations of alpha-cypermethrin. A total of 1,186 phlebotomine sandflies were used in the bioassays. The LD50 ranged from 1.48 to 2.57 ug/mL in the field populations. For a dose of 5 ug/mL of alpha-cypermethrin, the LT50 and LT95 ranged from 17.9 to 27.5 minutes, and LT95 from 39.7 to 61.5 minutes, respectively. All the populations studied were highly susceptible to the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Routine studies are needed to detect changes in sandflies susceptibility to insecticides.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the synergy and response homogeneity of the Spodoptera frugiperda larvae population to the Piper aduncum essential oil in combination with pyrethroid insecticides (alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, and gamma-cyhalothrin) compared to piperonylbutoxide (PBO) as positive control. Synergism (SF) comparisons were obtained using lethal concentration (LC50) and lethal dose (LD50) ratios of insecticides individually and in their respective synergistic combinations with essential oil and PBO. Dose/concentration-mortality slope curves were used to establish relative toxicity increase promoted by synergism. They also determined homogeneity response. Residual contact revealed significant potentiation for commercial insecticides formulated with beta-cypermethrin (SF=9.05-0.5) and fenpropathrin (SF=34.05-49.77) when combined with the P. aduncum essential oil. For topical contact, significant potentiation occurred only for alpha-cypermethrin (SF=7.55-3.68), fenpropathrin (SF=3.37-1.21), and gamma-cyhalothrin (SF=5.79-10.48) insecticides when combined with essential oil. With the exception of fenpropathrin and gamma-cyhalothrin, insecticides synergistic combinations presented homogeneous response by topical as well as residual contact at least with essential oil. The SF significance values of the P. aduncum essential oil combined with alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, and gamma-cyhalothrin insecticides indicated potential for this oil to be used as an alternative to PBO. RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sinergia e homogeneidade de resposta de lagartas de Spodoptera frugiperda ao óleo essencial de Piper aduncum, em combinações com inseticidas do grupo dos piretroides: alfa-Cipermetrina, beta-Cipermetrina, Fenpropatrina e gama-Cialotrina, em comparação ao butóxido de piperonila (PBO controle positivo). Por meio da relação das CL50 e DL50 dos inseticidas tomados isoladamente e de suas respectivas combinações sinérgicas com o óleo essencial e o PBO, foram obtidos os fatores de sinergismo (FS) para comparação entre si. O coeficiente angular das curvas de dose/concentração-mortalidade foi utilizado no estabelecimento do aumento de toxicidade relativa, promovida pelos sinérgicos e determinação da homogeneidade de resposta. Por contato residual, evidenciou-se significativa potencialização dos inseticidas comerciais formulados com beta-Cipermetrina (FS=9,05-0,5) e Fenpropatrina (FS=34,05-49,77), quando combinados com o óleo essencial de P. aduncum. Já por contato tópico, ocorreu significativa potencialização somente dos inseticidas alfa-Cipermetrina (FS=7,55-3,68), Fenpropatrina (FS=3,37-1,21) e gama-Cialotrina (FS=5,79-10,48) quando em combinação com o óleo essencial. Com exceção da Fenpropatrina e gama-Cialotrina, as demais combinações sinérgicas apresentaram homogeneidade de resposta tanto por contato tópico como residual, para pelo menos uma combinação sinérgica com o óleo essencial de P. aduncum. A significância dos valores do FS das combinações do óleo essencial de P. aduncum com os inseticidas a base de alfa-Cipermetrina, beta-Cipermetrina, Fenpropatrina e gama-Cialotrina pode indicar que esse óleo essencial é uma alternativa ao PBO.